CLE6XX4 - Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures - Module 1

CLE6XX4 - Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures
Module 1 - Introduction
Ramesh Kannan
Assistant Professor
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences
VIT Chennai, Chennai - 600127
1 / 99 Ramesh Kannan, VIT Chennai CLE6XX4 - Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures - Module 1
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Ramesh Kannan
Syllabus
Module 1 - Introduction
Importance of maintenance - Types of maintenance - Decay of structures
- Role of the maintenance engineer - Quality Assurance for concrete
construction - Design and construction errors.
Importance of Maintenance
Types of Maintenance
Decay of Structures
Role of the Maintenance Engineer
Quality Assurance for Concrete Construction
Quality Control
Quality Control refers to the control testing of the properties of the
concrete in both its fresh and hardened state to ensure that it conforms
with the design requirements and where it deviates significantly from this,
the taking of the necessary corrective action.
Concrete Mix Design, Quality Control and the Overall Cost of
the finished product are all interdependent.
Strength
Unlike Structural Steel which is factory made, the strength of other
construction materials such as Brick, Stone, Concrete, etc., are
subjected to have more variations.
Statistical Analysis plays a vital role not only in understanding
the variation or uncertainties that exists in the strength of concrete
but also to perform the Reliability Analysis of Concrete Cube
Strength.
Strength - Statistical Analysis - Assumptions
The following are the important assumptions to be considered in the
Statistical Analysis.
1 The Compressive Strength of the Concrete Specimens are treated
as Random Variable.
2 The Compressive Strength of the Concrete Specimens is assumed
to be Normally Distributed .
3 For the statistical analysis, minimum 35 samples of adequate quality
and accuracy are needed.
4 All the materials are tested as per Indian Standard Specifications.
Strength Calculation
Calculation of Mean, x̄ (Arithmetic Mean), Standard Deviation, σ and
Coefficient of Variation, CV.
1. For Discrete or Un-Grouped Frequency Distribution
1 Mean, x̄ n
P
xi
x1 + x2 + ..... + xn−1 + xn i=1
x̄ = σcum = = (1)
n n
2 Standard Deviation, s
v
u n
uP
u (x̄ − xi )2
s = i=1
t
(2)
(n − 1)
3 Coefficient of Variation, CV

s
CV = × 100 (3)
x̄
Strength Calculation (Cont...)
2. For Grouped Frequency Distribution
1 Mean, x̄
n
P
fi di
i=1
x̄ = σcum = A + W Pn (4)
fi
i=1
2 Standard Deviation, s
v  2
u
u n n
uP
2
P
fd fd 
u i=1 i i  i=1 i i 
u 
s = Wu P
u n − P

n

 (5)
t fi  fi 
i=1 i=1

s
CV = × 100 (6)
x̄
Strength Calculation (Cont...)
Where,
A = Midpoint of Initial Class Interval
W = Class Width
n = Number of Samples
xi = Compressive Strength of each Concrete Specimen/Sample
fi = Frequency of Occurrence
di = Deviation from the Origin in terms of Class Width
Reliability of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes
The Probability of Failure of Concrete Cube, P(fc ):
P(fc ) = P(σcu > σcuk ) (7)

σcuk
Z Zµ
P(fc ) = f (σcu ) dσcu = f (x) dx (8)
−∞ −∞
For normal distribution the above equation reduces to

σcuk − σcum
P(fc ) = φ (9)
σ
∴ Probability of Failure, P(fc ) = Area Under the Normal Curve
Reliability of Concrete Cube = 1 - Probability of Failure, P(fc )
Reliability of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes (Cont...)
Reliability of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes -
Calculation (Cont...)
Where,
φ = cumulative distribution function of a standardised normal
random variable (compressive strength)
σcuk = characteristic compressive strength of concrete, in MPa or
N /mm 2
σcu = compressive strength of concrete, in MPa or N /mm 2
σcum = mean compressive strength of concrete (obtained during
testing), in MPa or N /mm 2
σ = standard deviation in the compressive strength of concrete
(obtained during testing).
Standard Normal Cumulative Distribution Function, φ(z)
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
-0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
Example 1: Reliability Analysis of Concrete Cube Strength
– A Case Study
The forthcoming example is taken from the following article from an
edited book.
Venugopalan, D. & Perumal, P. (2010). Reliability Analysis of
Concrete Cube Strength, In Session-I: Innovative Construction and
Management Techniques, ‘Economics and Management of Concrete
Construction and its Maintenance’, Gupta, Y.P. (Ed)., pp.I29-I33,
New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
Example 1: Given Data
Number of Cubes : 50 Nos.
Curing Time : 28 Days
Characteristics Strength, σcuk : 15 MPa or 15 N /mm 2
Example 1: Experimental Results & Tabulations
The Compressive Strength of 50 Concrete Cubes (150 mm × 150 mm
× 150 mm) of Characteristics Compressive Strength, σcuk of 15 MPa or
15 N /mm 2 (M15 Grade) used in P.A.P. Ayacut Extension, Palladam
Sub-Division, Tamil Nadu by Public Works Department and tested
in the Strength of Materials Laboratory in Government College of
Technology, Coimbatore are as follows:
Example 1: Experimental Results & Tabulations (Cont...)
S.No Compressive Strength S.No Compressive Strength
σcu in N /mm 2 σcu in N /mm 2
1 17.836 26 7.676
2 17.385 27 9.934
3 14.337 28 15.692
4 20.207 29 19.643
5 15.917 30 13.660
6 15.014 31 21.675
7 24.271 32 22.465
8 14.337 33 15.240
9 17.724 34 11.515
10 14.337 35 12.418
11 10.273 36 18.401
12 11.966 37 18.514
13 24.723 38 13.321
14 16.143 39 13.434
15 25.287 40 13.772
16 12.869 41 18.852
17 14.224 42 9.370
18 15.014 43 8.467
19 18.062 44 6.096
20 17.611 45 7.225
21 13.095 46 13.434
22 19.417 47 13.885
23 18.288 48 11.402
24 24.025 49 12.531
25 8.354 50 13.321
Example 1: Discrete Frequency Distribution (Cont...)
1 Total Number of Samples, n = 50 Nos.
2 Mean, x̄
n
P
xi
x1 + x2 + ..... + xn−1 + xn
x̄ = σcum = = i=1
n n
17.836 + 17.385 + .... + 12.531 + 13.321 762.659
x̄ = =
50 50
x̄ = 15.25318 ≈ 15.253
∴ Mean (or) Average Compressive Strength, σcum = x̄
σcum = 15.253 N /mm 2
Example 1: Discrete Frequency Distribution
S.No Compressive Strength Deviation Square of Deviation
in N /mm 2 (x̄ − xi ) (x̄ − xi )2
1 17.836 -2.583 6.672
2 17.385 -2.132 4.545
3 14.337 0.916 0.839
4 20.207 -4.954 24.542
5 15.917 -0.664 0.441
6 15.014 0.239 0.057
7 24.271 -9.018 81.324
8 14.337 0.916 0.839
9 17.724 -2.471 6.106
10 14.337 0.916 0.839
11 10.273 4.980 24.800
12 11.966 3.287 10.804
13 24.723 -9.470 89.681
14 16.143 -0.890 0.792
15 25.287 -10.034 100.681
16 12.869 2.384 5.683
17 14.224 1.029 1.059
18 15.014 0.239 0.057
19 18.062 -2.809 7.890
20 17.611 -2.358 5.560
21 13.095 2.158 4.657
22 19.417 -4.164 17.339
23 18.288 -3.035 9.211
24 24.025 -8.772 76.948
25 8.354 6.899 47.596
in N /mm 2 (x̄ − xi ) (x̄ − xi )2
26 7.676 7.577 57.411
27 9.934 5.319 28.292
28 15.692 -0.439 0.193
29 19.643 -4.390 19.272
30 13.660 1.593 2.538
31 21.675 -6.422 41.242
32 22.465 -7.212 52.013
33 15.240 0.013 0.000
34 11.515 3.738 13.973
35 12.418 2.835 8.037
36 18.401 -3.148 9.910
37 18.514 -3.261 10.634
38 13.321 1.932 3.733
39 13.434 1.819 3.309
40 13.772 1.481 2.193
41 18.852 -3.599 12.953
42 9.370 5.883 34.610
43 8.467 6.786 46.050
44 6.096 9.157 83.851
45 7.225 8.028 64.449
46 13.434 1.819 3.309
47 13.885 1.368 1.871
48 11.402 3.851 14.830
49 12.531 2.722 7.409
50 13.321 1.932 3.733
50
P 50
P
xi = 762.659 (x̄ − xi )2 = 1054.778
i=1 i=1
3 Standard Deviation, σ
v v
n
u 50
uP uP
u (x̄ − x )2
u i u (x̄ − xi )2
t i=1
= i=1
t
σ=
(n − 1) (n − 1)
1054.778 √
r r
1054.778
σ= = = 21.526082
50 − 1 49
σ = 4.639621 ≈ 4.640

σ
CV = × 100
X̄

4.640
CV = × 100 = 30.42% ≈ 31%
15.253
Example 1: Grouped Frequency Distribution
S.No Class Class Frequency Cumulative Deviation
Interval Midpoint Frequency from origin
interms of
Class Width
- - xi fi - di
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1. 0.1-5.0 2.550 A 0 0 0
2. 5.1-10.0 7.550 7 7 1
3. 10.1-15.0 12.550 19 26 2
4. 15.1-20.0 17.550 17 43 3
5. 20.1-25.0 22.550 6 49 4
6. n 25.1-30.0 27.550 1 50 5
n
P 6
P
fi = fi = 50
i=1 i=1
Where,
xi − A
di = (10)
W
A = Midpoint of First Class Interval = 2.550; W = Class Width = 5.0
Frequency Plot
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
0 2.55 7.55 12.55 17.55 22.55 27.55
Mid-Point of Class Intervals
Frequency Polygon/Curve
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
0 2.55 7.55 12.55 17.55 22.55 27.55
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
0 2.55 7.55 12.55 17.55 22.55 27.55
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
0 2.55 7.55 12.55 17.55 22.55 27.55
Example 1: Grouped Frequency Distribution (Cont...)
S.No Class fi di di 2 fi .di fi .di 2

Interval
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
= (4)2 = (3) × (4) = (3) × (5)
1. 0.1-5.0 0 0 0 0 0
2. 5.1-10.0 7 1 1 7 7
3. 10.1-15.0 19 2 4 38 76
4. 15.1-20.0 17 3 9 51 153
5. 20.1-25.0 6 4 16 24 96
6. 25.1-30.0 1 5 25 5 25
6 6 6
fi .di 2 = 357
P P P
fi = 50 fi .di = 125
i=1 i=1 i=1
6 6 6
P P 2 P
fi .di fi .di fi .di 2
i=1 125 357
= = 2.5; =⇒  i=1  = (2.5)2
= 6.25;
i=1
= = 7.14
6
P 50 P6 6
P 50
fi fi fi
i=1 i=1 i=1
1 Mean, µ
n
P
fi di
i=1
µ = σcum = A + W Pn = 2.550 + 5 × 2.5 = 15.05
fi
i=1
v  2
u
uP n n
fi d 2 
P
fd 
u
u i=1 i
u  i=1 i i  √
σ = Wu P −   = 5 7.14 − 6.25
u n  P n 
t fi  fi 
i=1 i=1
σ = 4.716990566 ≈ 4.717

σ 4.7170
CV = × 100 = × 100 = 31.34% ≈ 31%
X̄ 15.05
Example 1: Reliability Analysis

σcuk − σcum
P(fc ) = φ
σ
1. Discrete Frequency Data

15.000 − 15.253
P(fc ) = φ = φ (−0.054525862)
4.640
P(fc ) ≈ φ (−0.05)
Area under Normal Cumulative Distribution Function for φ (−0.05) =
0.4801
∴ Probability of Failure, Pfc = Area under Standard Normal Cumulative
Distribution Function for φ (−0.05) = 0.4801 ≈ 0.48
=⇒ Reliability of Concrete Cubes for Compressive Strength = 1 -
Probability of Failure of Concrete Cubes = 1 - Pfc
∴ Reliability of Concrete Cubes = 1 - 0.48 = 0.52 = 52%
Example 1: Reliability Analysis (Cont...)
2. Grouped Frequency Data

15.000 − 15.050
P(fc ) = φ = φ (−0.010599957)
4.717
P(fc ) ≈ φ (−0.01)
0.4960
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
-0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
Example 2: Reliability Analysis of Concrete Cube Strength
– Experimental Investigation
The forthcoming example is the actual work done in the Laboratory at VIT
Chennai.
30 N /mm 2 (M30 Grade) used for the regular laboratory exercises and
tested in the Concrete Technology Laboratory at VIT Chennai,
Chennai are as follows:
Example 2: Given Data
Number of Cubes : 50
Curing Time : 28 Days
Characteristics Strength, σcuk : 30 MPa or 30 N /mm 2
Example 2: Experimental Results & Tabulations
S.No Compressive Strength S.No Compressive Strength
in N /mm 2 in N /mm 2
1 28.9 26 39.8
2 33.4 27 27.2
3 41.2 28 33.2
4 27.1 29 38.2
5 33.8 30 31.3
6 45.2 31 43.2
7 36.4 32 39.5
8 38.9 33 40.2
9 42.3 34 37.1
10 35.3 35 31.2
11 33.2 36 33.1
12 39.3 37 35.7
13 40.3 38 37.5
14 36.4 39 39.3
15 34.1 40 40.2
16 34.2 41 39.1
17 39.4 42 26.4
18 41.1 43 28.1
19 39.8 44 35.9
20 37.1 45 38.2
21 34.7 46 38.1
22 36.2 47 39.1
23 31.2 48 41.1
24 41.2 49 36.7
25 36.8 50 31.2
1 Total Number of Samples, N = 50 Nos.
2 Mean, µ
n
P
xi
x1 + x2 + ..... + xn−1 + xn
µ = σcum = = i=1
n n
28.9 + 33.4 + .... + 36.7 + 31.2 1818.1
µ= =
50 50
µ = 36.362 ≈ 36.4
∴ Mean (or) Average Compressive Strength, σcum = µ
σcum = 36.4 N /mm 2
Example 2: Discrete Frequency Distribution
in N /mm 2 (µ − xi ) (µ − xi )2
1 28.9 7.46 55.68
2 33.4 2.96 8.77
3 41.2 -4.84 23.41
4 27.1 9.26 85.78
5 33.8 2.56 6.56
6 45.2 -8.84 78.11
7 36.4 -0.04 0.00
8 38.9 -2.54 6.44
9 42.3 -5.94 35.26
10 35.3 1.06 1.13
11 33.2 3.16 10.00
12 39.3 -2.94 8.63
13 40.3 -3.94 15.51
14 36.4 -0.04 0.00
15 34.1 2.26 5.12
16 34.2 2.16 4.67
17 39.4 -3.04 9.23
18 41.1 -4.74 22.45
19 39.8 -3.44 11.82
20 37.1 -0.74 0.54
21 34.7 1.66 2.76
22 36.2 0.16 0.03
23 31.2 5.16 26.65
24 41.2 -4.84 23.41
25 36.8 -0.44 0.19
in N /mm 2 (µ − xi ) (µ − xi )2
26 39.8 -3.44 11.82
27 27.2 9.16 83.94
28 33.2 3.16 10.00
29 38.2 -1.84 3.38
30 31.3 5.06 25.62
31 43.2 -6.84 46.76
32 39.5 -3.14 9.85
33 40.2 -3.84 14.73
34 37.1 -0.74 0.54
35 31.2 5.16 26.65
36 33.1 3.26 10.64
37 35.7 0.66 0.44
38 37.5 -1.14 1.30
39 39.3 -2.94 8.63
40 40.2 -3.84 14.73
41 39.1 -2.74 7.50
42 26.4 9.96 99.24
43 28.1 8.26 68.26
44 35.9 0.46 0.21
45 38.2 -1.84 3.38
46 38.1 -1.74 3.02
47 39.1 -2.74 7.50
48 41.1 -4.74 22.45
49 36.7 -0.34 0.11
50 31.2 5.16 26.65
50
P 50
P
xi = 36.4 (µ − xi )2 = 949.5
i=1 i=1
v
u n (µ − x )2
uP
u i
σ = i=1
t
(n − 1)
949.50 √
r r
949.50
σ= = = 19.377551
50 − 1 49
σ = 4.40199398 ≈ 4.4

σ
CV = × 100
X̄

4.4
CV = × 100 = 12.08% ≈ 13%
36.4
Example 2: Grouped Frequency Distribution
S.No Class Class Frequency Cumulative Deviation
Interval Midpoint Frequency from origin
interms of
Class Width
- - xi fi - di
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1. 0.1-10.0 4.95 A 0 0 0
2. 10.1-20.0 14.95 0 0 1
3. 20.1-30.0 24.95 5 5 2
4. 30.1-40.0 34.95 35 40 3
5. n 40.1-50.0 44.95 10 50 4
n
P 5
P
fi = fi = 50
i=1 i=1
Where,
xi − A
di = (11)
W
A = Midpoint of First Class Interval = 4.95; W = Class Width = 10.0
Frequency Plot
40
30
Frequency
20
10
0
0 4.95 14.95 24.95 34.95 44.95
40
30
Frequency
20
10
0
0 4.95 14.95 24.95 34.95 44.95
40
30
Frequency
20
10
0
0 4.95 14.95 24.95 34.95 44.95
40
30
Frequency
20
10
0
0 4.95 14.95 24.95 34.95 44.95
S.No Class fi di di 2 fi .di fi .di 2
Interval
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
= (4)2 = (3) × (4) = (3) × (5)
1. 0.1-10.0 0 0 0 0 0
2. 10.1-20.0 0 1 1 0 0
3. 20.1-30.0 5 2 4 10 20
4. 30.1-40.0 35 3 9 105 315
5. 40.1-50.0 10 4 16 40 160
5 5 5
fi .di 2 = 495
P P P
fi = 50 fi .di = 155
i=1 i=1 i=1
5 5 5
P P 2 P
fi .di fi .di fi .di 2
i=1 155 i=1 2 i=1 495
= = 3.1; =⇒   = (3.1) = 9.61; = = 9.90
5
P 50 5
P 5
P 50
fi fi fi
i=1 i=1 i=1
1 Mean, µ
n
P
fi di
i=1
µ = σcum = A + W Pn = 4.95 + 10 × 3.1 = 35.95
fi
i=1
v  2
u
uP n n
fi d 2 
P
fd 
u
u i=1 i
u  i=1 i i  √
σ=W u P −   = 10 × 9.90 − 9.61
u n  P n 
t fi  fi 
i=1 i=1
σ = 5.38516481 ≈ 5.39

σ 5.39
CV = × 100 = × 100 = 14.99% ≈ 15%
X̄ 35.95
Example 2: Reliability Analysis

σcuk − σcum
P(fc ) = φ
σ
1. Discrete Frequency Data

30.0 − 36.4
P(fc ) = φ = φ (−1.45454545)
4.4
P(fc ) ≈ φ (−1.45)
∴ Reliability of Concrete Cubes = 1 - 0.0735 = 0.926 = 92.6%
Example 2: Reliability Analysis (Cont...)
2. Grouped Frequency Data

30.00 − 35.95
P(fc ) = φ = φ (−1.103896104)
5.39
P(fc ) ≈ φ (−1.10)
0.1357
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
Example 3 - Cube Compressive Strength - Experimental Result
The following is the experimental result of compressive strength of concrete
cubes in three sets containing 100 cubes each.
The characteristics compressive strength, σck = 30 N /mm 2

Target mean compressive strength, σ¯ck = σck + k.σ
σ¯ck = 30 + (1.64 × 5.0) = 38.2 N /mm 2
Example 3 (A): Cube Compressive Strength - Experimental Result
Compressive No. of Compressive No. of Compressive No. of
Strength Cubes Strength Cubes Strength Cubes
in N /mm 2 in N /mm 2 in N /mm 2
1 0 21 2 41 2
2 0 22 2 42 1
3 0 23 3 43 1
4 0 24 3 44 0
5 0 25 4 45 1
6 0 26 5 46 0
7 0 27 6 47 1
8 0 28 8 48 0
9 0 29 6 49 0
10 0 30 5 50 0
11 0 31 2 51 0
12 1 32 5 52 0
13 1 33 5 53 0
14 2 34 3 54 0
15 2 35 3 55 0
16 3 36 2 56 0
17 3 37 3 57 0
18 3 38 3 58 0
19 4 39 1 59 0
20 3 40 1 60 0
Sub Total 22 Sub Total 72 Sub Total 6
Grand Total = 22 + 72 + 6 = 100 Nos. ∴ Total No. of Concrete Cubes = 100 Nos.
The average compressive strength, σcum = 28.59 N /mm 2
Example No.3(A): Histogram for Cube Compressive Strength
10
9
8
Number of Cubes
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Cube Compressive Strength, fc in N/mm2
Example 3 (B): Cube Compressive Strength - Experimental Result
1 0 21 5 41 1
2 0 22 8 42 1
3 0 23 9 43 1
4 0 24 7 44 0
5 0 25 7 45 1
6 0 26 4 46 0
7 0 27 4 47 1
8 0 28 5 48 0
9 0 29 3 49 0
10 0 30 3 50 0
11 0 31 2 51 0
12 1 32 2 52 0
13 1 33 2 53 0
14 2 34 3 54 0
15 2 35 2 55 0
16 2 36 3 56 0
17 2 37 2 57 0
18 3 38 2 58 0
19 4 39 0 59 0
20 5 40 0 60 0
Example No.3(B): Histogram for Cube Compressive Strength
10
9
8
Number of Cubes
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Example 3 (C): Cube Compressive Strength - Experimental Result
1 0 21 2 41 3
2 0 22 1 42 2
3 0 23 2 43 1
4 0 24 4 44 1
5 0 25 2 45 0
6 0 26 2 46 0
7 0 27 4 47 1
8 0 28 3 48 0
9 0 29 3 49 0
10 0 30 2 50 0
11 0 31 3 51 0
12 1 32 4 52 0
13 1 33 5 53 0
14 1 34 6 54 0
15 2 35 7 55 0
16 1 36 8 56 0
17 3 37 6 57 0
18 2 38 5 58 0
19 3 39 4 59 0
20 2 40 3 60 0
Example No.3(C): Histogram for Cube Compressive Strength
10
9
8
Number of Cubes
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Example 4 - Cube Compressive Strength - Experimental Result
(Missing Data)
The forthcoming example is the actual work done in the Laboratory at VIT
Chennai.
30 N /mm 2 (M30 Grade) used for the regular laboratory exercises and
tested using NDT methods in the Concrete Technology Laboratory at
VIT Chennai, Chennai are as follows:
Note: Some of the values are missing or omitted during the testing.
Example 4 (A): Cube Compressive Strength - (Missing Data)
Cube Reference Experiment No.1 Experiment No.2 Experiment No.3
No Compressive Strength Compressive Strength Compressive Strength
1 37.3 37.1 26.5
2 34.0 34.3 —
3 — 29.0 28.9
4 33.0 — 37.9
5 — 33.1 31.9
6 29.4 31.6 —
7 35.9 28.7 28.1
8 — 31.1 27.8
9 31.7 39.6 26.0
10 26.8 — 36.3
11 30.1 35.1 29.5
12 27.7 28.7 31.9
13 29.5 32.5 41.2
14 — 29.1 28.4
15 32.3 31.4 —
16 — 32.1 32.8
17 31.4 — 36.6
18 38.5 38.2 41.2
19 37.6 — 36.7
20 27.6 37.1 31.8
21 — 34.9 39.2
22 37 — 31.8
23 31.3 31.5 40.0
24 — 28.6 33.1
25 41 33.6 26.3
Mean (µ) & SD (σ) 32.89 & 4.1731 32.87 & 3.2629 32.90 & 4.8898
Example 4 (A): Cube Compressive Strength - Control Chart Data
Sample Size, n = 75 (Large Sample, ∵ n > 30)
z Value = 1.96 (with 95% confidence level, i.e., 19 chances in 20)
Overall Mean, X̄ = 32.89
Overall Standard Deviation, σ = 4.1086

σ
Control Limit, CL = X̄ ± z value × √ (12)
n

4.1086
Control Limit, CL = 32.89 ± 1.96 × √ = 32.89 ± 0.93
75

4.1086
Upper Control Limit, UCL = 32.89 + 1.96 × √ = 33.82
75

4.1086
Lower Control Limit, LCL = 32.89 − 1.96 × √ = 31.96
75
Example No.4(A): Analysis of Mean (ANOM) Chart
Mean Cube Compressive Strength
34
33.8
33.6
33.4
in N/mm2
33.2
33
32.8
32.6
32.4
32.2
32
31.8
1 2 3
Experiment Number
Example 4 (B): Cube Compressive Strength - (Missing Data)
Cube Reference Experiment No.1 Experiment No.2 Experiment No.3
No Compressive Strength Compressive Strength Compressive Strength
1 38.6 29.0 28.9
2 31.9 33.2 —
3 — 35.6 40.8
4 32.0 — 30.3
5 — 28.3 30.3
6 31.3 41.8 —
7 30.2 41.4 29.5
8 — 28.2 43.2
9 34.7 31.5 36.7
10 35.2 — 44.2
11 35.7 32.1 35.2
12 35.7 41.8 38.1
13 30.4 35.7 44.6
14 — 28.8 39.2
15 32.3 39.3 —
16 — 40.1 29.7
17 33.9 — 27.2
18 37.8 33.8 44.7
19 29.1 — 28.0
20 31.1 35.6 36.3
21 — 32.9 40.3
22 37.3 — 28.9
23 33.9 38.5 29.8
24 — 35.7 38.3
25 30.9 30.6 38.6
Mean (µ) & SD (σ) 33.44 & 34.70 & 35.58 &
Example 4 (B): Cube Compressive Strength - Control Chart Data
Sample Size, n = 75 (Large Sample, ∵ n > 30)
z Value = 1.96 (with 95% confidence level, i.e., 19 chances in 20)
Overall Mean, X̄ = 34.57
Overall Standard Deviation, σ = 4.491

σ
Control Limit, CL = X̄ ± z value × √
n

4.491
Control Limit, CL = 34.57 ± 1.96 × √ = 34.57 ± 1.02
75

4.491
Upper Control Limit, UCL = 34.57 + 1.96 × √ = 35.59
75

4.491
Lower Control Limit, LCL = 34.57 − 1.96 × √ = 33.55
75
Example No.4(B): Analysis of Mean (ANOM) Chart
Mean Cube Compressive Strength
35.8
35.5
35.2
in N/mm2
34.9
34.6
34.3
34
33.7
33.4
1 2 3
Experiment Number
Frequency of Sampling
Quantity of Concrete No. of Samples
Work in m3
1-5 1
6-15 2
16-30 3
31-50 4
50 and above 4 + one additional samples
for each additional 50 m3 or
part there of.
S.No Factors Causing Approximate Total
Variation in Concrete Variation in Concrete
Strength Strength
1. Quality of Cement Upto 50% or more at the
age of 28 days
2. Grading of Aggregates 20%
3. Type of Batching
(a) By Weight 8%
(b) By Volume
(i) Good 16%
(ii) Normal 70%
(iii) Bad 100%
Upto 50% for poor
4. Compaction
compaction
5. Other factors concerned
with the making and About 30%
testing of cubes
Reduction in Strength of Cement due to Storage
Storage Period of Cement Minimum expected reduction
in strength at 28 days
Fresh 0%
2 Months (0.2 Year) 20%
6 Months (0.6 Year) 30%
12 Months (1 Year) 40%
24 Months (2 Years) 50%
Control Charts
Control Charts
The statistical methods of quality control are invaluable, generally
incorporating visual aids in the form of Control Charts.
Classification of Grade of Concrete
S.No. Group Grade Characteristic Compressive
Designation Strength at 28 days, N/mm2
1. M5 5
2. M7.5 7.5
3. M10 10
Ordinary
4. M15 15
Concrete
5. M20 20
6. M25 25
7. M30 30
8. M35 35
Standard
9. M40 40
Concrete
10. M45 45
11. M50 50
12. M55 55
13. M60 60
14. M65 65
High-Strength
15. M70 70
Concrete
16. M75 75
17. M80 80
Assumed Standard Deviation
S.No. Grade of Concrete Assumed Standard Deviation
1. M10
3.5
2. M15
3. M20
4.0
4. M25
5. M30
6. M35
7. M40 5.0
8. M45
9. M50
Standard Deviation for Different Quality Control
S.No. Grade of Standard Deviation for Degree of Quality Control
Concrete in N/mm2
Very Good Good Fair
1. M10 2.0 2.3 3.3
2. M15 2.5 3.5 4.5
3. M20 3.6 4.6 5.6
4. M25 4.3 5.3 6.3
5. M30 5.0 6.0 7.0
6. M35 5.3 6.3 7.3
7. M40 5.6 6.6 7.6
8. M45 6.0 7.0 8.0
9. M50 6.4 7.4 8.4
10. M55 6.7 7.7 8.7
11. M60 6.8 7.8 8.8
Probability factor, k
Percentage of Number of Defective Probability Factor
Defective k
100% 1 in 1 0
50% 1 in 2 0
31% 1 in 3 0.50
25% 1 in 4 0.74
16% 1 in 6 1.00
10% 1 in 10 1.28
5% 1 in 20 1.65
2.5% 1 in 40 1.96
1% 1 in 100 2.33
0.5% 1 in 200 2.58
0.15% 1 in 666 3.00
0% 0 in 1 ∞
Probability Factor (k)
2.5
2
Probability factor, k
1.65
1.5
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1 in n (different values of n)
Statistical Quality Control for Compressive Strength of Concrete
Cubes using Control Charts
The following is the experimental result of compressive strength test of 100
concrete cubes of standard size 150 × 150 × 150 mm casted and cured
at site and tested in the laboratory.
The characteristics compressive strength, fcu = 30 N/mm2

Design standard deviation, s = 5.0 N/mm2
Design/Target mean compressive strength, fcm = fcu + k.s
fcm = 30 + (1.64 × 5.0) = 38.2 N/mm2
Design mean range = 1.13 × s = 1.10 × 5.0 = 5.5 N/mm2
Control Chart Data
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Cube Estimated Cumulative Range of (5) - Cumulative Mean of
Reference 28th Day (fc − fcm ) Sum of (3) Adjacent Design Sum of (6) Group of
Number Strength CUSUM Results Mean CUSUM Previous four
(fc ) M in (2) Range SD results
1 37.2 -1.0 -1.0
2 42.1 3.9 2.9 4.9 -0.6 -0.6
3 41.4 3.2 6.1 0.7 -4.8 -5.4
4 30.4 -7.8 -1.7 11.0 5.5 0.1 37.8
5 37.5 -0.7 -2.4 7.1 1.6 1.7 37.9
6 44.3 6.1 3.7 6.8 1.3 3.0 38.4
7 41.2 3.0 6.7 3.1 -2.4 0.6 38.4
8 40.1 1.9 8.6 1.1 -4.4 -3.8 40.8
9 38.5 0.3 8.9 1.6 -3.9 -7.7 41.0
10 34.5 -3.7 5.2 4.0 -1.5 -9.2 38.6
11 39.7 1.5 6.7 5.2 -0.3 -9.5 38.2
12 31.4 -6.8 -0.1 8.3 2.8 -6.7 36.0
13 39.6 1.4 1.3 8.2 2.7 -4.0 36.3
14 36.2 -2.0 -0.7 3.4 -2.1 -6.1 36.7
15 38.9 0.7 0.0 2.7 -2.8 -8.9 36.5
16 29.2 -9.0 -9.0 9.7 4.2 -4.7 36.0
17 39.4 1.2 -7.8 10.2 4.7 0.0 35.9
18 39.6 1.4 -6.4 0.2 -5.3 -5.3 36.8
19 37.5 -0.7 -7.1 2.1 -3.4 -8.7 36.4
20 42.1 3.9 -3.2 4.6 -0.9 -9.6 39.7
Control Chart Data (Cont...)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
21 29.8 -8.4 -11.6 12.3 6.8 -2.8 37.3
22 39.5 1.3 -10.3 9.7 4.2 1.4 37.2
23 31.2 -7.0 -17.3 8.3 2.8 4.2 35.7
24 38.9 0.7 -16.6 7.7 2.2 6.4 34.9
25 39.8 1.6 -15.0 0.9 -4.6 1.8 37.4
26 40.1 1.9 -13.1 0.3 -5.2 -3.4 37.5
27 44.2 6.0 -7.1 4.1 -1.4 -4.8 40.8
28 32.4 -5.8 -12.9 11.8 6.3 1.5 39.1
29 37.8 -0.4 -13.3 5.4 -0.1 1.4 38.6
30 37.3 -0.9 -14.2 0.5 -5.0 -3.6 37.9
31 43.9 5.7 -8.5 6.6 1.1 -2.5 37.9
32 38.9 0.7 -7.8 5.0 -0.5 -3.0 39.5
33 34.6 -3.6 -11.4 4.3 -1.2 -4.2 38.7
34 41.2 3.0 -8.4 6.6 1.1 -3.1 39.7
35 44.3 6.1 -2.3 3.1 -2.4 -5.5 39.8
36 32.4 -5.8 -8.1 11.9 6.4 0.9 38.1
37 36.7 -1.5 -9.6 4.3 -1.2 -0.3 38.7
38 38.3 0.1 -9.5 1.6 -3.9 -4.2 37.9
39 39.6 1.4 -8.1 1.3 -4.2 -8.4 36.8
40 44.3 6.1 -2.0 4.7 -0.8 -9.2 39.7
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
41 35.6 -2.6 -4.6 8.7 3.2 -6.0 39.5
42 40.2 2.0 -2.6 4.6 -0.9 -6.9 39.9
43 44.3 6.1 3.5 4.1 -1.4 -8.3 41.1
44 47.5 9.3 12.8 3.2 -2.3 -10.6 41.9
45 38.5 0.3 13.1 9.0 3.5 -7.1 42.6
46 42.4 4.2 17.3 3.9 -1.6 -8.7 43.2
47 28.9 -9.3 8.0 13.5 8.0 -0.7 39.3
48 38.5 0.3 8.3 9.6 4.1 3.4 37.1
49 33.5 -4.7 3.6 5.0 -0.5 2.9 35.8
50 28.3 -9.9 -6.3 5.2 -0.3 2.6 32.3
51 40.6 2.4 -3.9 12.3 6.8 9.4 35.2
52 32.1 -6.1 -10.0 8.5 3.0 12.4 33.6
53 37.3 -0.9 -10.9 5.2 -0.3 12.1 34.6
54 38.9 0.7 -10.2 1.6 -3.9 8.2 37.2
55 33.4 -4.8 -15.0 5.5 0.0 8.2 35.4
56 38.9 0.7 -14.3 5.5 0.0 8.2 37.1
57 38.8 0.6 -13.7 0.1 -5.4 2.8 37.5
58 44.9 6.7 -7.0 6.1 0.6 3.4 39.0
59 40.7 2.5 -4.5 4.2 -1.3 2.1 40.8
60 43.5 5.3 0.8 2.8 -2.7 -0.6 42.0
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
61 33.1 -5.1 -4.3 10.4 4.9 4.3 40.6
62 38.9 0.7 -3.6 5.8 0.3 4.6 39.1
63 37.8 -0.4 -4.0 1.1 -4.4 0.2 38.3
64 38.9 0.7 -3.3 1.1 -4.4 -4.2 37.2
65 33.6 -4.6 -7.9 5.3 -0.2 -4.4 37.3
66 44.3 6.1 -1.8 10.7 5.2 0.8 38.7
67 45.6 7.4 5.6 1.3 -4.2 -3.4 40.6
68 40.1 1.9 7.5 5.5 0.0 -3.4 40.9
69 39.8 1.6 9.1 0.3 -5.2 -8.6 42.5
70 44.2 6.0 15.1 4.4 -1.1 -9.7 42.4
71 39.2 1.0 16.1 5.0 -0.5 -10.2 40.8
72 39.9 1.7 17.8 0.7 -4.8 -15.0 40.8
73 33.9 -4.3 13.5 6.0 0.5 -14.5 39.3
74 29.0 -9.2 4.3 4.9 -0.6 -15.1 35.5
75 39.8 1.6 5.9 10.8 5.3 -9.8 35.7
76 35.6 -2.6 3.3 4.2 -1.3 -11.1 34.6
77 38.4 0.2 3.5 2.8 -2.7 -13.8 35.7
78 41.2 3.0 6.5 2.8 -2.7 -16.5 38.8
79 35.8 -2.4 4.1 5.4 -0.1 -16.6 37.8
80 33.8 -4.4 -0.3 2.0 -3.5 -20.1 37.3
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
81 28.1 -10.1 -10.4 5.7 0.2 -19.9 34.7
82 41.2 3.0 -7.4 13.1 7.6 -12.3 34.7
83 32.1 -6.1 -13.5 9.1 3.6 -8.7 33.8
84 36.2 -2.0 -15.5 4.1 -1.4 -10.1 34.4
85 39.1 0.9 -14.6 2.9 -2.6 -12.7 37.2
86 44.2 6.0 -8.6 5.1 -0.4 -13.1 37.9
87 33.2 -5.0 -13.6 11.0 5.5 -7.6 38.2
88 41.2 3.0 -10.6 8.0 2.5 -5.1 39.4
89 28.9 -9.3 -19.9 12.3 6.8 1.7 36.9
90 36.1 -2.1 -22.0 7.2 1.7 3.4 34.9
91 39.8 1.6 -20.4 3.7 -1.8 1.6 36.5
92 39.8 1.6 -18.8 0.0 -5.5 -3.9 36.2
93 34.2 -4.0 -22.8 5.6 0.1 -3.8 37.5
94 44.3 6.1 -16.7 10.1 4.6 0.8 39.5
95 48.2 10.0 -6.7 3.9 -1.6 -0.8 41.6
96 36.7 -1.5 -8.2 11.5 6.0 5.2 40.9
97 39.9 1.7 -6.5 3.2 -2.3 2.9 42.3
98 47.1 8.9 2.4 7.2 1.7 4.6 43.0
99 38.9 0.7 3.1 8.2 2.7 7.3 40.7
100 32.1 -6.1 -3.0 6.8 1.3 8.6 39.5
Shewart Control Chart
55
Characteristics Compressive
50
45
Strength, fc
40
35
30
25
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cube Reference Number
Control Chart (Group of Four Consecutive Results)
Mean Compressive Strength, σcum

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cumulative Sum Control Chart
(Mean Strength (CUSUM M))
25
Cumulative Sum Mean Strength 20
15
10
5
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
−25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(Standard Deviation (CUSUM SD))
Cumulative Sum Standard Deviation

25
20
15
10
5
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
−25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
V Mask Technique
A visual procedure proposed by Barnard in 1959, known as the V-
Mask, is sometimes used to determine whether a process is out of
control.
A V-Mask is an overlay shape in the form of a V on its side that is
superimposed on the graph of the cumulative sums.
The origin point of the V-Mask is placed on top of the latest
cumulative sum point and past points are examined to see if any
fall above or below the sides of the V.
As long as all the previous points lie between the sides of the V, the
process is in control.
Otherwise (even if one point lies outside) the process is suspected of
being out of control.
V Mask Technique (Cont...)
We can design a V-Mask using h and k or we can use an α and β design
approach. For the latter approach we must specify
α is the probability of a false alarm, i.e., concluding that a shift in
the process has occurred, while in fact it did not,
β is the probability of not detecting that a shift in the process mean
has, in fact, occurred, and
δ is the amount of shift in the process mean that we wish to detect,
expressed as a multiple of the standard deviation of the data points
(which are the sample means).
V Mask Technique (Cont...)
For standardized observation the V-Mask CUSUM design is given by,
xi − µ0
yi = (13)
σ
The values of h and k are related to α, β and δ based on the following
equations
δσ
k= (14)
2
" #
2 σ2 1 − β
d= (15)
δ δ α/2
h =d ×k (16)
!
δ
θ = tan−1 (17)
2
(Standard Deviation (CUSUM SD))
(& V Mask Technique)
Cumulative Sum Standard Deviation 25
20
15
10
5
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
−25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Design and Construction Errors
Design Errors
Incomplete understanding of the possible modes of failure and
structural behaviour resulting in inadequate provisions of restraints
and ties for overall stability and robustness of the structure. This can
also result from a tendency towards ’tunnel vision’ by designers, who
get over-concerned with design for strength alone and overlook the
overall aspects of stability and robustness.
Errors in design assumptions and concepts resulting in inappropriate
modelling of the structure.
Failure to recognize the limitations of analytical methods and
computer software resulting in the use of inappropriate methods of
analysis.
Incorrect interpretation of code requirements or failure to recognize
the conditions underlying code provision.
Design Errors (Cont...)
Incorrect assessment of loadings, e.g. dead, imposed, wind and
accidental loads such as earthquake and blast.
Failure to recognize and cater for secondary effects.
Incorrect assessment and inadequate provisions for environmental
actions and micro-climates in design for durability.
Incorrect assessment and inadequate provisions for movements, e.g.
thermal movement, frost heave, shrinkable clay, changes in ground
water level, differential settlement of foundations or creep.
Failure to recognize the effects of restraints on movements.
Design Errors (Cont...)
Failure to exercise critical checks on manual or computer design
outputs. In particular, acceptance of computer output without any
critical appraisal to see whether the results do actually make sense.
Lack of coordination or of a critical overall check when designs of
foundations, substructure, floor slabs, shear walls or special structures
are designed by specialists outside the main design team.
Failure to give clear and specific instructions for the detailing of the
design and the drawing up of contract specifications.
Computational errors.
Failure to exercise proper quality control procedures during design.
Detailing Errors
Errors and omissions in the transfer of design requirements and
outputs to drawings.
Inadequate understanding of design assumptions and requirements.
Insufficient attention to practical aspects of construction in the
provision of details (e.g. congestion of reinforcement, connection
details).
Inadequate provision of details, e.g. anchorages, laps and curtailment
of reinforcement.
Inadequate attention to points of stress concentration, e.g. sudden
change of sections at corners of openings.
Failure to exercise proper and critical checks on manual or computer
drawing outputs.
Computational errors
Construction Errors
Departures from design details.
Departures from material specifications (e.g. inadequate cement
content or excessive water content).
Poor workmanship, resulting in
inaccurate quantities of ingredients (e.g. inadequate cement,
excessive water, excessive additives)
incorrect sizes of sections, incorrect sizes and positions of
reinforcement
insufficient or excessive concrete cover thickness
inadequate or excessive compaction of concrete
inadequate curing
inclusion of foreign matter in the concrete (e.g. boxing-out
material).
Construction Errors (Cont...)
Inappropriate provision for and preparation of construction joints.
Failure to conduct the specified tests.
Failure to exercise proper quality control procedures during
construction.

CLE6XX4 - Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures - Module 1

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CLE6XX4 - Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures - Module 1

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CLE6XX4 - Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

P(fc ) = P(σcu > σcuk ) (7)

For normal distribution the above equation reduces to

∴ Probability of Failure, P(fc ) = Area Under the Normal Curve

Reliability of Concrete Cube = 1 - Probability of Failure, P(fc )

σcum = 15.253 N /mm 2

S.No Class fi di di 2 fi .di fi .di 2

= (4)2 = (3) × (4) = (3) × (5)

σcum = 36.4 N /mm 2

= (4)2 = (3) × (4) = (3) × (5)

The characteristics compressive strength, σck = 30 N /mm 2

σ¯ck = 30 + (1.64 × 5.0) = 38.2 N /mm 2

The characteristics compressive strength, fcu = 30 N/mm2

fcm = 30 + (1.64 × 5.0) = 38.2 N/mm2

Design mean range = 1.13 × s = 1.10 × 5.0 = 5.5 N/mm2

Mean Compressive Strength, σcum

Mean Compressive Strength, σcum

Mean Compressive Strength, σcum

Cumulative Sum Standard Deviation

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