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Effect of Dehydrated Andean Berry Final 23 Abril 2018
Effect of Dehydrated Andean Berry Final 23 Abril 2018
Abstract
and end of the study. All biomarkers evaluated in the subjects showed statistically
significant differences (p> 0.05), except for CRP, before and after the study.
antioxidant capacity.
biomarkers levels.
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), overweight and obesity are the
worldwide prevalence of adults with overweight and obesity was 39% and 13%
respectively (WHO, 2018). At present, high levels of BMI are the main risk factor
More than 20% of all cancers are associated with the previous initiation of chronic
cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα and a decrease in the synthesis of anti-
inflammatory adipokines such as adiponectin. IL-6 and TNFα induce the signal
and whose secretion is inversely proportional to body weight. It has shown an anti-
signaling pathways (Khan, Shukla, Sinha & Meeran., 2013; Katira & Tan., 2016).
phenolic acids (Afrin et al., 2016). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown anti-
adiponectin (Tsuda, Ueno, Yoshikawa, Kojo, & Osawa, 2006; Tsuda, 2008;
A food with these potential protective properties is the Andean Berry (Vaccinium
meridionale Swartz). This berry has a high anthocyanin and phenolic content and
an antioxidant activity greater than that of other berries of the same genus
Arango, & Rojano, 2017; Gaviria et al., 2009). However, there is currently no
Varela, & Rojano, 2014; Zapata Vahos, Ochoa, Maldonado-Celis, Zapata Zapata,
& Rojano, 2016; Zapata Vahos, Villacorta, Maldonado-Celis, Castro Restrepo, &
Rojano, 2015). Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of its
overweight and obese adults after 21 days. Here, we described a product ready-to-
plasma.
Andean Berries were obtained from El Retiro Village, located in the rural area of
(violaceous black color), were collected randomly and selected according to the
CIELAB color classification system (García Carvajal, Vásquez, & Peláez, 2015).
The berries were washed with water, disinfected in 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite
solution and washed again with water. The osmotic dehydration was performed in
70% sucrose syrup in a 1/3 ratio (1 fruit: 3 syrup). The berries were maintained in
(Cabela’s TS160D) for a period of 14 h at 60 °C. The dehydrated fruit was stored in
moisture (method CTG 1.14), ash (method AOAC 923.03), lipid (method CTG 6.1),
nitrogen (method AOAC 954.01 Micro Kjeldahl method) and protein (nitrogen X
6.25 Micro Kjeldahl method). Carbohydrates and calories values were obtained by
The recount of molds and yeasts was performed according to the Colombian
Technical Norms ISO 21521-1 and ISO 21521-2, and taking in count the limits
Norms 3501, 3932 and Colombian Technical Guidelines 165 and 226.
The activity to scavenge the stable radical DPPH, was estimated according to the
Williams, Cuvelier, & Berset, 1995) . The method is based on the reaction of 10 mL
of sample with 990 mL of DPPH solution for 30 min at room temperature. The
measured at 517 nm. The results were expressed in trolox equivalents antioxidant
capacity (TEAC).
The antioxidant capacity of the dehydrated berry was measured according to the
previously dissolved in acetate buffer (pH 3.6). The absorbance increase was
measured at 590 nm. The FRAP values were expressed as AEAC (ascorbic acid
equivalent antioxidant capacity: mg ascorbic acid per L) using an ascorbic acid
standard curve.
The ORAC assay was determined using the following methodology: 3 mL were
Where AUC is the area under the curve for sample control (AUC°), and trolox
The total phenolic content was measured according to the adapted Folin–Ciocalteu
method (Singleton & Rossi, 1965) . The extracts (50 μL) were mixed with 125 μL of
Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and 400 μL of sodium carbonate solution (7.1% p/v), and
the resulting solution was brought to a final volume of 1000 μL. The mixture was
stirred and stored at room temperature for 30 min in the dark. The absorbance was
were used to build a calibration curve. The results were expressed as gallic acid
equivalents (GAE)/L.
2. 9 Study design
performed. Twenty-five overweight and obese men and women were recruited and
given 21 osmo-dehydrated Andean berry packs. Throughout the study, the diet or
lifestyle of the participants did not change though they were instructed to avoid the
The weight and height of each subject was measured to calculate the body mass
index. The subjects’ diets were assessed before and after the intervention using 72
h recall. All subjects received the fruit packed in 21 ziploc bags in portions of 35
grams for daily consumption and were asked to keep them at room temperature.
Fasting venous blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the
intervention from each subject. Blood was collected in heparinized tubes and
analysis.
2.10 Subjects
Twenty-five overweight and obese men and women (aged 25 to 50 years) from the
Medellín and Envigado cities were recruited in the study. The Human Ethics
Committee of Dentistry Faculty from the University of Antioquia approved the study
protocol in their session of September 30, record 08. Informed consents were
At the beginning (day 1) and at the end of the study (day 22) weight and height
were measured using weighing scale SECA Robusta 813 and portable stadiometer
At day 1 and at the end of the intervention (day 22) levels of interleukin-1β,
in plasma by using the Human ELISA kit (Cayman Chemical and SPI Bio)
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed
data or median and p25- p75 for data with non-normal distribution. The normality
was established by the Shapiro Wilk test and the goodness of fit by the Pearson
Chi square test (p>0.05). For statistical differences, Student’s t-test for repeated
samples and the Wilcoxon test were used (p<0.05). The magnitude of the effect
was evaluated by the Hedges g or the effect size for the Wilcoxon T procedure. A
general linear model (GLM) of repetitive measurements was used, to evaluate the
size of the effect of the material significance of the parameters through the partial
square eta. The statistical analysis was done using the software SPSS version 24
(IBM).
3. Results
process the berry retained a large part of its aqueous content corresponding to
almost 60% of its total weight. Carbohydrates were the most predominant
macronutrient (37.6%), followed by protein and total fat. Table 2 shows that the
method in which the product presented a greater antioxidant capacity was in the
hydrophilic ORAC.
presented intensity above 3.5 in the evaluated attributes. It should be noted that
homogeneity was visualized in the color of each fruit, but this could have presented
variation among the units that made up the sample. In the descriptors of odor, the
osmo-dehydrated Andean berry presented intensities above 3, for sweet and fruity
smell, and intensities lower than 3.0 for floral and plum. In flavor descriptors, the
sample presented intensities below 3.0 for all attributes except for the acid (3.7),
fresh (3.7) and fruity (3.9) flavors. In terms of the texture, the berry presented
intensities above 3 for all the descriptors except for the crunchy (1.7) and chewable
(2.8) attributes. Finally, according to the qualification of the evaluating judges, the
The levels of all proinflammatory biomarkers evaluated (IL-6, Il-1β, TNF-α) except
for CRP, were significantly reduced between day 1 and day 22 of the study. The
largest effect size in this decrease was that presented by IL-6. Adiponectin values
4. Discussion
In the present study, a ready-to-eat product was designed through the osmo-
Andean Berry, and its antioxidant capacity and reductive effect on proinflammatory
content equivalent to 60% of its total weight. Carbohydrates provided 94.4% of the
product caloric value, while proteins and fats only provided 4.8% and 0.8%
a total caloric value of 55.7 Kcal, this value corresponds to only 2.8% of a 2000
calorie diet and 13% of the daily carbohydrate requirement for a Colombian adult
(Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, 2016). Thus, these results suggest that
regular consumption of this product in the serving previously mentioned, does not
analysis, the levels of molds and yeasts recount of the osmo-dehydrated Andean
Berry were under the limits established by the Colombian normativity for
galactoside and quercetin (Garzón, Narváez, Riedl, & Schwartz, 2010), this value
was higher than that reported for the fresh fruit (609 ± 31 mg GAE/100 g) (Gaviria
et al., 2009). A similar result was observed by Dermesonlouoglou et al. 2018 after
osmotic dehydration and air-drying treatment of the goji berry, whose total phenolic
& Taoukis, 2018). Our result suggests that osmotic dehydration could have
generated minimal losses of the Andean Berry phenolic compounds and on the
contrary, the diffusion of water from the fruit to the hypertonic solution have
activity as indicated by the FRAP, DPPH and ORAC values. The Oxygen radical
absorbance capacity was 11490.8 ± 631.6 μmol TE/100 g. This ORAC value was
greater than that one reported for other fresh berries like cranberry (1850 μmol
TE/100 g), strawberry (5303 μmol TE/100 g) (Afrin et al., 2016) and bog blueberry
Laima, & Daubaras, 2015). The antioxidant activity of Andean Berry has been
Health benefits derived from eating fruits rich in anthocyanins, have been
described by in vitro and animal model studies. These studies have reported the
DNA, proteins, and lipids from reactive oxygen species (ROS), iii) inhibit oxidative
Berry, which classified this processed fruit as a high organoleptic quality product.
Knowing that sight, smell and taste of a food are some of the most important
features for food choice and intake control in people (Mccrickerd & Forde, 2016), to
design a high palatable food was one of the most crucial processes to guarantee
for a period of 21 days significantly decreased the plasma levels of IL-6, IL-1β,
TNF-α and BMI of the group. However, according to the Hedges' g test, the effect
size in the reduction of this last anthropometric indicator was 0.07, classified as a
small effect size, which also contains 0 in its confidence interval, thus this effect
size is not statistically significant. Similar findings were reported by Johnson et al.
IL-6 presented the greatest reduction and the largest effect size among all
and antioxidant capacity in plasma significantly increased at the end of the study.
Several studies have evidenced that high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and
low secretion of adiponectin in overweight and obese adults, are associated with
higher risk of developing cancer (Deng, Lyon, Bergin, Caligiuri, & Hsueh, 2016).
tissue hypertrophy, such as that described in our study, are possible therapeutic
strategies that could help reduce the risk of developing chronic inflammation-
associated cancers. Based on the currently available literature, the effect of the
compounds have showed ability to inhibit the activation of the transcription factors
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-1β and IL-6 (Li et al., 2014; Joseph, Edirisinghe, &
Xia, 2014).
Taking in account all the findings previously presented, our results suggest that
has a health benefit on the inflammatory state control and the improvement in the
5. Conclusions
overweight and obese adults, but does not have significant effect on weight control.
Further studies are needed to evaluate its effect in patients with chronic
inflammation-associated cancers.
6. Conflict of interest
7. Funding
This work was supported by the School of Nutrition of the University of Antioquia
through the Strategy for Projecting Research of the Unit 2016, modality Research
Groups.
8. Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Colombian Plant Chemistry research group of the University
of Antioquia, for allowing the testing of adipokine levels and antioxidant capacity in
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Tables and Figures
Andean Berry.
Parameter
Mean ± SD, T-student for repeated samples *Median (Rq), **Wilcoxon test, p<0.05,
Body Mass Index, CRP= C-Reactive Protein *** Effect sizes Hedges' g, 𝜸 Effect
sizes Wilcoxon
Figure1. Sensory profile by multidimensional approach osmo-dehydrated Andean
Berry.