second video

the current session is on drainage mapping and morphometric analysis under this session we will discuss
on why it is important and the three aspect of morphometric analysis the drainage mapping and
morphometric analysis drainage is a system of draining water passing of water over and through the land
surface ultimately toward the sea the dictionary meaning of the drainage is a process of removing the
gravitational water from soil using artificial or natural conditions such that freely moving water can drain
under gravity through or off soil the area that collects water into the drain system with single outlet is
known as drainage basin it is an area that gather water from precipitation and deliver it to a large stream
a lake or an ocean which is limited by drainage divide and occupied by drainage network the drainage
basin consists of different type of pattern such as dendrix rectangular trellis and many more the drainage
system can be sequent or in sequent sequent Renee system consists of consequent subsequent off
sequent and Resik whant according to the geological structure of the surface the in sequent drainage
system has antecedent and superimposed type where there is a lack of adjustment to geological
structure the term morphometry is used in several disciplines to mean the measurement analysis of form
characteristics in 1934 a manual Martone define morphometry in his book trail the geographic physique
as the numerical systemization and the form of the land relief as it can be interpreted form to
topographic map basically morphometry is the measurementand mathematical analysis of the
configuration of the earth's surface shape dimension of the land surface it provide quantitative
description of the basin geometry to understand initial slope or in equalities in the rock hardness
structure controls recent - - trophy's 'm geological and jus morphic history of drainage basin according to
Horton drainage morphometry is a calculation of a range of dimensionless drainage network relationship
based on a system of stream ordering that is the numerical ranking of channel segments with a channel
network drainage basin morphometry is measurement of the surface form of a drainage basin and of the
arrangement and organization of The Associated river network the properties such as area shape
gradient and relief are important element of form while the stream network in investigated through a
study of its component and of the way in
which they are related it enables us to
understand the relationship among
different aspect of the drainage pattern
of the basin to make a comparative
evaluation of different drainage basin
developed in various geological and
climatic times the mapping of drainage
and their basin is most important for
the development of land and water
resource on a
strain basis and with constant increase
in productivity and necessary for the
sustainable development these
development depends on the prudent use
of land and water resources they are
conservation and development in the face
of an enormity of degradation problems
and constraint of resources a scientific
approach to land and water resources
development and management calls for
clear identification of critical area of
treatment drainage basin is an ideal
geophysical unit needed
multi-disciplinary approach to the land
and water resource management for
ensuring benefit on sustained basis the
characteristics of the drainage basin
help to understand and model various
natural processes occurring in the
watershed and these watersheds or
hydrological units are considered more
efficient and appropriate for necessary
survey and investigation for assessment
of these resources and subsequent
planning and implementation of various
development program like soil and water
conservation command area development
erosion control in catchment dry land or
Renford farming reclamation of ravine
lines etc the hydrologic units are
equally important for the development of
water resources through major medium and
minor storage project as well as from
levelled water harvesting structures so
the watershed approach is more rational
because land and water resource have
optimum interaction and senate jetting
effect when developed on a water shed
basis since the work cannot be started
at the same time in all the watersheds
due to management and resources
constraint a priority list has to be
prepared it in this way morphometric
analysis of the drainage basin helped us
to prioritize the watershed
on the basis of their characteristics
the prioritization of an area help in
addressing the conservation effort to
secure maximum benefit the science of
morphometry is concerned with the
quantitative measurement and
generalization of land surface geometry
the drainage basin and channel morph
morphology are related to the geologic
climatic and hydrologic characteristics
of the basin then it is necessary to
describe the feature quantitatively in
order to investigate these relationships
there are three aspect of drainage basin
morphometry such as linear aerial and
relief aspect of the watershed
characteristics the number one is the
linear aspect the linear aspect of basin
characteristics includes number of
streams stream order basin parameter
basin lengths bifurcation ratio
wandering ratio overland flow and length
of channel of all orders usefulness of
ordering channel system lie on the
hypothesis dead base size channel
dimension and stream order provide
investigation is made for quite large
number of watershed to basins have
different linear measurement can be
compared with respect to corresponding
point in their geometry through the use
of dimensionless order number for
reference see the table number one
stream order
there are various system of ordering the
stream that are available the stroller
system which has in fact slightly
modified hotend system ordering system
was followed because of the simplicity
according the smallest and branch stream
segment was designated as a first-order
stream the one formed by the merging of
two such first-order segments the
second-order streams and so on for
example there are 13 watersheds in the
tsul'kalu central flu named watershed
one two
Watershed 13 in this ordering the
analysis reveals that the watershed
number one is third order of watershed
watershed number two four and five are
fourth order watershed watershed one
three and twelve are fifth order
watershed watershed six eight ten eleven
and thirteen are six order watershed and
seven is only one watershed is seventh
order watershed see the figure number
two the stream number the number of
stream is calculated in each watershed
after assigning the stream order in each
stream the analysis of the study reveals
that the number of stream decreases as
the stream order increases there is more
first-order stream than any other order
and that the first order stream on the
average are shorter and occupy smaller
drainage basin the stream discharge
increases systematically with a stream
order and these relation indicates that
the drainage network has developed in
response to the erosive forces acting on
irritable material that compromise that
comprise the drainage basin bifurcation
ratio the bifurcation ratio as the index
of relief and dissection and it computed
by dividing the number of stream
segments of the river
order by the number of stream segments
of the next higher order the lower
bifurcation ratio are the
characteristics of a structurally less
disturbed watershed without any
distortion in drainage pattern the
bifurcation ratio between three and five
in decade that geologic structures have
not distorted the drainage pattern of
the basin exceed well you pronounced a
structural control encourage the
development of elongate narrow drainage
basin higher bifurcation ratio indicate
hi run off less infiltration and mature
of nature of topography which is the
result of variation in higher and lower
order stream segments these
irregularities are depends on geological
and methodological development of
drainage basin it was calculated by
using the given formula next one is
stream length the length of the various
stream segments can be measured measured
order wise and the total length as well
as the mean length of each order can be
computed the mean length for the given
order can be obtained by dividing the
total length of the total number of the
segments of the same order the mean
stream length of a channel is
dimensional property and reveals the
characteristics size of drainage network
component and it contributing basin
surface the mean length of stream is an
increasing trend with increasing in
order the length of Overland flow hotend
defined as a length of Overland length
of flow path projected to the horizontal
of non channel flow from a point on a
drainage divide to a point on a adjacent
stream channel it is the length of
Overland flow of water before it joins a
channel it is reverse relationship
between drainage density and Overland
flow this vector relates inversely to
the average slope of the channel and it
quite synonymous with the length of
sheet flow to a large degree the average
length of over land flow is approximate
half the average distance between a
stream channel and is therefore
approximately equal to half of the
reciprocal of drainage density they are
also reveals
the length of Overland flow is varying
between 0.12 2.26 in watershed number 11
and watershed number 2 respectively the
watershed 6 to 13 has low Overland flow
except of watershed 9 where it is more
than 1 see the figure number 4 Haughton
noted that length of Overland flow is
one of the most important dependent
variable affecting both the hydrologic
and physio graphic development of
drainage basin it is calculated by the
formula wandering ratio the ratio
between main stream length along the
course of this straight line distance
between the two extreme outlet and
farthest point in the basin boundary
while this vector broadly indicate the
amount of deviation of main stream from
straight line path it does not
necessarily explain the meandering of
the main stream the wandering ratio in
the watershed is varying between one
point zero nine and one point eight nine
in watershed number three and 4
respectively
therefore the figure number five the low
wandering ratio shows the less time of
runoff and vice-versa it is calculated
by the formula the aerial aspect the
aerial aspect of drainage basin includes
the drainage area drainage density
drainage texture basin shape
configuration constant of channel
maintenance etc seat at table number
seven point three the drainage area is
represent the area enclosed within the
boundary of the watershed divide the
work shed wise analysis reveals that
among third
in watersheds the watershed 12 has
lowest drainage area that is 3,300 28.4
hectare and watershed number one has the
largest drainage area that is one nine
one two zero nine point one hectare the
drainage area is probably the single
most important characteristics of
hydrologic design it reflect the volume
of water in the watershed that can be
generated from rainfall and the length
of the stream draining it watershed
shape factor the watershed shape factor
was defined as a ratio of the main
stream length to the diameter of the
circle having the same area as of
watershed see the figure number six the
analysis reveals that the watershed
shape factor is varying between one
point five nine and four point seven
three in watershed twelve and three
respectively the low value shows the
high runoff and circular in shape and
high value shows lauren off and
elongated shape of the watershed it also
reflects the drainage pattern of the
study area it is calculated by the
formula the drainage density it is
expressed the closeness of spacing of
channel it is defined as a rate of total
length of channel of all order in the
basin to the drainage area of the basin
it is affected by factors which control
the characteristics length of the stream
like resistance to the withering
permeability of the rock formation
climate and vegetation etc the low value
of trainees density is absorbed in the
reason underlying by high resistance
permeable material with vegetative cover
and low relief high drainage density is
absorbed in the reason of week and in
permeable
subsurface material and a sparse
vegetation and mountain relief see the
figure number seven the drainage density
is calculated by using the formula
stream frequency stream frequency is it
defined as a number of stream per unit
area as you can see in the figure number
eight there is a close relationship
between a stream frequency and runoff
the high stream frequency has more
runoff and vice a versa you can see the
formula constant of channel maintenance
it is defined as the ratio between the
area of the drainage basin and total
length of the channel expressed as
square kilometre per kilometer it is
equal to the reciprocal of drainage
density this parameter indicates the
number of square pyramid square meter of
water surface required to maintain one
linear meter of channel constant of
channel maintenance is inverse to the
drainage density the analysis reveals
that the value of the constant of
channel maintenance are wearing between
zero point two one and four point five
one in watershed 11 and watershed two
respectively see the figure number nine
it means that zero point two one and
four point five 1 square meter surface
required maintaining one meter of
channel in watershed 11 and two
respectively
the higher value indicate that the
channel capacity should be large enough
to carry high discharge resulting from
the bigger drainage area it is
calculated by the formula drainage
texture it is a total number of stream
segments of all order per parameter of
all that area it is the coarseness or
fineness of the dissection of the
drainage network the drainage texture of
the watershed is varying between zero
point one seven and twelve point zero
one in what
number nine and seven respectively refer
the figure number ten the classified
drainage density into five different
texture that is very coarse course
moderate fine and very fine according to
the according to Smith classification
method the watershed one two four five
and nine has a very coarse three and
five has a course a four has moderate
watershed twelve and thirteen is fine
and watershed number seven and eight has
a very fine drainage texture horton
recognized infiltration capacity as the
single important factor which influence
drainage structure and considered the
drainage texture to include drainage
density and stream frequency it is
calculated by the formula form factor it
is defined as the ratio of basin area to
the square of basin length the value of
the form factor would always be less
than zero point seven eight five four
which is four perfectly regular Basin or
the circular Basin in the study area it
range between zero point zero four and
zero point six nine in watershed three
and 12 respectively the watershed nine
and three has low the watershed two four
five six seven ten and thirteen has
medium and watershed one nine eleven and
twelve has high form factor refer the
figure number eleven the analysis also
reveals that the smaller the value of
the form factor more elongated will be
the basin the basin with - factor have
high peak flow of shorter duration
whereas elongated sub-watershed with low
form factor have lower peak flow of
longer duration floods flow in such
elongated Basin are easier to manage
then those of the circular basin the
form factor is dimensional parameter and
is computed by the formula circulatory
ratio Basin circulatory ratio is defined
as the ratio of the basin area to the
area of circle having circumference is
equal to the parameter of the basin it
is influenced by the length and
frequency of streams geological
structures land use land cover climate
relief and slope of the basin the basin
shape approaches to the circle the
circularity ratio approaches to 1 the
circulatory ratio in the study area is
ranging between 0.12 and 0.7 for in
watershed 1 and 12 respectively
refer the figure number 12 it is
computed as the ratio of basin area to
the area of the circle having same
parameter as of the basal the higher
circularity ratio also indicates the
larger amount of flow and vice-versa it
is calculated by the following formula
elongated ratio the Shoom has defined as
the ratio between the diameter of the
circle with the same area as the basin
and basin length the value of elongated
ratio approaches to 1 as the shape of
the basin approaches to circle the
circular basin is more efficient in
runoff discharge than elongated basin
the value of elongated ratio in the
study area varies between 0.23 and 0.94
in the watershed 1 and 12 respectively
associated with a wide variety of
climate and the geology as you can refer
the figure number 13 value close to 1
are typically of reason of very low
relief whereas the
of 0.6 to 9 are associated with high
relief and steep ground slope high value
of elongated elongation ratio indicate
mature to old stage topography higher
value of elongation ratio have circular
shape it is calculated by the formula
the relief aspect Basin relief Basin
relief is the maximum vertical distance
from the stream mouth to the highest
point on the Divide Basin relief has
defined in several way measured it along
the longest dimension of the Basin
parallel to the principal drainage line
whereas a stroller obtained it by
determining the mean height of the
entire watershed divide about the outlet
in the sown car NASA intro flue Basin
relief is ranging between thirty eight
point four four meter
and five ninety three point nine six
meter in watershed number one and seven
respectively watershed one two five has
low nine to eleven and twelve has a
medium and three to four six to eight
and thirteen has high basin relief as
mentioned in Figure number fourteen
relief is an indicated of the potential
energy of a given watershed about a
specified datum available to move water
and sediment down slope it is calculated
as relief ratio the ratio between basin
relief and the basin length is known as
basin ratio it is normally shaped Basin
the ratio is a dimensionless height
- length ratio equal to the tangent of
the angle formed by the intersection of
the basin mouth of a horizontal plane
passing through the highest point on the
divide
the relief ratio in the watershed is
varying between 0.03 and 1.75 in
watershed 12 and 2 respectively as
mentioned in table number 4 also the
watershed 1 & 2 has highest watershed 5
has medium and other has low relief
ratio as figure 15 shows this parameter
permit comprises of relief of the 2%
without regard to the scale of the tapa
sheet it measured the overall steepness
of the watershed and can be related to
it hydrologic characteristics it is
calculated as area elevation relation
distribution of area between contour in
a drainage basin is of interest of
comparing drainage basin and to
understand the storage and flow
characteristics of the basin for the
purpose and area distribution curve can
be obtained by computer system itself in
between contour the mean elevation is
determined as a weighted average of
elevation between adjacent contours in
the zone Corona cilantro flew about
seventy three point two six percent area
below two hundred meter above mean sea
level which is almost plain the twenty
six point seven four percent area is
above two hundred meter above mean sea
level which is very high slope as shown
in Figure number 16 relative relief it
is a defined as the ratio of the basin
relief to the length of the parameter
relative relief is an indicator of the
general steepness of a basin from summit
to mount the analysis reveals that the
value is ranging between zero point one
six and ten point nine seven in the
watershed one and 12 respectively as
shown in the figure seventeenth
it has an advantage over the relief
ratio in that it is not dependent on the
basin length it is calculated by using
the formula given by Melton in 1957
ruggedness number it is the product of
the basin relief and the drainage
density it described the quality of the
slope steepness with the length this is
a dimensionless measurement and combined
slope and length characteristics into
one expression the area of low relief
but hydras density are roughly texture
as area of high relief having less
dissection it is calculated by the
formula stream velocity index it is the
ratio between the river channel length
and length of river valley
it is represents or the it represent the
degree of deviation of a stream actual
path from expected theoretical straight
path the value of index indicate the
river course such as tour Trias index
value is 2.1 irregular that is 1.7
regular 1.5 transitional 1.2 and is
straight the index value is 1 the value
also indicate the is stage of basing
development and landforms evolution it
is calculated by the formula the
conclusion is the drainage basin and
there morphometric parameter of
different aspect like linear aerial and
the relief shows the different
characteristics of the watershed these
different characteristics can be used to
interpretate the geologic condition
responsible for and the pattern is
controlled by and in turn has an
influenced on the hydrology of the
drainage basin drainage pattern refers
to spatial relationship among is
dreams or river which may be influenced
in their erosion by inequalities of
sloped soil rock resistance structure
and geologic history of a region linear
parameter have a direct relationship
with runoff and erode ability higher the
value more the road ability on the
contrary as the shape parameter have an
inverse relationship the runoff and
irritability lower the value more than
audibility more the relief value higher
the runoff and more irritability
basically remote sensing and GIS has an
efficient tool in drainage delineation
and there morphometric analysis these
morphometric parameter can also be used
for prioritization of the watershed for
land and water resource development plan
thank you