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Buddhism and Jainism

Buddhism:
• Founded by Gautama Buddha (Siddhartha).
• Gautama Buddha was born in 563 BC at Lumbini (Nepal).
• His father Suddhodhana was the Saka ruler.
• His mother Mahamaya died after 7 days of his birth, so he was brought up by stepmother
Gautami.
• He was married to Yashodhara at 16.
• He had a son named Rahul.
• Enlightenment (Nirvana) at 35 years of age at Uruvella, Bodhgaya under a pipal tree.
• First sermon (Dharmachakra Pravartana) at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh.
• Death at the age of 80 years in 483 BC at Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh.
Events of Buddha’s Life
Events Symbols

Janma (Birth) Lotus and Bull

Horse
Mahabhiniahkramana (Renunciation)

Nirvana (Enlightenment) Bodhi tree

Dharmachakra Pravartana (First Sermon) Wheel

Mahaparinirvana (Death) Stupa

Teachings
❖ Four Noble Truths (Arya Satyas)
❖ Eight-Fold Path (Ashtangika marga)
❖ Three jewels (Triratnas)
❖ Code of Conduct
❖ Belief in Nirvana
❖ Belief in Ahimsa
Buddhist Scriptures

Tripitakas Hinayana Literature (Pali)

Vinay Pitaka rules of monastic

Sutta Pitaka Collection of Buddha’s

Abhidhamma Pitaka Philosophies of Buddha’s teachings

Sects of Buddhism
➢ Theravada Buddhism
➢ Mahayana Buddhism
➢ Vajrayana

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Buddhist Councils:

Council Year Venue Patron Chairman Remarks

Compilation of
Rajgriha Ajatashatru
First 483 Sutta
(Saptaparni (Haryanka Mahakassaapa
Council BC (Pitaka and
cave) Dynasty)
Vinaya)
Monks were split
Kalasoka
Second 383 into
Vaishali (Shisunaga Sabakami
Council BC Sthavirmadnis and
Dynasty)
Maha-sanghikas

Ashoka Completion of
Third 250
Patliputra (Maurya Mogaliputta Tissa Abhidhamma
Council BC
Dynasty) Pitaka

Vasumitra
Division of
Kashmir Kanishka (Chairman),
Fourth Buddhists into
72 AD (Kundal (Kushan Ashvaghosha
Council Hinayana and
van) Dynasty) (Vice-C
Mahayana
airman)

Famous Buddhist Scholars

• Ashvaghosha, Nagarjua, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Buddraghosha, Dinnaga and Dharmakirti.
Famous Buddhist Universities
University Founder Location
Nalanda Kumargupta I Badagaon, Bihar
Dharmapala
Vikramashila Bhagalpur, Bihar
(Pala Dynasty)
Jainism
• Founded by Rishabhanath.
• Rishabhanath is described as an incarnation of NARAYANA in Vishnu Purana and the
Bhagavata Purana.
• There were 24 Tirthankaras or Guru.
• The first one was Rishabhanath (emblem-bull).
• The 23rd Tirthankaras was Parsavanath (symbol-serpent).
• Vardhaman Mahavir was the 24th Tirthankara.
• Rig-Veda mentions two Tirthankaras- Rishabh Dev and Arishtanemi.
Vardhman Mahavira
• Vardhamana Mahavira (Siddhartha) was born in 540 BC at Kundalgram near Vaishali in
Bihar.
• His father was Siddhartha and mother was Trishla.
• He was married to Yasodha and had a daughter named Priyasdarshana, whose husband
Jamali became the first disciple of Mahavira.
• He was called the JAINA or JITENDRIYA (one who conquered hid senses), KEVALIN
(perfect learned), NIRGRANTHAS (from all bonds), ARIHANT ( blessed one) and
MAHAVIRA (the Brave).

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Teachings of Mahavira
a) Rejected the authority of the VEDAS and did not believe in the existence of GOD.
b) He believed that every object possesses a soul, so he professed strict non-violence.
c) Attainment of salvation by believing in penance and dying of starvation.
d) He believed in KARMA & TRANSMI-GRATION OF SOUL.
Sect of Jainism
• Bhadrabahu, who led the emigrants, insisted on the retention of the rue of nudity, which
led Mahavira to establish the sect of the Digambaras.
• Sthulbhadra, was the leader of monk, who remained in the north allowed his followers
to wear white garments termed as the Svetambars.
Jaina Philosophy
Three Ratnas (Way to Nirvana)
• In Jainism, three Ratnas (Triratnas) are given and they are called the way to Nirvana.
➢ Right Faith (Samyak Vishwas)
➢ Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnana)
➢ Right Conduct (Samyak Karma)
Five Cardinal Principles
✓ Non-Injury (Ahimsa)
✓ Non-lying (Satya)
✓ Non-Stealing (Asteya)
✓ Non-possession (Aparigraha)
✓ Observing celibacy (Brahmacharya)
Jaina Literature
• Agam Literature (Agam Sutras)
• Tattvartha is considered the most authoritative book in Jainism.
• It is an official book in both the Svetambara and Digambara sects.
Jain Councils

Councils Year Chairman Venue Remarks

It resulted in the
Third
First Sthulabhdra Patilputra compilation of 12 Angas
Century BC
to replace 14 Purvas.

It resulted in the final

Fifth
Second Devardhi Kshmasramana Vallabhi, Gujarat compilation of 12 Angas
Century AD
and 12 Upangas.

Spread of Jainism
▪ Jainism reached the highest point in Chandragupta Maurya’s time.
▪ In Kalinga, it was greatly patronized by Kharavela in the first century AD.
▪ In later times, Jainism was chiefly concentrated in two regions:
o Gujarat and Rajasthan: Svetambara sect.
o Mysore: Digambara Sect.

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