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Chapter 3
Data Description
A statistic is a characteristic or
measure obtained by using the
data values from a sample.
A parameter is a characteristic or
measure obtained by using the
data values from a specific
population.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-7 3-2 The Mean (arithmetic average)
X X ... + X
X= 1 2 n
n
X
.
n
X =
X 3 + 8 + 5 + 12 + 14 + 12
=
n 6
54
= 9 weeks.
6
X X ... + X
= 1 2 N
N
X
.
N
( f X)
X= .
n
Here f is the frequency for the
corresponding value of X , and n = f .
T h e s c o r e s fo r 2 5 s tu d e n ts o n a 4 p o in t
q u iz a r e g iv e n in th e ta b le . F in d th e m e a n s c o r e .
Score,
Score,XX Frequency,
Frequency,ff
00 22
11 44
22 12
12
33 44
44 33
5
Score,
Score,XX Frequency,
Frequency,f f ffX
X
00 22 00
11 44 44
22 1212 24
24
33 44 12
12
44 33 12
12
5
f X 52
X = = 2 .0 8 .
n 25
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-2 The Sample Mean for a
3-16 Grouped Frequency Distribution
( f X )
X= m
.
n
Here X is the corresponding
m
class midpoint.
G iv e n th e ta b le b e lo w , fin d th e m e a n .
Class
Class Frequency,
Frequency,ff
15.5
15.5--20.5
20.5 33
20.5 -- 25.5
20.5 25.5 55
25.5 -- 30.5
25.5 30.5 44
30.5 -- 35.5
30.5 35.5 33
35.5 -- 40.5
35.5 40.5 22
5
T a b le w ith c la s s m id p o in ts , X . m
Class
Class Frequency,
Frequency,f f XXmm ffX
Xmm
15.5
15.5- -20.5
20.5 33 1818 5454
20.5
20.5- -25.5
25.5 55 23
23 115
115
25.5
25.5--30.5
30.5 44 28
28 112
112
30.5
30.5--35.5
35.5 33 33
33 99
99
35.5
35.5 -- 40.5
40.5 22 38
38 76
76
5
f X 54 115 112 99 76
m
= 456
and n = 17. So
f X
X= m
n
456
= 26.82.
17
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-20 3-2 The Median
When a data set is ordered, it is
called a data array.
array
The median is defined to be the
midpoint of the data array.
The symbol used to denote the
median is MD.
MD
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-21 3-2 The Median - Example
The weights (in pounds) of seven
army recruits are 180, 201, 220,
191, 219, 209, and 186. Find the
median.
Arrange the data in order and
select the middle point.
This
Thisclass
classcontains
containsthe
the5th
5ththrough
throughthe
the13th
13thvalues.
values.
G iv e n th e ta b le b e lo w , fin d th e m e d ia n .
Class
Class Frequency,
Frequency,ff
15.5
15.5--20.5
20.5 33
20.5 -- 25.5
20.5 25.5 55
25.5 -- 30.5
25.5 30.5 44
30.5 -- 35.5
30.5 35.5 33
35.5 -- 40.5
35.5 40.5 22
5
T a b le w ith c u m u la tiv e fr e q u e n c ie s.
Class
Class Frequency,
Frequency,f f Cumulative
Cumulative
Frequency
Frequency
15.5
15.5- 20.5
- 20.5 33 33
20.5
20.5- 25.5
- 25.5 55 88
25.5
25.5- 30.5
- 30.5 44 1212
30.5
30.5- 35.5
- 35.5 33 1515
35.5
35.5--40.5
40.5 22 17
17
5
n =17
cf = 8
f = 4
w = 25.5 –20.5= 5
Lm 255
.
(n 2) cf (17/ 2) – 8
MD (w) Lm = (5) 255
.
f 4
= 26.125.
G iv e n th e ta b le b e lo w , fin d th e m o d e .
Values
Values Frequency,
Frequency,ff
15
15 33
Mode
20
20 55
25
25 88
30
30 33
35
35 22
5
3-43 Distribution
G iv e n th e ta b le b e lo w , fin d th e m o d e .
Class
Class Frequency,
Frequency,ff
Modal 15.5
15.5--20.5
20.5 33
Class
20.5
20.5--25.5
25.5 55
25.5
25.5--30.5
30.5 77
30.5
30.5--35.5
35.5 33
35.5
35.5--40.5
40.5 22
5
w w ... w
1 w
2 n
Y
Positively Skewed
X
Mode < Median < Mean
Y
Symmetrical
X
Mean = Median = Mode
Negatively Skewed
X
Mean < Median < Mode
( X )
2
2
, where
N
X = individual value
= population mean
N = population size
( X )
2
= 2
.
N
3-58 Variance
The unbiased estimat or of the population
variance or the sample varianc e is a
statisticwhose value approximates the
expected value of a population variance.
It is denoted by s , where
2
( X X ) 2
s
2
, and
n 1
X = sample mean
n = sample size
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-3 Measures of Variation - Sample
3-59 Standard Deviation
( X X ) 2
s = s .
2
n 1
X ( X ) / n
2 2
s=
2
n 1
X ( X ) / n
2 2
s=
n 1
X ( X ) / n
2 2
s =
2
n 1
1263 (79) / 5
2
= 3.7
4
s= 3.7 19
. .
f X [( f X ) / n]
2 2
s = .
2 m m
n 1
For
For ungrouped
ungrouped data,
data, replace
replace XXmm with
with
the
the observe
observe XX value.
value.
ffX ff X
2
XX ff X X 2
55 22 1010 5050
66 33 18
18 108
108
77 88 56
56 392
392
88 11 88 64
64
99 66 54
54 486
486
10
10 44 40
40 400
400
24 ffX ffX 2
nn==24 X==186
186 X 2==1500
1500
f X
2
[( f X )
2
/ n]
s =
2
n 1
1500 [(186) / 24]
2
= 2.54.
23
s 2.54 16 . .
0 2
1 3 4
2 0 3 5
3 1 2 2 2 2 3 6
4 3 4 4 5
5 1 2 7
LH UH
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
MEDIAN
0 10 20 30 40 50 60