Chemistry

 Nov 23rd
 Trends in periodic table
Atomic radius decrease:
size generally decrease as group increases 横向 因为质子增加 正电
荷变多对负电荷的吸附能力增强
size generally increase as period increases 竖向 因为电子层数增加
能量级也就是对电子的控制力一样 外部的控制不到就会变大
 ionization energy 原子电离能（ionization energy）：原子在外界因
素作用下 失去一个或几个电子而形成自由电子和正离子所需要的
能量
 Dec 1st
 affinity is attraction
The first electron affinity involves the energy change when one
electron is added to a gaseous atom:
X(g) + e− → X–(g)
 polar 极性 就是比如 H-F 中电子偏 F 而两遍并不均等 这就形成了
极性
 Compare the ability for metals to attract electrons to non-metals
metals have lower ability to attract electrons compared with non-
metals
metals tend to lose electrons, while non-metals tends to gain
electrons
 The Group 17 elements have incomplete outer energy levels and a
high effective nuclear charge of approximately +7 and so attract
electrons the most.
The Group 1 metals have the lowest effective nuclear charge of
approximately +1 and so attract the extra electron the least.
 H-F electron near F more, because F group 17 H group 1
 F compare to Cl, F is more electronegative.
Electron gravity 右上最大左下最小 横着到 group17 最高 竖着原子
层数越多吸引力越小
Electronegativity decreases down a group and increases across a
period
 Why are metals good conductors of heat and electricity?
The delocalised electrons are free to move and transport charges and
energy
 Li Na K 都和水剧烈反应 浮在水面发出响声 与酚酞融合呈红色
K 最剧烈因为电子层数最多 最不稳定 甚至有火星
Na Mg Al 中 Na 与水剧烈反应 Mg 轻微反应并使溶液具有碱性 Al
不反应溶液与酚酞融合无限向
 Dec 4th

 Group 18: the noble gases

These gases took long to discover. Suggest why.
their relative abundance could be a factor
1. They are colourless gases.
2. They are monatomic: they exist as single atoms.
3. They are very unreactive.