Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • The Piping Blue Book Binder

    Uploaded by

    RAFAEL BRAVO
    22 views215 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    22 views215 pages

    The Piping Blue Book Binder

    Uploaded by

    RAFAEL BRAVO

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 215
    The ‘PIPING GUIDE. ‘PART I explains. “PART II’ provides... Brings together information of especial value to designers, raftsmen, and systems engineers concerned with piping ‘technology Discusses in dk ‘the design and drafting of piping systems Describes pipe, piping components most commonly used, valves, and equipment Presents charts, tables, and examples for daily reference Lists piping terms and abbreviations concerned with piping ‘technology Provides a design reference for companies and consultants ‘Supplements existing company standards, information, and methods Serves as an instructional aid Current techniques of piping design Piping terms, assembling of piping from components, and ‘methods for connecting to equipment Office organization, and methods to translate concepts into finished designs from which plants are built Frequentiy-needed design data and information, arranged for quick reference Principal dimensions and weights for pipe, fittings, flanges valves, structural steel, etc. Directreading metric conversion tables for dimensions CONTENTS: USES, EXPENDITURES, & PLANT CONSTRUCTION . PIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, & LINE EQUIPMENT VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, & PROCESS EQUIPMENT ORGANIZATION: JOB RESPONSIBILITIES, DRAWING-OFFICE EQUIPMENT, ‘& PROCEDURES DRAFTING: PROCESS & PIPING DRAWINGS DESIGN: ARRANGEMENT, SUPPORT, INSULATION, HEATING, VENTING & DRAINING OF PIPING SYSTEMS, VESSELS & EQUIPMENT STANDARDS & CODES: PIPING SYSTEMS, DRAFTING SYMBOLS, PIPE, PIPESUPPORTS, FLANGES, GASKETS, FITTINGS, PUMPS, VALVES, STEAM TRAPS, VESSELS, EXCHANGERS, & SCREWTHREADS Ri PART I PIPING GUIDE’ A COMPACT REFERENCE FOR THE DESIGN AND DRAFTING OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMS David R. Sherwood Dennis J. Whistance ‘Member, American Society of Mechanical Engines Member, Inatitution of Production Engineers (UK), BSc, MASC. Copyright © David R. Sherwood and Dennis J. Whistance 1976 |] alla reserved, First Eation (revised) Softcover Set: ISBN 0-914082.000 ‘The text refers to standards and codes, using designations such ‘as ANS! 831.1, ASTM A.63, ISA $5.1—1968, eto. Full titles of ‘these standards and codes will be found in tables 7.3 thru 7.15. References: Numbers in straight brackets (thus: [12]} refer to sources of published information listed under ‘References’, at the end of the index. Sections, figures, charts and tables in Part | ere referred to ‘numerically, and are located by the margin index. Charts end tables in Part Il are identified by letter. FOR TERMS NOT EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT, REFER TO THE INDEX. ABBREVIATIONS ARE GIVEN IN CHAPTER 8 ‘The authors are grateful to the companies, designers, not made because neither assume liability or responsi = using information resented herein. The user is responsible for complying with the various codes and standards, Federal, State, and Municipat regulations, and other legal obligations which may pertain to the ‘construction of plants, industrial Installations, ete. Discussion ‘oF mention of products does not necessarily imply endorsement. PIPING: USES, EXPENDITURES, & PLANT CONSTRUCTION USES OF PIPING 1 Piping is used for industrial (process), marine, transportation, civil enginaer ing, and for ‘commerciat (plumbing) purposes. ‘This book is primarily concerned with industrial piping for processing and sence systems. Proces piping is used to transport fluids between storage tanks and processing units. Service piping is used to convey steam, it woter, etc, for processing. Piping here defined as ‘service’ piping is some times referred 10 as ‘utility’ piping, but, in the Guide, the term ‘utility piping’ Is reserved for major lines supplying water, fuel gases, and fuel oil (thet is, for commodities usvally purchased from utilities companies and bulk supplier Marine piping for ships is often extensive. Much of it is fabricated from welded and streved carbor-stel piping, using pipe and fittings described in ‘his book, Transportation piping is sormelly large-diameter piping used to comey liquids, sluries and gases, sometimes over hundreds of mils. Crude oll, petroleum products, wates, and solid materials such as coal (aried by water) ‘are transported thru pipelines. Different liquids can be transported consecu: ‘ively in the same pipeline, and branching erangements are used to diver: flows to different destinations. Civil piping is vsd to distribute public utilities (water, fuel gases, and to collect rainmates, sewage, and industriel waste waters. Most piping of this ‘ype is placed underground, Plumbing (commercial piping) is piping installed in commercial bulings, schools, hospitals, residences, etc, for distributing weter and fuel gases, for collecting waste water, and for other purposes. COMMISSIONING, DESIGNING, 12 & BUILDING A PLANT When e manufacturer decides to build @ new plant ar to expand an existing ‘one, he wil either employ an engineering company to undertake design and construction, or, if his engineering department is large enaugh, he will do ‘the design work, manage the project, enc emplay one or more contractors te do the construction work. In either procedure, the manufacturer supplies Information concerning the purposes of building, production rate, prooosse, dsign criteria to meet his practices, details of exiting plant, and site surveys, i any. CChert 1.1 shows the principals involved, and the flow of information and materi. [SCHEMATIC FORPLANT CONSTRUCTION cnant TSUPIENT, PAROWARE RESORTS SURVEYS HUATERIAGS (I: ‘The designing ane building of an industrial plent is « complex undertaking. Exoaot for tho largor industrial concerns, who mey maintzin their own design statis, the dasign and construction of plants and elated feces usualy undertaken by specialist compsnies. “Tha Guide describes In 4.1 the organization and responsibilities of design engivesrng, with secia reference to the duties of individuals engaged inthe evelopment of pining designs for plants. Domestic US expenditures over tha years 1973 thru 1976 sversged 28.9 billion dollars per yeer for nesv plert and equipment in the petroleum, chemical, food and bevereg, paper, rubber, textile, mining and fuel ges Industries, eccording to the ‘Survey of currant busines’ carnpiled by the US Department of Commerce (1978 figues ae estimated, and 1976 figures ‘are not final Expenditures on property, pint, and equipment by malorty-oeed foreign afflites of US companies aver the same period averaged 1444 bllin defers Teble 1.1 shows the details ofthese expanditures For these quoted industries, the average cost of piping is ebout one fifth ‘of the cost of the finished plant and equipment: large varitions from this ratio are possible, however. EXPENDITURES" ON PLANT AND EQUIPMENT BY vaBLE ta US COMPANIES & FOREIGN AFFILIATES 1973 thru 976 (2) Doman Expendinnes 973 Pesroleur 8.45 Chemicals 4.48 Food & Beverage 3.11 ining 274 Fuel Gar 276 186 186 ov, Ba Petroleum Chomieale Mining Food & Beverage Paper Rubber Sorotale 136 “All srouns nition of US Dates (6 PIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, & LINE EQUIPMENT PROCESS PIPE 21 PIPE & TUBE. aa ‘Tubular products sre termed ‘tube’ or pipe’. Tube is customarily specified by its outside diametor and ell thickness, exprased either in BWG {Birmiceham wire gege) of in thousendths ot an inch. Pipe is customarily identified by ‘nominel pipe size’, with wall thickness defined by ‘schedule number, “API designation’ or ‘weights explained in 2.1.3. Non-standard ie is spout by nominal size wath wall thickness stated The principal uses for tube are in heat exchangers, instrument fines, and small interconnections on equipment such 3s compresors, boilers, and refrigerators. SIZES & LENGTHS COMMONLY USED 242 FOR STEEL PIPE Manufacturers offer pipe in established sizes (sa 2.1.3) ranging from 1/8 thru Minch nominal diameter {'xomine! pipe size’) Ppa sizes normally stocked Include: 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1%, 1,2, 2%, 3, 5, 4, 5, 8,8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 24, Sizes 1%, 2%, 3, and 5 inch are sldom used {urcsuel sles ore sometimes required for connecting to equipment, but piping is normally run in the next larger stock size efter conection has been made). 1/8, 1/4, 3/8 and 1/2.inch pipe is usually restricted to instrument linas or to seri ‘and other fines ashich have to. mave with equipment. 1/2-nch pi ‘extensively used for steaa tracing ané for auxiliary piping at pumps, ete Sursight pipe is supplied in ‘random’ fengths (17 to 26 ft), and sometimes ‘double random’ lengths (38 20 48 fi preferred The ends of thea length are normally ether pisin (PE}, beveled for welding (BE), or threaded anc supolied with one coupling per length (threeded and coupled’ ar T&C?. If pipe is ordered "T&C’, the rating ofthe coupling is spacified~see chert 2.3. Other types of ends, such as gronved for special couplings, can be obtainec ‘9 order. DIAMETERS & WALL THICKNESSES OF PIPE ans ‘The sizeof all pipe is identified by the nominal pip size, abbreviated ‘NPS’ viich is seldom equal tothe true bore (intemal diameter} of the pipe—the aiference in some instances is large. 14-inch NPS and larger pipe has outside diameter equal tothe nominal pipe size. Pipe in the verious sizes is made in several wall thicknesses for each size, ich have bean established by three diferent sources:— (1) The American National Standards Instaute, thru ‘schedule numbers’ (2) The Amerioan Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society for Testing and Material, thru the desigrations ‘STD (stend- awd), *XS" (exrasttong), and "XXS" (doubleextrestrong),drewa from dimensions establishad by manufactures. tn the Guide, theso desi nations are termed ‘manufacturers’ weights” (3) The American Potrotoum Institute, thru its standards SL and SLX. ‘These dimensions have no references for individual sizes and wall thicknesses ‘anufactures’ weighs’ (second source) ware intended, as long ago as 1999, to be superseded by schedule numbers. However, demand for these wall ‘thicknesses has caused their manufacture to continue, Cerin fitings are sticble only in manufacturers’ weights. Pipe dimensions from the second and third souress are inearporatad in American National Standard 898.10-1870, Table P-1 lists dimensions for ‘welded and seamless seo pipe in this standard, end gives darved daa, IRON PIPE SIZES were initially steblished for wrought-iron pipe, with nell ‘thicknesses designated by the terms ‘Sandan, ‘extrestrong’, and “dowble- axirastrong’. ANS| B38.10-1970 lists these wroughtiron pipe dimensions (in tabie 3}. Wroughtiron pice hae bean almost completely supplanted by steel pipe, Before the schedule number schome for stl pipe was first published by the American Standards Ascoviction in 1936, the iron pipe sizes were modified for ste! pipe by slightly decreasing the wall thicknesses (leaving the outsids diameters constant) so that the weights par foot (lft ‘equalled the iron pipe weights. Table P-1, which is repraduced by permission we Company (WVidwes Fitting Division), iste! pipe data under the on pipe size’. Ax ANSI B36.i0-1970 states that “tho size of ipo is identified oy nominal pipe size”, the Guide uses the term ‘manu: ‘facture’ weights’ to denote the STO, XS, and XXS designations applied by manufecturers to steel pipe and fictings, LIGHT-WALL (elso termed ‘ightgge’) is 2 commeriallyaccepted desig- nation corresponding to SCH 10S (ANS! 835.19) and SCH 10 (ANSI 898.10) in cortain sizs. Tab Pt lists these sizes under ‘L’. STAINLESSSTEGL SIZES American National Standard 836.19-1965 (re visod 1971) establishes @ range of thinsvalled sizos for stanleseateel pipe, Idontifad by schedules 5S end 10S. Thess sizes oe included in table Pt. MATERIALS FOR PIPE aaa REFERENCES ‘Metalic piping’. Vasek JA, 1988. Chemical Engineering, un 17. 215-28 ‘wleterials of construction” 18th Biennial CE Report’. Aldrich C.K. 1950 CChomical Enginaoring, Nov 14 ‘Lined peyton. War. 1988, Chai Erinn 7 29842 ‘on-metalic pipe: promise end problems. Wrignt C.E. 1968. Chemical Engineering, Jun 17. 23067 —— Engineering companies have materials enginears to determine materials to be used in piping systems. Most pipe is of carbon steel and (depending on service) is manufactur to ASTM AS3. STEEL, PIPE Strightsoam-welded and spirahwelded pipe is made from plete, and szamles pipe is made by piercing solid billets, Cerbon-tool pipe is strong, ductile, weldable, machineabl, reasonably dut- abla and is nearly always cheaper than pipe made from other materials. It varbonsteel pipe can mest the roquirements of presufe, temperature, corrosion resistance and tygiene, itis the naturel choice. ‘The most readily-vailable catbonstee! pipe is mede to ASTM AS3 in schacules 40, 80, STD, and XS sizes, in clactrioresistancewelded (Grade A and Grado Bthe letter grade tas tho highar tensile strength) and in seamless (Grades A and 8} constructions. Common finishes are ‘lack’ (‘plain’ or ‘rl fnish) end gabenized, Most sizes and weights are also avallable in seamless carbon steel to ASTM ‘A-106, which is a comparable specification to A-53, but prectbing more stringont testing. Three oradas of A-106 are aeilebieGrades A B, and C, in order of increasing tensile strength. Charts 2.1, 2.2 and 2.2 indicate pipe specificetions most used industrially. ‘Steal specifications in other counttis may correspond with USA specifi- cations, Some coresponding european standards for carbon steels and stainless steels aro listad in table 2.1. IRON pips is made from castiron and ductiteiron. The principal uses are for water, gas, and sevege lines, Wroughtron pipe is seldom employed. OTHER METALS & ALLOYS Fipe or tube made from copper, lead, kel, bres, aluminum and verious stainless stools can be ready obtained. ‘Thee materials ere relatively expensive and ae selected usualy either berause of their particular corrosion rsistence to the process chemical, their good host transfer, or for their tensile strength at high temparazures. Copper and copper alloys are traditional fr instrument fines, fo0d processing, and heat ‘transfor oquinment, but steiness steels are incraaingly baing used for these urooses. PLASTICS Pipe made from plastics may be used to conwey actively corrosive ‘luis, ond is especially vseful for hencling corrasve or hazardous oases and Silute mineral acids. Plastics are employed in three ways: as el-plestic pipe, 38 filled” plastic materials (glasefibereinforced, oarbon‘illed, etc.) and ining or coating meterais. Plastic pipe is made from polypropylene, poly- atylene (PE), polytutylene (PB), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylnitile- tutadiene-styrene (ABS), calulos avetate-butyrata (CAB), polyoetirs, and polyesters, Pine mede from polyester and epoxy resins is frequently glas- fiber-reinforced ('FRP") and commercial products of this type heve good resistance to wear and chemical attack, COMPARABLE USA & EUROPEAN TABLE SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL PIPE ores ‘Tho American National Standards Institute has introduced sereal schedules for pipe made from various plastics. These ANS! standards and others for Plastic pipe are listed in table 7.4. GLASS Alas piping 1s usd for its chemical résitancs,clentnass end ‘transparency. Glass pipe is nat subject to ‘crazing’ often found in glass-lined pine and ves subject to repeated thermal stress. ip, ting, nd herd- ware are avalble both for proeas ping and for eine, Caring Gls Works offers a Pyrex “Corel” syst fr proces fins in 1,1, 2,3, 4 ard Bich sizes (1) with 460 F asthe maximum oprsting temperature, and pressure ranges 0-65 PSIA (1 in. thru 3 in.}, 0-60 PSIA (4 in.) and 0-26 PSIA (6 in.}. Glass cocks, strainers and thermowells are aveilable. Pipe fittings end eqvomet eo joined by flange assemblies which bot onthe thickened conical ends of sige lenaths ond fitinas. Corning alo cffrs 8 Pyrex Acie Oreintne stam in 1, 2 9,4 and Binah sizes (1) with beaded ends joined by Teflon-gasketed nylon compression couplings. Both Goring systems are mado from te sme bores gas. Lintvas & COATINGS Lining or oting carbons pipe with a material able to withstane chemical ttn permits its so 10 cary core ids. Lengths of lined pipe end fittings are joined by flanges, and elbows, tees, etc., ‘are available already flanged. Linings (rubber, for exemple) can be applied after fabricating the piping, bt pipe is often pretined, and manufortuers give instrisctions for making joints. Linings of various rubbers, plastics, metals ard vious gs) mats revelsbe.Poiviny! chloride, polypropylene ‘and copolymers are the most common coating materials. Carbor-stee! pipe Zoscosted by Immersion into motor zie (hotaipgearzg) ued for convvirg erinking water, instrament sir and various otha lis, Rubber tnirg is tan ue to hand abrasive His. ‘TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE LIMITS 245 Corbon steels lose strength at high temperstures. Electrioresstancewelded pige is not considered satisfactory for service ebove 750 F, and furnecebut- ‘welded pipe above about 650 F. For higher temperstures, pipe made from stainless steels of other alloys should be considered ‘The Midwest catalog 61 (54), the Taylor Forge cetalog 571 and the Ledish ‘catalog 55 153} ive pressure limits for carborestea! pipe at various temper ‘tures. These tables are derived from the ANSI B31 Code for Pressure Piping (otalled in table 7.2). METHODS FOR JOINING PIPE 22 “The joints used for most carbone! and stainloestel pipe ae: BUTTNMELOED ee see 23 socetwep lt senza eons He eeCCeees deere eect see 25 soLreD quick courunes | |]... .SeE 82 WELDED & SCREWED JOINTS 224 Lines 2-inch and terer are usualy buttwvelded, this being the most economic leakproof wey of joining lagerdiameter piping. Usvelly such fines ae subcontracted to a piping fabricator for pretabrcation in sections termed ‘spook’, then transported to the site. Lines Tieinch and smaller are usually ether serewed or socketvelded, and ere normally field-un by the piping contractor from drawings. Fieltrun and shopabrcsted piping ste disused in 2.9, SOCKET:AWELDED JOINTS 222 Uke seroemd pining, socket welding is used for lines of smaler sizes, but has the advantage that absence of leaking is astured: this is valuable fector wen flammable, toxi, or radioactive fuids are being conveyed—the use of socketavelded joints isnot restricted to such fluids, however. BOLTED-FLANGE JOINTS 223 Flanges are expensive and for the most part are usd to mate with flanged vessels, equipment, valves, end for proves lines which mey require periodic cleaning. Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges witha gasket between thorn to provide @ seal, Rofor to 2.6 for standard forged-stel flanges and oskets. Frrmines 228 Fittings permit a chango in ¢irection of piping, 2 change in dizmetar of pipe, or a branch to be made from the main run of pipe. They are formed from plate or pipe, mechind from forged blanks, cst, oF molded from plastics. Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of but-welding fittings used with pipe of various schedule numbers and manufacturers’ weights. For dimensions of butt welding fitings and flanges, se tables D-T thru O-7, and tables F- thrs F-8. Drafting symbols are given in charts 63 thru 6.5. Serwad or sockatavelding forgod-stee fitings are ratad to the nominal cold ‘non-shoek working pressure in pounds par square inch (PSI) of the fitting Fittings retod at 2000, 3000, and 6000 PSI ara avilable and are used with Pige as shown in tble 2.2: ‘SCREWED & SOCKETELDING FORGED.STEEL FITTINGS ‘TOE USED WITH CAREON-STEEL PIPE OF VARIOUS WEIGHTS. FOnGEDSTEEL FITTING (ast PRESSURE RATIVG OF FITTING 0 ‘Statey seo | WoMBER von eens TBANUFACTURERS Gasman | HENUEA ‘sro ns 21.3 thru 2.2.4 have shown thet there is 2 wide variety of Aiferantly-etad pige, fittings and materials from which to make a choice. Charts 2.1 thru 2.3 show hour various weights of pipa, tings and valves tan be combined in a piping system. COMPONENTS FOR BUTT-WELDED 23 PIPING SYSTEMS WHERE USED: For most process, utility and service piping ADVANTAGE OF JOINT: Most practicable way of joining larger pipes and fittings which offers reliable, leakproof joints DISADVANTAGE (OF JOINT: HOW JOINT 1S: MADE: Tntruding weld metal may affect flow ‘The end of the pipe is beveled os shown in chart 2.1. Fittings are similarly beveled by ‘the manufacturer. The two parts ae aligned, properly gapped, tack welded, and then cont Iinuous weld is made to complete the joint Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of pige, fitings and valves thet are commaniy ombinad or may be used together. Iti 0 guide only, and not a substitute fr project specification. FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS & FLANGES 234 FOR BUTT-WELDED SYSTEMS Fefer to tables D, F and Wl for dimensions and vieights of fitings end anges. —— ELBOWS or “ELLS' make 90- or 45-doctee changes in direction of the run Of pipe. The elbows normally used are ‘lone radius’ (LA) with centerline radius of curveture equal to 1% tes the nominal pipe size for 3/4-nch and lamger sizes. ‘Short redus’ (SR) elbows with centertne radius of curvature ‘equal to the nominal pipe size are also avilable, SU-cegree LR elbows with a straight extension at one end (‘long tangent’) are still avaiabie in STO weight, if requires, REDUCING ELBOW makes « GOdayae change in direction with change in line size, Reducing elbows have centering redius of cuneture 1% times the nominal sizeof the pipe co be etched to the larger and, RETURN changes ection of flow thru 180 dogrees, end is used to construct heating cols, vents on tanks, at. ENDS are made from straight pipe. Comman bending radi are 9 and 5 times the pipe size (3R end $R bends, where R = nominal pipe size— nominal diameter, .nor revs). 3R bends are evallable from stock. Larger radius bends can be custom made, preferably by hot bending. Oni seamless or electrisesistance weld aipe is suitable for bending, BUTT-WELDED PIPING aS CHART 2.1 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITINGS SQereeeee eRe Rae women | See seers sore eas | = Hoyts pee amet | on ReSaondamaatee |eaee| aw | ee se VALVES 1s, 29, ea 08 Ne GER roncowrmonvaves | USUALLY ScoMINIM GEE 140 “Grove wit, rang nad cor nd Ss ae te tea em fora ee {yl Ge nto, og Sree ner in Nay a ere Ritavoawarwcsmieks = ee xox ae wooneas LBOMS & RETURNS FiguRe 22 Totter oie) (Oriani REDUCER (or INCREASER) joins ¢ larger pips to @ smaller one, The two available types, concentric and accentric, ae shown. The eccentric reducer is used when its nacesary to keep either the top oF the bottom of Tevel—offsat equals x (Leger 10 minus smaler 1D). ie concenTaIC ‘SwaGE is employed to connect butt~welded piping to smaller screved or socketwelded piping, In buttwelded lines, used as an alternative to the reducer when greater reductions in line size axe required, Regular sweges in concentric or eccenttic form give abrupt change of line size, as do reducers. The ‘venturi swage allows smoother flow. Refer to table 23 for specifying swages for joining to socket-velding items, and to table. 24 for speciying siages for joining to screwed piping. For offset, see Reducer 'SWAGES, or SWAGED NIPPLES FiguRE28 ,——— pa | EE MITERED ELBOWS ore febricatod as required from pipe—they are not fittings The use of miters to meke chenges in direction is prectically restiotad to lowwpresure lines YD-inch and larger if the pressure drop is unimoortant; for these uses regular elbows would be costlier. A Zien, SO-degree miter has four to six times the hydraulic resistance of the cores: ponding egulertong-adius elbow, end should be used with caution. A piece SO.degree miter has ebout double the resistance to flow ofthe reguar ong radius elbow refer to table F-10. Constructions for &, 4, and Spiece miters are shove in tables M2. PIECE & 221ECE RATERS, ricure 25, 9lece wrTER PIECE MITER Pub Resistance (Sor TABLE 0) el The following five flange types are used for buttvelded lines, The different ‘lenge fasingsevilble ore discused in 2.8. WELDINGNECK FLANGE, REGULAR & LONG Regular welding neck anges are used with butewolding fittings. Long weldingnect flanges are primarily used for ves! and equipment nozzles, rarely for pipe. Suitable where extreme temperature shear, impact and vibratory stesss apply. Regu lacty of the bore is maintained. Refer to tables F for bore diameters of ‘those flanges, WELDING.HECK FLANGE SLIP-ON FLANGE is properly used to flange pipe. Slipon flanges can be used with long-tangent elbows, raducers, and sweges(not ususl practice. ‘The intemal wold is slightly more subject to corrasion then the butt wel “The anges poor resistance to shock and vibration Introduces regularity in the bore. itis cheaper to buy than the welding neck flange, but is cation ‘to assemble, It is easier to align then the weldingneck flange. Calculated strengths under intemal pressure aresbout one third that ofthe corresponding weldingneck flanges. The pipe or fitting is st back ftom the face of the fiangea distance equal tothe wel thickness ~0"+ 1/16". SUPON FLANGE ours 27 ca Bs sete REDUCING FLANGE Suitable for changing line size, but should not bo sed if abrupt transition would oreste undesirable turbulence, as at pump sonnections. Available to order in welding-eck and eocentristypes, and from stock in slip-on types. Specify by line size of the smaller pipeand the OD of ‘he flange to be mated. Example: a slip-on reducing flange to eonnect inch pipe ta Binh linasize tang for 15 FSI sevice is ordered: RED FLG 4"x11"0D 160% SO or # weldingneck reducing flange, corect bore is abtained by giving the sipe schedule number or manufectures’ weight of the pipe to be welded an -AEDUCING SLIPON FLANGE micune22 pio wT I ee ic EXPANDER FLANGE Application as for welding-neck flange—see above. Increases pipe size to first or second larger siz. Alternative 10 using reducer and weldingneck flange. Useful for connecting to valves, compressors and purhps. Pressure retigs and dimensions are in accord with ANS! B16. ‘Avrilable from the Tube Turns Division of the Chemetron Corporation, and ‘rom the TubeLine Manufacturing Company. [EXPANDER lor INCREASER) FLANGE ricuRE29 LAPJOINT, of ‘VAN STONE’, FLANGE Economical if cost pipe such ‘as stainless stel is used, asthe flange canbe of carbon stel and only the lp joint sub end need be of the line material. A stub ond must be used in lap Joint, and the cost of the nvo items must be considered. I both stub and flange are of the same meteral they will be more expensive than a welding- neck flange. Useful where alignment of bolt holes is difficult, 2 with spools to be attached to flanged nozzles of ves. LAPOINT FLANGE (uit Seated) Figure 210 BUTT.WELDING FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING a2 FROM BUTT:WELDED SYSTEMS STUBAN Term for a branch pipe welded directly into the side ofthe main pipe ants not a iting, This is the commonest and least expensive method ‘of welding 2 fullsize or reducing branch for pipe 4nch an larger. A stain can be reinforeed by means set out in 2.11 stue.n ricune211 BUTTWELDING TEES, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, ae employed to make ‘SOrdegree branches from the main run of pipe, Straight wes, with brench the same size 2s the run, are redily aviable, Reducing tees heve brench smelly than the cun, Bullhead tees have brench larger than the run, and are vey seldom used but can be mde to specs! order. None of these teas requires reinforcement. Reducing tees are ordered es follons:— SPECIFYING SIZE OF BUTT:ELDING REDUCING TEES " [es BUTT.NELDING TEES FiouRE212 Bes “The next four branching fittings are made by Bonney Forge and Foundry Inc. “Those fiting offer en alternata means of connecting into the mein run, and do not require reinforcement. Thoy are prshaped to the curvature ofthe run pipe. WELDOLET makes a SO-degrea brench, fullsize or reducing, on straight pipe. Closer manifolding is posible than with tes. Flat-based weldolets are ‘llable for connecting to pipe caps and vesel heads. wewoouer igure 213 BUTTAWELDING ELBOLET makes @ ducing tangent branch on long-adius and shortradius albovs, URE 234 SUTTAVELDING LATROLET Figune 215 BUTTANELDING LATROLET makes a 4S-degree reducing branch on straight e. SWEEPOLET makes 2 90-deqree reducing branch from the main run of pipe. Primarily developed for high-yield pipe used in ol and uss transmission lines. Provides good flow patter, and optimum stress distribution. ‘sneerouer Figure 216 ‘The next thre fittings are usually used for special dsign: CROSS, STRAIGHT oF REDUCING Straight crosses are uuelly stook Its, Reducing cross may not be readily ailable. For economy, availability and ‘0 minimize the numberof itms in inventory, itis profered to use tes, et, and not croses, except where space is restricted, es in marine piping or ‘re vamp’ work, Reinforcement isnot needed. ‘urrareLome cross LATERAL, STRAIGHT or REDUGING, perits oddangle! entxy into the pipe run where low resistance to floe is important. Straight laterals with branch bore equal to run bore are available in STD and XS weighs. Radueing letras and laterals at angles other than 45 dogrocs are usually available only to special order. Reinforcament is required where It is nnessary to restore the strength of the joint to the Tull strength ofthe pipe. Reducing fterls tue ordered similarly to buttwolding tet, except that the angle between branch and run is algo steted, arena, Ficus 216 SHAPED NIPPLE Now rarely used, but can be obtalnad fram stack in Q0- and 45-dagrea angles, end in any size and angle, including offet, to special arder, The run ie feldcut, using the nipple as template, Needs reinforcement 4 itis necessary to bring the strength of the joint up to the full strength 2f the pip. SHAPED NIPPLE rqure 219 CLOSURES: 23.3 ‘CAP is used to seal the end of pipe. (See figure 2.20(e).) FLAT CLOSURES Fiat pistes are normally cut espocilly from piatestock by the fabricator or erector. (See figure 2.20 (b) end (c).) ‘TWREE WELDED CLOSURES Figure 220 (9) SUTTWELOING exe @) FLAT cLosuRE (@ FLAT CLOSURE ELLIPSOIDAL, or DISHED, HEADS ere used t0 close pipes of large Glameter, and are similar to those used for constructing vessels COMPONENTS FOR SOCKETWELDED 24 PIPING SYSTEMS. WHERE USED: For lines corwaying flammable, toxic, or expensive materiel, where no leakage cen be permitted. For stem: 300 10600 PSI, and sometimes 190 PSI steam. For corres ‘veconitions, se Index under ‘Corrosion’ ADVANTAGES OF JomnT: —(1)° Easier alignment on smal fines than butt welding, Tack welding is ure necessary (2) No woid mexal can enter bore (Joint wit! not Yea, when property made DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT: (1) The 1/%6-inch recess in joint (596 chart 22) pockers liquid (2). Usenot permitted by ANSI 8311.0 1967 if savers erosion or erevice corrosion is anticipated HOU JOINT 1S MADE: ‘The end of the pipe is finished fat, «= showin in chart 22. I i located in the fitting, valve, flange, etc, and a continue us fille. weld is made around the circum ference SSOCKET.WELDED PIPING cuanr 22 CChert 2.2 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves that ara commonly combined, or may be used together. The chart isa guide only, and not a SOCKET-WELDED PIPING Eat CHART 2.2 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS Soop erea ves Sous Nelbiwe errs To snon ls RESURE: TeNPenATUNE AAGIGM CORRGEION ACLOM VALVES oun eens UoUALLY Sno BEE 21.10 ‘vauves oneen Tan ee rs certroc vas ee ie SURES 214-220 FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 2aa ‘SOCKET WELDED SYSTEMS Dimensions of fittings and flanges ae given in tables D-8 end F-8. —_ FULL-COUPLING (termed ‘COUPLING! joins pipe to pipe, or ta 8 nipple, sang, ete ruuLcourtine ricune221 ro LL REDUCER [vis two different clarers of pipe. REDUCER INSERT A reducing fitting used for connecting smal pipe toa larger fitting, Socketended reducer inserts can be made in any reduction by boring standard forged blanks. ‘SOCKETWELOING REDUCING INSERTS riguac 225 = ea UUNION fs used primarily for maintenance and iesallation purposes, This is 8 screwed joint desionad for use with socket-nelded piping systems. Soo ex planation in 2.1 of uss givn under ‘screwed union’. Union should be screed tight before the ends ate welded, to minimize warping of th set. SOCKET:NELDING UNION Frqure 224 SWAGED NIPPLES According to type, these allow joining: (1) Socket- fended tame of diferent stzes—this type of swaged nipple has both ands plein (PBE) for insertion into sookot ends. (2) A socket-ended item toa larger butewelding pipe or fiting—this typeof waged ninpie has the lager end bev- sted (BLE) andthe smaller end plain {PSE) for insertion into socket ended iter, A sveged nipple is ao referred to as a‘svagt pronounced ‘swede sbiorvated on drawings ex ‘SING or ‘SWWG NIPP*. When ordering = swage, ‘ato the weight designetions ofthe pipes to be joined: for sxemple,2”(SCH 40) x T4SCH 80). Exemples ofthe different end terminations that may be specified areas folawes— ‘SPECIFYING SIZE & ENO FINISH (OF SOCKET WELDING SHAGES ‘SWAGE FOR JoWKING— eee Lancer wm suatier | OME sa vires | SWG TH" x1” PRE sw ire | SWG 2x1” BLE-PSE ‘Si = Socket weising BW = Butt wekrg ABBREVIATION FOE Puinnoth ands PLE» Painter MAGE (PEE) Figure 225, ELBOWS make 90- or AS-degree changes of direction in the run of pipe. SOCKET.VELOING ELBOVES Figure 225, ‘SOCKET-WELDING FLANGE Regular type is avalable from stock. Retiuc- ing type is available to order. For example, a reducing flange to connect 2 Trinch pipe to & TYeinch linasize fenge for 160 PSI serve is specified: REO FLG 1x5" 00 160% SW SOCKEF-WELDING FLANGE, riguae 227 SOS tana ronse AEE FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 242 ‘SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS BRANCH FROM SOCKET-WELDED RUN. ‘TEE, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, makes 90-degre brench from the main run of pipe, Reducing tas are custormfebrcated by boring seandard forged blanks. [SPECIFYING SIZE OF SOCKET:VELDING TEES SOCKETAVELDING TEE FIGURE 2.28 LATERAL makes fullsize &-dagree branch from the main run of pipe. SOCKETMELDING LATERAL, FIGURE 223 GROSS Remarks for buttwrelding cross apply—soe 2.3.2. Reducing erceses are custom fabricated by boring standord forged blanks. ‘SOCKET. WELDING CROSS : te ‘oem On mae ir TEER OT woe ay rd FITTINGS FOR SOCKET-WELDED BRANCH 243 FROM VESSEL OR BUTT:WELDED MAIN RUN HALF-COUPLING The fulhcoupling is not used for brenching or for ves- sel connections, 26 tho hal-coupling is th samo longth and is stronger. The hall-coupling permits Bi-dagree entry into alerger pipe or vasel well. The sockolet is more precticeble as shaping is necessary with the coupling, SSOCKET.NELDING RALF-COUPLING figuRE 231 “The next four fitting re mee by Bonney Forge and Foundry Ing and offer an alterate mathod of entering the main pipe run, They have the advantage thatthe Seveled weding ends ae shped tothe curvture of the ran pipe, Reinforcement for the butewelded piping or ves is not cequired SOCKOLET makes s {-degre branch, fullsize or reducing, on steight pipe Flatbased sockolats are available for branch connections on pipe caps and sand vesss hoods, SockoLeT igure 222 SOCKETWELDING ELBOLET makes 8 reducing tangent branch on long radius and short radius elbows, SOCKET:NELDING ELEOLET Ficune 2%3 SOCKETWELDING LATROLET makes 2 4Sdeyree reducing branch on steaight pipe. ‘SOCKETNELDING LATROLET Figure 228 KX oxy a NIPOLET A variant of the sookolet, having integra pein nipple, Primeily developed for small vahed consctions—see figure 6.47, rower hy FIGURE 235 STUBIN Soo commonts in 2.3.2. Not preferred for i Fisk of weld metal entering line and restricting flow. under 2inch dus to CLOSURE 2a SOCKETAYELDING CAP sels pleir-ended pip. SOCKETAVELDING CAP riguae 236, Ln E COMPONENTS FOR SCREWED 25 PIPING SYSTEMS. WHERE USED: For lines corweying services, and for smaller process pial ADVANTAGES: (1) Easily made from pipe and fitings on site (2) Minimizes fre hazard when installing piping in areas vere flammable gases or liquids ere present DISADVANTAGES: (1)* Use not parmitted by ANS! B3t.1.0~1967, if severe erosion, crevice corrsion, shock, oF vibration is anticipated, nor at temperatures cover 925 F. For corrosive conditions, see Index ‘onder ‘Corrosion’ (2) Possibe leakage of joint 2)" Seat welding may be required~see footnote to chart 23 (4) Strngth of the pipe is reduced, es forming the serowtoad redues the wall thicknass FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 264 SCREWED SYSTEMS ‘A wide range of serwad fittings has been developed by many manufacturers ‘or special purposes, and for piumbing in buildings. Most of these fittings are ot utilized in process piping, although their pressure and temperature ratings may be suitable. Galvanized 160 and 300 PSI malesbieiron fitings and sinilerly-rated valves tre used with SCH 40 pipe for drinking water and air tines, The overall economics ee in favor af utilizing es few diferent types of screwed fittings 2s possible, Material specifications, drafting, checking, purchasing end warehous ingare simplified. Dimensions of mallesble‘ron fitings are given in table D9, Screwed forgedstze fittings are used more extensively than cestiron and ‘mallebledron fittings because of ther greater mechanical strength, Dimen sons of forgedsteelserwed fittings re given in table D-10. ——— FULL-COUPLING (termed “COUPLING') joins pipe or items with thresded ends FuLL-couruine riguac 237 SCREWED PING Haat 22 9 43 BA Chart 23 shows the rotings of pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly combined, or may be used together. The chart is a guide only, and not a SCREWED PIPING CHART 2.3 CARBON-STEEL:PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS yee WEIGHTS OF PIPE: bot | Benes omc 2a — Soot aos [231-237 VALVES Hust | auauty evens) suaLLv 20 gEE230) ogee" sap “29S, 0-0 se to war ant conn se © ED Opti On ernst tiny ins i Se emote ca Siege Faso Tins for hyéacrbon servos and or nes conveying dangerous, onic, corsie REDUCING COUPLING, or REDUCER, joins threaded pipes of different sizes, Can be made in any reduction by boring and tapping standard forged blanks. REDUCING COUPLING FiguaE 235, NIPPLES join unions, vals, strainers, fittings, ete. Basically» short length ‘of pipe either fully threaded (close nipple) or threaded both ends (TBE, oF plain ene end and threaded one end (POE—TOE). Aveiabi in various lengths see tables D-9 and 0-10. Nipples cen be obtained with a Viewaulie groove at one and NIPPLES FoR SCREWED ITEMS FicuaE 239 Napue eraey ConiPPLe poE-708) ear ee CC aie ‘TANK NIPPLE is used for meking a serewad connection to a non-presture esol or tank in love pressure service, Overall length i usually 8 inches with a standard taper pipe thread at each end. On one end only the taper pipe ‘thread runs inta 9 ANSI locksnut thred, LUNION makes ajoine which permits easy installation, removal or replacement Df lengths of pipe, valves or vessels in seraved piping systems. Examples: to remove a valve it must have atleast one adjacent union, and to remove siping from a vessel with screwed connections, eech outlet fram the veel should have one union between vaive and veswel. Ground-teced joints are areferred, although other facings are available SCREWED UNION FIGURE 240 PIPE-TO-TUBE CONNECTOR For joining threaded pi to tube, Figure 241 shows a coonector fied to spacially-leed tube. Other types are available DNPE-TO-TURE CONNECTOR Ficuac 241 Sears RS HEXAGON BUSHING A reducing fitting usd for connecting e smaller pipe into a larger sorewed fitting or nozzle. Hes many epplicetions to instrument ‘connections. Reducing fitings can be made in any reduction by baring end ‘apping standard forged blanks. Normally not used for high-pressure service HEXAGON eUSHING Figue 262 SWAGED NIPPLE This i 9 reducing fitting, used for joining lrgr diameter to smaller diameter pipe Also refered toa «“noge (pronounced ‘saadgs) and abbreviated ax ‘SWG" or ‘SHG NIPP* on drawings. When orderina 2 svige, stato tho neigh designations of the pipes to be fina: for exemple, 2r(SCH 40) x T(SCH 80). A swage may be used for joining: (1) Screwed Piping to serenad piping, (2) Srowed piping to bure-welded piping. (8) Bute ‘welded piping to a soroned veel nozzle, It is recesary to specify on the biping drawing te terminations required. [SPECIEYING SIZE & END FINISH OF SCREWED SWAGES ame2s ‘SAGE FOR Joni —— eee aun | EXAMPLE NOTE ON ORAWING Seno Tew [SCR Tew RG Ti x PTE tw rem or re | SoRO ITEM wg 2 x Y" BLE-TSE sean seme | aw rTew” HG 2 x 2" TLE-BSE SCREWED FLANGES ere used to connect scrawed pipe to flanged items. Fegular and reducing typos are avaleble from stock. For example, a reducing ange 10 connect inch pipe to @ inch linesize ‘lange for 160 PSI service is spocified: RED FLG 1" x5" 00 150#SCRD ‘ScREWED FLANGE FIGURE 245 + is eanpin not to conan but ay osc when buwalde Iefenad ta scewed noi (euig| na ves ‘BW = Be weiing —_SORD = Scowed TEE™ Thveadettothende TLE = Thebes lage ot anpreviarions. | TEE a BLE= Beis tg ort BSE_ = Bevin |SWAGED NIPPLES, TBE ond BLE~TSE Figune 242 a ee ELBOWS meke 90- or 4S-degree changes in direction of the run of pipe. Sweat elbows having an integral nipple st one end (sae table 0-9) are aval able ‘SCREWED ELBOWS, 45 and SO DEGREE FIGURE 246 eg a FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 252 ‘SCREWED SYSTEMS, BRANCH FROM SCREWED MAIN RUN ‘TEE, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, makes 2 9-degres branch from the run of pine. Reducing tos are made by boring and tapping standard forged blanks. SPECIFYING SIZE OF SCREWED REDUCING TEES. Tonowantes [mmm [powomer] wm | oman resume oman | TE neve wane Grescomoumoconn | a OEE Hara ‘SCREWED TEES, STRAIGHT and REDUCING FIGURE 245 SS el ae LATERAL makes fullsize 45 prossors,ospocaly whore there is along run of piping before the unt tht Tay contsin weld soattr or materia! inadvortntly left in the pipe. After startup, the screen usually is moved {e may be necessary to arrange for a small removable spool to accommodate the sereen, It is Important that the flow in suction ines should not te resticted, Conpsheped screens re therefor prefered, with oylindic ‘ypas a second choice, lst sereens are batter reserved for lowsucton heats ‘SCREEN BETWEEN FLANGES ricuRe 209 maf DRIPLEG CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 270 ( DRIPLEGS 2008 ‘Often made from pipe and fittings, the drpleg is an inexpensive means of collecting condensste. Figure .70 show a dripleg ft to 3 horizontal pipe Removal of condensate from stam lines is discussed in 6,10, Recommenced sizes fr driplegs are given in table 6.10, REINFORCEMENTS 2m BRANCH CONNECTIONS “Reinforosment” isthe addition of xtra metal at» branch connection made from a pipe or vessel wall. The added metal compensates for the structural weakening due tothe hole ‘tubing may be reinforced with raguler or wraparound seddles, a5 shown In figure 271. ings made from platestock are used to reinforce branches ‘mado with welded latarels and buttmelded connections to vessels. Smell woldad connections may be reinforead by adding extra weld metal to the joint, Reinforcing paces ara usually provided with a smell hole to vent gases Droduoad by welding; those gses wouid otherwise be trepped. A vert hole tlso serves to indicate any leakage from th joint. STRAIGHT PIPE If & butt weld joining two sections of stright pipe fs subjact to unusual external stres, it may be reinforced by the addition of a ‘sleeve’ (formad from twa units, each resembling the lower member in figure 2.71 (b)) ‘The code applicable to the piping should be consulted for reinforcement requirements, Bucking rings ere not considered tobe reinforcements-sae the footnote ta chart 2.1. REINFORCING SRDOLES ricune 271 Una ny FIGURE FIGURE 2.724 SUPPORTS PIPE SUPPORTS PIPE SUPPORTS FIGURE 2.728.) 2s SUPPORTING PIPE SPRING HANGERS ‘SUPPORTS ALLOWING CLOSE TO STRUCTURAL STEEL ‘FREE MOVEMENT OF PIPE 1. CONSTANT LOAD TYPE HARDWARE FOR SUPPORTING PIPING 2.12 ‘Symbols for crfting various types of support are shown in chart §.7, For designing support sysoms, see 6.2 IPE SUPPORTS 2124 Pipe supports should be as simple as conditions allow, Stock items are used hero practicable, especially for piping held from ebove. To support piping from below, supports ore usually made to suit from piatestock, pice, and pieces of structural stel. ‘A selection of aveiable hardware for supporting i illustrted in figures 272A and B. ‘TERMS FOR SUPPORTS 2122 ‘SUPPORT The weight of piping is usually cared on supports mado from ‘structural steel, or steel and concrete. (The term ‘support’ is aso used in reference to hangers.) HANGER Device which suspends piping (usually @ single fine) from struc ‘tural ste, conerete ar wood. Hangers are usually adjusable for height. ANCHOR A rigid support which prevents transmission of movement (therm, ‘tary, etc.) along piping. Construction may be fr steal plate, brackets, ‘anges, rods, et, Attachment af an anchor to pipe should preerebly encircle the pipe and be welded all around as this gives a better distribution of stress in the pipe wal. ‘THE An arrengoment of one or more rods, bars, et, to retrain maverent of piping DUMMY LEG An extension piace (of pipe oF rolled ste section) welded ton elbow in order to support the line-see figure 2.72A and table 6.3. ‘The following hardware is used wihere mochanical and/or thermal movement ise problem: GUIDE A means of slowing = pipe to move along its length, but not sidonays. SHOE A metal piece ettached to the underside of a pipe which rests on supe porting tel. Primertly used to reduce wear from sliding fo ins subject to ‘movernent. Permits insulation tobe applied to gipe. SADDLE A welded attachment for pipe requiring insuletion, and subject +0 longitudinal or colling maverent (resulting from temperature changes other than climatic). Saddles may be used with guides as shown in 6.28. SLIDE PLATE A slide plate support is ilustratad in figure 2.72A. Figure 2.728 shows epoications of ‘Ucar’ graphite sie plates which ae offered by Union Carbide inc. The two plats used in a support are made from or faced with 2 material of low friction able to withstand mechanical stress ‘and temperature changes Petes are often made from graphite blocks. Stal plates with e teflon facing are available and may be welded to stel. Spring hangers or supports allow variations in the length of pipe due 1 changes in temperature, end are often used for vertical lines, Refer to 6.2.5 figure 6.16. Thare are two types of spring hanger or support: “CONSTANT LOAD’ HANGER This davice consists of a coll spring and lever mechanism is housing. Movement of the piping, within tims, will not change the spring force holding up the piping: thus, no ditional frees wil be introduced to te piping system. “VARIABLE SPRING’ HANGER, and SUPPORT These dovioes consist of 2 cil spring in @ housing, The weight ofthe piping rests on the spring in com- pression. The spring permits a limited emount of thermal movement. A variable spring hanger holding up a vertical ine will euce its lifting force as the line expends toward it. A variable spring support would increase ts it. {ng fore the line expands toward it. Both place load on the piping sytem. ‘Where this is undesirable, a constant-oad henge can be usod instead. —— HYDRAULIC DAMPENER, SHOCK, SNUBBER, or SWAY SUPPRESSOR ne ené of the unit és atached to piping and the other to structuel steal or cconerete, The unit expands or contracts to sbsorb slow movement of piping, but i iid to rpid movement, SWAY BRACE, or SWAY ARRESTOR, is essentially a helical spring in @ hhousing which is fitted between piping and a rigid structure, ts funtion is 20 buffer vibration end sway WELDING To PIPE 2128 If the applicable code permits, luge may bo welded to pipe. Figure 2.728 illustrates some common arrangements using weld igs, rlld steal sections and pipe, for:— (1) Fixing hangers to structural ste, ete (2) Artecting to pie @) Supporting pipe Welding supports to pretined pipe wil usuelly spoil the lining, and therefor lugs, ete, must be welded to pipe end fittings before the lining is 2p Welding of suppor and lugs to pipes and vasals to ba streserclieved should be done bofore heat treatmant. VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, & PROCESS EQUIPMENT ‘VALVES, 34 FUNCTIONS OF VALVES saa “ble 8.1 gives tess For classifying valves according to function: ‘Types of velve suitable for on/off and regulating functions are listed Ie chart 2.2. The suitability of a vale for 8 enuired purpose éepancs en its construction, isoussed in 3.1.3. PARTS OF VALVES 22 Valve manufactures’ catlogs offer 2 soomingly enclaseveraty of construe ‘ions, Clasification is possible, however by considering the basic parts thet make up @ valve 1) The ‘dis’ end ‘seat’ thet iret affect the flaw (2) The stam that moves the dis — in some velves, fluid under pressure oas the work of a stem (3) The“bosiy’ and “bonnet’ that house tho ter (8) The ‘operator’ that moves the sem (or pressurizs flu for squeeze valves, eto) Figures 3:1 thru 3.3 show shree common types of valve with their parts labeled. isc, SEAT, & PORT Chart 9.1 ilustratesverfous typos of cise and port errangemens, and mech anisms used for stopping of regulating flow. The moving part iret afect ing tho flow is termed the ‘disc’ regardless ofits shape, and the non-maving part it boars on istered the ‘seat’. The port isthe maximum internal open jeg for flow (that is, when the valve is fully open}, Disos may be actiated by the conveyed fluid or be moved by a stam having a linea, rotary or helical rmavement. The stom can be moved menuelly or be driven hyreulicaiy, pneumatically or electrically, under remote or automatic control, or met anically by weighted ‘ever, spring, ec. “The sze of a ve is determined by thesiae ofits ends which connect to the pine ett. The porsize may be seller. srem “There are twa categories of serewed stom: The rising stem shown in figures 3.1 and 32, and the nonssing stam shovm in figure 3.3. Fiting stem (gate and globe) valves are made ether with “inside screw (IS) tr “outside soran’ (OS). The OS type has a yoke on the bonnet and the ‘amembly is refered to ab ‘outside sorew end yoke, abbreviated to "OS&Y" ‘The hendvbos! can either cise with the stem, or the stem can rise thru the hendhoel BASIC VALVE MECHANISMS CHART 31 FLUID CONTROL ELEMENTS (01S¢S} a ED VALVES SELF-OPERATED VALVES ee Se a CHECK [Nonsising stem valves ero of the gate type, The handhee and stro ‘he seme position whether tha valve Is open or closed. The seew is inside ‘the bonnet and in contact with the corweyed Turd, [A oor stand! isa stem extension for use with both types of tam, wher it is nocassry te operata a valve thru a fcor or platform. Altemetely, rods ‘ittad with univer joints may be used to bring a velve handwheel within an operator's reach. Depending on the size of the required valve and availabilities, selection of stam type canbe based on: (1) Whether it is undesirable for the conveyad fluid to be in contact with the threaded bearing surfaces (2) Whether an exposed sor is liable to be damages by abresive etmo soheric dust (3) Whether it is necessary to soa if the valve is open or closed In addition 10 the preceding types of stem used with gete and globe vahes, most other valves have e simple rotary stom. Rotarybal plug and butterfly valves have a rotary stem which isoved by a permanent lver,or tool applied toa square bas at the end ofthe stem. ours 3.1 icune 32 [GATE VALVE (OS8Y, bolted bonne, ing em) (GLOBE VALVE {058Y, bod Bonne ig stem) BONNET ‘There are three besio types of atachment for vehe bonnets: screwed (including union), bolted, and breechlock. ‘A soreved bonnet may occasionally stick and tur wien a wave is opened ‘Athough sticking is les of @ problem with the union type bonnet, valves with screved bonnets ere best reserved for services presenting no hezard to petsonnel. Union bonnets are more suitable for small velvesrequiting fre- {quent dismantling than the simple soreved typo. “Tho bolted bonnet has largely displaced screwed and union bonnet valves in tnydrocarbon applications. A U-batt ar clamp-type bonnet is offered on some ‘srl gee valves for moderate pressures, to fecltate frequent cleaning and inspection. “The ‘pressure seals a varaton of the bolted bonnet sed for high-pressure ‘vais, usually combined with OS&Y constrution. it makes use of Tine pres ture to tight ond seal an intel metal rng or gasket against the body. “The breschlock is heavir infroquentl-usod and more expensive construc- tion, also for high-pressure use, and involves seabwvelding of the bonnet with the body. rroune 23 [GATE VALVE tS, bot Bonet, ong so) SURE ‘31-33 ‘A critical factor for valves used for process chemicals isthe lubrication of the stam, Care hes to be taken in the selection of packing, gland desig, and choice and application of lubricant. As en option the bonnet may include a "iantorn ring’ which servas to purposes ~ ether to act a5 acolletion pai to drain off any hazardous ssopages, or a8 & point where lubricant can be injeted. LANTERN RING ior of tha valve body is important ‘ith 2 valvo used for proces chemicals. Ther is often e chee with rears +o tha body and trim, and some valves may be obteined with the entire Imeror of tha body lined with corvsionasistart materi Valves ere connectad ta pipe, figs orvesels by their body ends, wich may ‘be flanged, served, but- or sccketeldng, or fnshad for hse, Vitaulc coupling, eto, Jackered valves ao also avallable-see 6.8.2. SEAL In most sterroperated valves, whether the stem hes rotary of tinaal move- rent, pecking or seas ere used between stem and bonnet [or boc}. Hf high ‘vaguum oF corrosive, flammable ar tore fluid is to be hancled, the disc or stem may be sled by a metal bellows, ar by flexible iaphregm tthe letter is wrmed ‘packles’ construction). A gasket i used os seal between bolted bonnet nd valve body PPACKLESS VALVE Flanged vlves use gaskets to seal ansnst the line flanges. Butterfly valves may txtend the resent sest to also serve lne gaskets. The pressuresea! boanet joint tities the presure of the conveyed fluids to tighten the seal — se2 ‘Pressure seal’ under ‘Bonnet, this section. MANUAL OPERATORS HANOLEVER is wed to etuate tha stems of small butterfly and rotary ball Valves, and smell cocks, Wrench operation 1s used for cocks and small olug vais, HANDLEVERS ON SMALL VALVES ¥ wrenct paras HANDYHEEL Is the most common meens for rotating the stam on the mejority of papular smaller valves such es the gete, globe and diaphragm types Additional operating torque for gete end globe valves is offered by “ammarblow’ or “impact” handhools which may be substituted for normal handaheels if easier cpertion i neaded but where gearing is unnecesary. ‘CHAIN operator ie used where @ hendwhes! would be ovt of reach, The stem ' fitted with s chaiuchoe! or wrench (or lever operated valves) and the loop of the chain is brought within 3 ft of working floor lval. Univarsotype chainaheels which attach to the regular handiheel heve been blamed for scsidents: in corrosive atmosoheres where an infrequenty-opersted valve has stuck, the attaching bolts heve been known to fal. Ths problem doas not rise with the chairwheel thet replaces the regular vale handwheel GEAR operator Is used 10 reduce the apertirg torque, Far renval operation, consists of @ handwhscl-oparated gear tein actuating the valve stem. As a ‘uid, cear operators should be considered for vaives ofthe follwing sizes and ratings: 125, 150, and 800 PSI, 14ineh and larger; 400 anc 600 PSI, inch and Yerger; $00 and 1500 PSI, inch and larger; 2600 PSI, Hinch and lamer, SPUR-GEAR OPERATOR BEVELGEAR OPERATOR POWERED OPERATORS Electric, pneumatic or hydraulic operation is used: (1) Where a vel is remote from the rain working are. (2) If the required frequency of opere- ‘ion would need unreasonable human effort. (3) If rapid qpening end/or closing of velv is required, ELECTRIC MOTOR The valve stom is moved by the electric mo reducing goas ‘SOLENOID may be used with fect-ating check aves, and with on/off valves in liaht-duty instrumentation epplcstons. th ELECTRICMOTOR OPERATOR PNEUMATIC OPERATOR PNEUMATIC & HYDRAULIC OPERATORS may be used where figmmable vapor is fikely to be present. They take the following forms: (1) Cylind Witt daubleacting piston driven by air, water, cil, or other liquid which ually sctuets the stom dirty. (2) Aicmator which actuates the stam thre sgesring-these motors ere-commenly pistorand oylinder redil types. (3) A doubleacting vane with fnited rotary movement ina sector casing, actuating . the stem directly. {4} Squeeze type (refer ta “Squeeze vale’ QUICK-ACTING OPERATORS FOR NON-ROTARY VALVES (tanwally operated valves) Guick-cting operators are used with gete and globe valves. Two stem movements are emplayed:— (1) Rotating stom, rotated by 8 lever (2) —Stiging stem i whit the stm srlsd and lowered by lever QUICK-AGTING LEVERS OW VALVES we Stsam and sic whistles are examples of the use of sliingstem quickscting ‘operators wit globe vals. ‘SELECTING ON/OFF & REGULATING VALVES sas The suitability of a valve fora particular sevice is decided by its materiel of construction in relation to the conveyed fluid as well sits mechanical design. Referring to the descriptions in 3.1.2, the stps in selaction are to choose: (1) Sacariaf) of constuction. (2) The dise type. (3) Stem type. (4) Means Of operating the stem — the ‘operator’. (5) Bonnet 2ype. (6) Body ends — ‘welding, flenged, ete (7) Delivery tim. (Bh Price. (2) Watranty of perform ‘ance for severe conditions. (Chart 82 is a guide to vale selection, and indicates vahes which may be chosan fora given save. The cart should be read from lf to ight. Fist ascertain whether iqud, ges or powcer is 0 be handled by the valve, Next, consider the nature of the Muid—ahather it is foodstuffs ar drugs to be handled hysiencelly, chemicals that are carcosve, or whether the fuid is substantilly neutral oF aon-cocosive. Next consider the function of the vale — simple opemarciosed operation (oniof?, or regulating for contra! or for dosing. These factors dacided,the chart will then indicat types of valves which should perform satisfactorily in the requied service. Lf the publication is avelleble, reference should also be made to the Crane ‘Company's 1986 printing of Choosing the right valve". VALVE SELECTION GUIDE CHART 3.2 (EF Seite | ae ao oe ea UQUD oe sr === ae ua a | www [Ee [Bem HS | ee | oo — a KEY TO VALVE SELECTION (1) Determine type of conveyed fu powder Wid, gas suey, oF (2) Determine nature of fluid: Substantially neutral-not novowsbly acid or alkaline, such as varios ols, drinking water, nitrogen, gas, arate Corrsive=markesly acid, alkaline, or otherwise chami- cally roctive ‘materials for the food, drug, cosmetic or Slurry-suspensian of slid parses in aliquid can have 2 abrasive effect on valves, ete. Nenbrasve slurries Sich a wood pulp suis cén choke valve mechenisms (3) Determine operation: © ‘On/oft'fuly open or fully closed © Regultingincluding close regulation (trotting) (2) Lack into other factare affecting choice: Pressure and temperature of conveyed Method of operating stem-—consier closing time owe ‘Avalablty ‘Speci istalltion problems—such a welding valves ato lines. Welding neat vill sometimes distor te body and affect the sealing of small voles, © ‘VALVES MAINLY FOR ON/OFF SERVICE aaa {In industrial piping, on/off control of flow is most commenly effected with gate vals. Most types of gate valve are unsuitable for regulating: eresion cof the seat and die occurs inthe thrtting position due to vibration af the doo (“chattering”), With some Pui, it may be desirable to use globe valves ‘or onatt sone, ex thay offer tighter closure, However, es the principal, ‘unotion of globe valves is regulation, thay are déscrid in'2.1.5. —— SOLID WEDGE GATE VALVE hs either 2 sold or flexible wedge dic. 1n ‘addition to on/aft servco, these valves can be used for rgulsting, usually In sizes inch and larger, but will ehatorunlas cise i fully guided throug ut travel. Suitable for mos fais including steam, water ol air and gas. ‘The flexible wedge was developed to overcome sticking on cooling in high- ‘wempersture service, and ta minimize operating torque. The flexible wedge is not ilustreted~it can be Fikened to two wheals set on a very short axle ‘SoLib WEDGE GATE VALVE DOUBLE-DISC PARALLELSEATS GATE VALVE hes two parallel discs ‘hich are foroed, on closure, against parle seats by a spreader’. Usod for Aiguids and gasas at normal temperatures. Unsuitable For regulation. To prover jamming, installation fs usally vertical with handwhael up. DOUBLE: DISC (SPLIT:WEDGEIWEDGE GATE VALVE Dises wedge apinst inclined seats without use of a spreader. Remarks for doubleise parallel seats gate valve apply, but smaller vehies are made for steam service. Often, construction allows the discs to rotate, disibuting weet SINGLE.DISC SINGLESEAT GATE VALVE, or SLIDE VALVE, is wsed ‘or handling paper pulp slurry and other fibrous suspensions, and for tom pressure gases. Will not function properly with inflow on the seat side. Suitable for regulating flow If tight closure is not required. SINGLEDISC PARALLELSEATS GATE VALVE Unlike the single-sest slide valve, this vale affords closure with flow in either direction Stresses fon stem and bonnet are lower than with wedgegate valves Primarily used for liquid hydrocarbons and gases. SINGLEDISe PARALLEL SEATS GATE VALVE PLUG GATE VALVE This vale has a round tepered cise which moves up tend dwn. Suitable for throttling end fullow use, but only eeilable in the soll snes PLUG VALVE Mechanism is shown in chart 3.1, butte disc may be cyling- rio ae well a apared, Advantages ae compactness, nd rotery SO-degre stern movement. The tapered plug tends to jam and requires « high operating ‘torque: this overcame to some extent by the use ofa loveftiction (teflon, etc) sea, or by lubrication (with the drawback that the conveyed fd is contaminetod). The ‘rietion problem is also met by mechanisms raising the «ie from tho seat before rotating Tt, oF by using the ‘eccantri’ design (soe rotary-bal! vale) Principal usa ate for water, of suis, and gases. LINESLINO VALVE This is positive shutoff device which besically consists fa flanged assy sandwiching a spectacleplate or bind, This velve is oseibed and compared with other closures in 2.7.1 VALVES MAINLY FOR REGULATING SERVICE 315 GLOBE VALVE, STRAIGHT & ANGLE TYPE These are the vales mast sid for ragueting. For line sizes over 6c, chee of avalve for flaw con- ‘pol tends to go to suitable goto or butterfly valves. For more satisfactory servic, the direction of flow thru valve recommended by manufacturers is ‘om stern to seat, to assist closure and to pravont tho disc chattering against the seat in the throting postion. Flow should be from seat to stemside (1) if there iso hazard presented by the disc detaching from the stem thus closing the velve, or (2) a composition disci used, this direction of flow then gives less wear. (CHART— 32 ANGLE VALVE This iso globo velve with body ends ot right anges, saving ‘the use of a 90-dogroe elbow. Honever, the englos of piping are often subject to higher stresses than stright runs, which must be considered with this type of valve Lose vauves REGULARDISC GLOBE VALVE Unsuitable for close regulation 3s disc ‘and seat have narror (almost line) contact. PLUG-TYPE DISC GLORE VALVE Used for severe regulating sarvice with arity liquids, such as boiler feedwater, endfor Blowroff service, Less subject ‘0 wear undarcloe regulation than the reguarseeted valve WYE-BODY GLOBE VALVE has Inne ports and stom emerging at about A deqros; hence the ‘Y". Prefered for erosive Filds cue to smooth flow patter, WYEDODY GLODE VALVE tircorsarsing coneosion die) COMPOSITION.DISC GLOBE VALVE Suitable for coer regulon and tight shutofi, Replaceable compositions construction is similar to that of a facet. Grit wil imbed inthe sot ise preventing seat demags and ensuring good closure, Close rgulting wil rapidly damage the set DOUBLE.DISC GLOBE VALVE features ta cscs beering on separate seats spaced apart on a single shaft, wich reas the operatar fram stresses setup by ‘he convayed Fluid pressing into he vee, Principle is used on contro valves and presure regulators for steam and other gases. Tight shutoff is not ensured, NEEDLE VALVE 's 9 smoll vahe used for flow eontrol and for dosing liquids and gases. Resistance to flow is precisely controlled by a relatively large soat area and the adjustment afforded by fine theeding ofthe ste. SQUEEZE VALVE is wellsuted to regulating the flow of difficult louis, slutigs end poaders, Naximum closures about 80%, which limits the range cof regulation, unless the variation of this type of vale with a contra corm (seat) 1 used, offaring full closure, PINCH VALVE Also suited to regulating flow of dificult quis, sures and ponders. Complete closure is passible but tends to rapidly wear the flexible tube, unless of special design, VALVES FOR BOTH REGULATING & ON/OFF SERVICE 318 ROTARY.BALL VALVE Aévetags ar law operating torus, arbility in Jeg sis, compares, rotary Sages stem more, and “ling releetilty cf al weaing parts sore dain, Posble savant ere shar fluid sapped within the body (nd within the dis 0 closure, and chat compeneton for wer ffestad only by aint material behind he ser theater probe sane in the snglese: ‘een version, which tas the ball sightly offer so thet fe preses to che seat, on cose Principe sas a for ate, lsu, gs and vacwun Vales rable witha ball bang a shaped prt or euition. BUTTERFLY VALVE offors tho adventoges of rotary stam movement (90 gees or les}, compactness, and absence of pocketing. It is availabe in all sizes, and can be produoed in chemicab-esisamt and hygienic forms. The vaWes are used for gave, lcuids, suis, powders and vacuum. The sual resiliont plastic seat has a temperature limitation, but tight clowure et igh temperatures is avaleble witha version having 2 metal ring seal around ‘the dis, Ifthe valve is flanged, it may be held between flanges of any type. Slip-on and seroved Flanges do not form a proper seal with some vster forms of the velv, in which the rsliont seat is extended to serve also es Ti gaskes. (are ee VALVES FOR CHECKING BACKFLOW any ‘All aes in tis eatogory are designed to permit flow of quid or gas in one rection end close i low reves. SWING CHECK VALVE Tho regular swing check vive isnot suitable if there is frequent flow reversal ss pounding and wearing of dsc occurs. For gritty liquids @ composition disc is advssblo to raduce damane tothe seat. May be mountad vertically with flow upward, or nerizantally.. Vercally-mouated valve has a tendency to remain open if the steam velocity changes slow. ‘An optional lever and cutside weight may be offered ether to asst closing ‘oF to counterbalance the disc n part, and allow opening by low-pressure fi. ‘SUING CHECK VALVES TILTING-DISC VALVE Suitbie where frequent flow reversal occurs. Valve closes rapily with betsr closure and less slamming then the swing check valve, hich it somewhat resembles. It has higher pressure drop with large flow velocities and lawerpressure drop with small velocities then & comps able swingoheck valve, May be Inralled'vercelly with flow upward, or horizontally, Dise movement can be controlled by an Tetegral deshpot or srubber, LIFT-CHECK VALVE resembles the pstoncheck vale. The dis i guided, ut the destpot festure is absent. Springloaded types can operate ‘orientation, but unsprung valves have to be arranged so that the di close by gravity. Composition-disc valves ere evalale for gritty liquids. PISTON-CHECK VALVE Suitable whare frequent change of direction of flow occurs at these velves aro much Ins subjoct to pounding with pulsstng flow due to the integral dost-pot. Springloaded typos can operate at any trentaton. Ursorung valves heve to be orientated for gravity closure. Not suitable for gritty liguis, ‘STOP CHECK VALVE PISTON-CHECK VALVE STOP.CHECK VALVE Principe! example of use is in stam generation by ‘multiple boilers, where a vale i iserted between esch baler andthe main stam header. Basically, a check valve that optionally can be kept closed auto- matically or manually. BALL-CHECK VALVE is suitable for most services. The valve can handle es, vapors end liquids, including those forming gummy deposits. The ball seats by gravity andor back presure, and is fre to rotate, which distributes ver and sid in keeping contacting surfaces clean, WAFER CHECK VALVE offocts closure by two semicircular “door, both hinged 0 a central postin a ringzhaped body which i installed between ges. Frequently used for norouling liques, ax It Is compact and of relatively low cost. A single diss type is eso avaliable. FOOT VALVE Typical use is to meintan « head of water on the suction ‘de of sump pump, The vel is basally a lifecheck valve with a strainar imeorate. VALVES FOR SWITCHING FLOW 318 MULTIPORT VALVE Used largely on hydraulic and pneumatic control cis ‘uits and sometimes used diretly in process piping, these valves have rotary- ball ar plugtype dis with ane or more ports arranged to snitoh flow, DIVERTING VALVE Two types of ‘diverting’ vale are made. Both switch flow from a line into one of two outlets. Gne type is of vive pattern with hinged cis atthe junction whish closes one ofthe two outa, and is usad +0 handle powders and other slid, The second type handles liquid only, an6 has no moving perts~fiow i switched by two pneumatic contro! fines. Iti svailable in sizes to Ginch (9). VALVES FOR DISCHARGING a1 ‘These valves alow removal of fluid from within s piping sytem either to umosphere, to @ drain, or to another piping system or ves at lower pressure, Operation is aften automatic, Relief and sofety ves, steam tap, and tupture dices are included in ths sotion. Pressurevelieving valvas are usually spring loaded, as those worked by lever and weight can be easly randered inoperative by personnel. The frst three vas are opereted by system presure, and ere usualy mounted itectly onto the piping or vessel to be protected, ina vertical, upright position. Refer to the governing code forthe application ofthese valves, including the need for an externa iting device thenciever, et.) —— SAFETY VALVE A rapicopening (popping ection) fulfiow valve for air ‘and other gises. RELIEF VALVE Intended to relieve excess pressure in iquids in situations where fulllow discharge isnot equiva, when release of 2 smal! volume of| Tiquis would reply lower pressure. Mounting is shown in figure 8.4 fi SAFETY-RELIEF VALVE Releves excess pressure of either gas or liquid ‘ich may suddenly develop a vapor phase due to rapid and uncontrolied BALL FLOAT VALVE These automatic valves are used: (1) As air teps ‘to remove water from sir systems. (2) To remave air fom liquid systems and act as vacuum breakers of breather vaives. (3) To controt liquid level in tanks. They ace not intended to remove condensate BALL FLOAT VALVE (For teste ano) BLONOFE VALVE BLOWOFF VALVE A variety of globe valve conforming with boiler code requirements and especially desined for boiler blowoff sone. Sometimes suitable aio for bloardovm servge, Wye-patter and angle types often usd, Used to remove air end other goes from boilers, ett. Manuely-operted. FLUSH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE Usually labo type, designed to mini- ize pocketing, primarily for corweniently discharging fiquid from the low point of 2 tank FLUSH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE (GLOBE T¥PE), [RUPTURE DISC Asefety device desgnad to burst at a certain excess pressure sd rapidly discharge gas or liquid from s system. Usually made in the frra ‘of a ceplamable metel dsc held benween anges. Disc mey asa be of granite or, for lowest bursting pressures, plastic ft. SAMPLING VALVE A vale, usuelly of needle or globe etter, pizced ina branch fine for the purpose of drawing off semples of proces material thru the branch. Sampling fram very high pressure lines is best dane thro a double valved collecting vasel. A cooling arangertent may be needed for srmping ‘TRAP An automatic vahe for: (1) Discharging condenste, air and gases from steam lines without releasing steam. (2) Discharging water from eir lines without relesing air~soe “Ball float vee’ this section, INvERTED.UCKET TRAP CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE REGULATORS ana0 CONTROL VALVES, Control velves automatically regulate presoue and/or Flow rae, and ere aval able for any pressure. 1f there ae different system presses ina plent up to and including 300 PSIB, sometimes all control valves chosen wil be rated at 300 PSI for intarchangeailty. However, if none of the system pressures fexoeeds 150.PSIG, tis fs not necesary. The contrat valve is usually chosen 1 bo smaller than line size to avoid thetiing and consequent rapid weer of the sat, Globe pattem valves ae normally used for control, end their ends ere usually flanged for ease of mainterence. The dis is moved by erydaulic, pneumatic, lectrica, oF mechanical eperstar. Figure $4 shows schematically how a control valve can be used to contol rate of flow in a fine, Flow rate is reletod to the pressure drop aorass the ‘sensing element’ (en orifice pate in this instance—so2 6.7.5). The ‘contol’ reoolves the pressure signals, compares them with the pressure drop for the desired flow ang, if cho actual flow i different, adjusts the control valve to Increase or decrease te flaw. Comparcble arengements to figure 2. cen be davised to control any of numerous process veridbles—Temperature, presure, level and flow rate ara the most common controlled variables Control vahes may be self-opecating, end not require the addition of @ controller, sensing element, et. Presure regulators ere a common example of this type of valve, and chart 3.1 shons the principles of operation of @ pressure regulator PRESSURE REGULATOR Control vale of globe type which adjusts downstream pressure of Squid or gas (inluding team oF vapas) 12 a loner ose value (01 presse) BACK PRESSURE REGULATOR Control valve used to meintan upstream pressure ina syste, SCHEMATIC FOR A CONTROL VALVE ARRANGEMENT Ficune 24 eee avrowane |=) Sanac conTROLLER ae, sICRAL ae } ‘OPERATOR = ‘CONTROL VALVE. SENSING ELEMENT UNCLASSIFIED VALVES & TERMS aaa ‘ith few excaptions, the Folawing re not special vale types different from those previous discussed, but are tems used to describe vebes by service ar function, BARSTOCK VALVE Any valve having a body machined from solid metal Abarstock). Usually needle or globe type. BIBB.A small valve with turned-dovn and, like 2 fevcet BLEED VALVE Small vel provided for drawing off fluid, BLOCK VALVE An oalff vale, nesry elways a gate valve, placed infnes at bamory tis. BLOWDOWN VALVE Usually refers to a plugtype dis globe valve sod or removing sludge and sedimentery mattor from the bottom of boiler rams, vessels, drintgs, etc. BREATHER VALVE A spacial sel'acting vale installed on storage tanks, ete, to release vapor or gat on sight Encreso of interna pressure {in the region of % to 3 ounces par square inc). BYPASS VALVE Any vole placed in a bypass arrenged around another vee of equipment-e 6.1.3 under If there is no PAID..." and figues 86 thru 8.11 DIAPHRAGM VALVE Examples of tue diaphragm valves, where the die phragm clases off the flo, are shown in char 3.1. These forms of digphragm ‘valve are popular fr regulating the flow of slries and cortasve fluids and for veewum. The term ‘daphragn valve is aso applied to valves which have a Gizphragm seal betwean stem end body, but these sre beter referred to 25 ‘diachragm seal’ ‘peckless vales—soe 2.1.2, under ‘Sea’ DRAIN VALVE A vahe used for the purpose of éraning liquid from atin or vessel, Selection of 9 drain valve, and the method of ettechment, is Influenced by the undesirably of pocketing the material being drained— this Is impertare with suris and liquids which are subject to: (1) Soidit- cation on cooling or polymerization, (2) Decomposition. DRIP VALVE A drain vale fitted to the battom of a dripleg to permit blowrdown, [4 FLAP VALVE A non-etum vel. having © hinged disc or rubber dr leather fap, used for low-presur fines. HEADER VALVE A isolating vive installed in brench where it joins a header. HOSE VALVE A gate or globe vale having one of its ends externally ‘hveaded to one ofthe hose thread standards in use inthe USA [12 p.621.. ‘These voles a used for veicuar and fevater connections. ISOLATING VALVE An on/off valve isolating # piece.of equipment or @ process from piping. KNIFEEDGE VALVE A singledise sigleset cate vole (side ost) with a knifeedged die MIXING VALVE regulates the proportions of two inflows 10 produce 3 contlid outfiow. NON-RETURN VALVE Any typeof stopcheck vave—sae 3.1.7 PAPERSTOCK VALVE A singlets: singlaseat gate valve (lie ge) with ‘eifeadgod or notched die used to regula flow of paper slurry or other fibrous siury PRIMARY VALVE Soe ‘Root vel’, this section, REGULATING VALVE Any valve ubed to adjust flow. ROOT VALVE (1) A vahe usd to fsnato a pressure element or instrument from a line or ves (2) valve placed atthe beginning of branch from ‘header. SAMPLING VALVE Smell ve provided for drawing off fluid See3.1.9, SHUTOFF VALVE An or/ott valve placed in lines to or from equipment, for the purpose of sopping and sartng flow. SLURRY VALVE A krifeeige velve used to contol flow of nombre slurs, SPIRALSOCK VALVE A valve use to control flow of ponders by means of ‘wittable fabric tube or sock, STOP VALVE An on/off velve,uslly a globe var THROTTLING VALVE Any vahe used to cloaly regulate flow in the justopen pesition VACUUM BREAKER A specisl suecting velve, or any valve suitable for vecuum service, operated menually or automatically, installed to admit ges {usually stmospherc sir into a vacuum or loweprsture spec. Such veves are intled on high points of piping oF ves to permit deining end sometimes to prevent sghoning UNLOADING VALVE. Se2 3.22, under ‘Unloacing, and figure 6.23, QUICKACTING VALVE Any an/offvaverapidty operable either by mn- vel lever, orig, or by piston, solenoid a lever with het fusible link releasing «weight which in fling operetes the vlve. Ouick-acting velves are dsitebia es conveying femmeble quid. Unsuitable for water or fr liquid service in general without aeushioning device (hydraulic accumulator, ‘pulsation pot’ or ‘standpine) to protect piping from shock. ae 2.1.2, under “Quickectng operators for norfotary vahes. PUMPS & COMPRESSORS 32 PuMPs 328 “Pumps & the chemical plan’. Thurlow C. 1985. Chemical Engineering reprint patvers Electric motors are the mast frequently used drivers. Larger pumps may be tiven by steam, ges, or diesengines, oF by turbines, svovion weaver em |p, Hm hate = Hast hag + bat (P4~ Peles) hor wg re anda ee ee rela ae PLA FIG, sie eyo rd gud kos HT ss thy tal dich hod Hay 7 tiene tere)" ~S (tr) ‘hg > Mad oreo icra igo ind ic, ‘ny puna en! ee ten ng cing ret ed ore Pe ~ gametes prt nt ace shor eu sre tm itp a, mesh & Re nid NOB aetna et Rl Po * vf gu fe ered dn FLA at mga ote ton tec, Pz = prose odie sore, tn PBI oy Tae dam onan oe ineauterengoe in PUMP SELECTION GUIDE CHART 3.3, ‘TYPES OF PUMP. ‘A pump: isa devia for moving @fuld from one place to enotber thru pipas for chances. Chart 33, a election guide for pumps, puts verious types of ‘pur used industrially Into five catagories, besed on operating pinepl. In common reference, the

    You might also like