TIl' LI THUVtT Hltn TROufo mn ulnu HOCTllp TRJiIROHIEm

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un HHA nAnG Il1Is DUnG TROnG DAV HOCmOn 61RODue HOC

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o ThS. NGUY~N TH! HVONG*

1. U thuy~t k/~n tgo (LTKT)c6 ngu6n g6c tV vai coc hoot QQngc6 S'l chueinb] bon aau'va c6
trvang phai tri6t hoc c5 eMn Dllc, XUelthl~n vee Sl! phon h6i, a~ coo kinh nghi~m chu quan cua
cu61th6 kl XVIIIaau th6 ki XIX val k6tquo nghlen ngllOl hQC.Day cOngaU'Q'C coila «can kh6raQng"
CIlUcue I. Kant. 6ng aa sli dyng cec «so 06 tien cho coc qua trlnh ti6p theo: phon h61,thoo IUQn,
ngh/~mH- val hJ cach 10so a6 hinh thllc, aU'Q'c phon tich va c16nhgla klnh nghl~m.
chu th' hinh thanh tru6c (tlen nghl~m) - a' c6 th, Theo Kolb, hQCtQP10k6t quo cua m6i quan
t5ng hop hJ Ii~u com tinh vao trong a6. NhU'vQY, h~ gllia 2 phuong di~n sou: 1) Phvong cJ/~nnhgn
Sl!hl'u bi6t boo ham trl thllc Hennghl~m k6t hqp thvc (Perception)qua 2 kenh: trol nghl~m CIJthg
val trl thllc com tfnh v~ sl! vQt. (hoQcfrIlc tl6p) va hJ duy thong hliu (hoQchlnh
J. Plaget (1896-1983) - aQI di~n cho trU'ong thanh khal nl~m trl)u tv<;mg);2) Pnvong cJ/~nqua
phai tam Ii hQc phat trl'n - aa k6 thl)a quan trinn( Processing)qua 2 kenh:quan satphon anh
ni~m v~ sa a6 nhQnthvc cua I. Kant nhU'ngtheo va hOQtaQngthl!Cnghl~m. Hal phuong dl~n nay
quan o/Im phat trlin. SOlvi, theo ong, S'l phat aU'qcth, hl~n beang4 glal c10Qncua chu ki hQC
sinh, phat trl'n nhQn thllc va tri tu~ co nhan 10 tQp: 1) Klnnngh/~m qJ thl(Conerette experience
qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trl'n cac so c16nhQn - CE); 2) Quan 56t phdn xg (ReRectiveObser-
"thllc (hay n61cach khac, cac so a6 nhQnthllc 10 vation- RO); 3) Khal n/~m tn)u tvqng (Atstrad
son pheimcua S'l phat trl'n chll khong phol do Conceptualization - AC); 4) HOQt aQng thli
beim sinh ma c6). Tren co sO nay, ong alia ra nghl~m (Active experimentation - AE) - trong &,
mQt qua trinh «kepH trong sl! phat trl'n nhQn «klnh ngn/~m cv thi' cung CelPco sO ai quan sat
thllc 10«06ng hod' (assimilation)va «o/~u vnif va phon XQ;nhOng quan sat va phon XQaU'Q'c
(accommo-dation), va khdng djnh r&ng mQI a6ng h6a, aoo velO «khal n/~m trw tvqng' tQo
nhQnthllc cu~ alia tre a~u I~thuQcvao cac «1U'Q'cra y nghTamal cho hanh aQng r611an1U'Q't tQora
a6 c6 sanH.Ung hQ quan al'm cua Plaget, L.X nhling trol nghl~mmOl.Qua trlnh nay «clQldl~nH
Vygotsky (1896- 1934) c1a tl6p tyc nghlen CIlU cho mQtchu ki hQCtQP«xo&n 6cH, nat ngU'olhQC
Sl! phat trl'n tam Ii cua tre em va aU'ara If IUQn aU'Q'C «chQmHvao teltco cae y6u t6, hlc Ia mQt
v~ «vung phat trl'n gan nhelr va quan ai'm chu ki cua frdl ngh/~m (Exprlenclng), pndn ann
«hqp tac trong dQyhQC".C6 th, n6i, nhOngthanh (thinking), suy nghi (reRectlng)va hanh 09n9
. fIlu nghlen CIlUtrong tam Ii hQccua J. Plagetva (ading). Ngay IQphie, nhOngklnh nghl~mcy thi
L.X Vygotsky la co sO ti~n a~ cho Sl! XUelthl~n dan a6n quan satva phon XQ;va nhling phon XQ
LTKTtrong dQYhQc(DH). nay sou a6 aU'Q'cc16ngh6a vao khal nl~m trw
TI6p tyc nghlen CIlUtheo hU'6ngnay, cac tac hJc;mg val cae tac c1Qngc16ivai hanh aQng ma
glo Johl Dewey, Jerome S.Bruner, Albert chung to c6 th, chu c1Qngklim tra va thli nghl~m,
Banduza... cOng aQc bl~t nhelm mQnh a6n val do & cho phep tQo ra nhang kinh nghl~m mal.
tro chu aQng, tfch c'lc cua ngllOl hQccOng nhU' DI~u nay aU'Q'ctrlnh bay trong so a6 cac
nhang klnh nghi~m co nhan va S'l hJcmgtac val phong cach hQCtQpcua Kolb (xem so 06).
moi tnrong. Tren co sO cac 9101aOQncua qua trlnh hQc
2. K6 thl)a cac quan al'm tren, 'David Kolb tQPtrol nghl~m, Kolb ~ XUelt4 phong cach hQc
aa phat trl'n If thuy6t kl6n tQobeangvl~ a~ XUelt tQp, m61phong cach clQldl~n cho Sl! k6t hqp 2
ra mo hinh «hQc tgp trdl .ngh/~m" (learning
experience). Day 10hlnh thllc hQCtQPgan h~n

~T'~P~C~hi~G~la~'O~d~U~C~s6~29~1_(k_._1_._'i_20_1_2) ~
 2) Kit n61 trl thvc
- Mllc tleu: Gial thl~u nhOng thong tin va kT
nang mal bOng cach xOy d'lng c6u ne>id' gan
kit kinh nghi~m truac do cua NH val thong tin
mal. Tren co sO do, SV dU'Ora nhOng dll doen
tra lai cho tinh hue>ng.
- Tltn trinh: GV glal thl~u muc tieu cua bai
hoc va lien h~ vol nhiing kiin thllc dlTqCchla sa
trong b"oc 1. Cec nhern (ca nhan) dUOra nhiing
dll docn cua mlnh.
- Kr thugt DH, gam: chlc nhorn, SV trinh bay,
SLrdvng niau dong vaL..
,.,.,.....-.......... ---~
~",_"",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ""'_'_W'. __
......... -
I. 3) Tronh lugn khoa hoc
- MIICtieu: Cac)' klin C9xat val nhau, tranh
So a6. Cac phong cach h9C t(lp ctio Kolb IUQnval nhau d' dl ~n y klin the>ngnhat, cue>1
cung dl din klin thllc chuein.
9101doQn: phdn ki (Diverging) _.CE/RO; D6ng rs
- Titn trinh: chuc cho SV trao dai, thao
h6a (Assimilating) - AC/RO; Hgi tv (Converglng)- IUQn,danh gla v, cac phon doan (quan nl~m)
ACI AE; Thfch Vn9 (Accommodating) - eElAE. OlTQCd"a ra, 1110chQn phan doan (quan nl,m)
Tom 1<;11,mo hlnh glao dvc d'fO vao tral nghl~m thich hqp. Ngu d'l doan ma SV d"a ra chrnh
co tinh tuan hocmva chu ki, val cac gial doQn co xac thl GV cung SV hqp thllc hoa klin thllc,
ban :- rrdj nghj~m: b&t d6u hi han,hd9n9, tronj chuy'n song bOOctlif theo; con niu d'l ooan
00 khal thac klnh nghl~m do co glin h~n val 1>61 ch"a chinh xac (co the chU'Odung m9t ph6n, co
canh (co) ma ng"al hQCdo tral qua; - Phdn h61 th' sal hocmtoOn),GV gql Y SVxOy d"ng nhOng
klnh ngh/~m: xay ra khl ngool hQCsli dvng klnh phon doan mal.
nghl~m do co cua minh ~ xli Ii cac S'l vl~, S'l - KrthugtDH, gam: thao IUQn,tranh IUQn(ung
kl~n xOy ra va phon hal, chla sa nhOng dl~u thu h9, phon de>I,...).
dU'QC;- H9Ckltn thvc va klnh ngh/~m mOl nhom 4J Vgn el"ng trl thvc
co dUQCnhiing hi" bl~t m61; - Thvc ngh/~m tvong - Mllc tleu: Cung cap co h91cho SVvQndvng
Vng: ngool hQCap dvng nhiing kl~n thuc va klnh thong tin va kTnang m6I vao tlnh hUe>ngm6I trong
nghl~m wa mal tinh h91vao cac b61canh (hoQc hQCmon Gloo elllc h9C.
S'l vl~) mal; qua do, klnh nghlfm cu th~ OlTQC - Tiin trinh: GV va SV IQpkg h09ch h09t d9ng.
hlnh thanh. SII hi" bl~t va !dnh nghl~mcua ngOO! SV lam vl~ theo nhom, theo cQPhoQcca nhan
hQCngOycang dU'QCnang coo - day 1<;11 10co sO d' hoOn thanh nhl~m vv
cho vong hQCtQp tlip theo. - KrthugtDH, gam: phuong phap hQCtQPhqp
3. T\1OI1gling val .4 glal d09n cua mo hlnh tac, trlnh bay nhom (hoQcca nhan) va h09t d9ng
hQctQPtral nghi~m va thllC ti~n dQYhQCb9 mon nhom. GV co nhl~m vv h~ trq va danh glo; SV
Glao dllc h9C (GDH), chung tol ta chllc qua trlnh dong val tro ngool IQPki h09ch, sang tQo, glal
DH nay theo .4 h09t 09n9 (HD) nhu sou: quygt vCiDd', trinh bay va danh 9Ia, ...
1J Huya9ng trdl n9~/fm . 'V'Qndvng quy trlnh tran, co th' ta chllc DH
- MIICtieu: Khuyin khich sinh vien (SV) xac glao dvc theo cac HD rna 0 dO, cac klnh nghl~m
d!nh nhOng khal nl~m, kTnang co lien quan ~n v, 9100 dvc cua ng"ol hQc ovqc dQc bl,t chu
trl thllc cua"bal hQcglao dvc hQCcan tinh h91. )" d"Qc ta chllc va khuyin khich d' t"ang toc
- Tldn trinh:Giang vl&1(GV)va SVIQpkghOQCh val nhau. Sou day 10m9t vi dv cv th'trong DH
~ tQO ra tral n~hi~. GV glup SV xli Ir cae klgn n91dung «Gloo dllc 10 m9t h/~n tvgng XQ h91
thllc do co ~ to chl1cva phan 1091klgn thllc. adc bier':
- Krthugt DH, 9am: d9ng noo, phan 1091;thao .-6HD trdl ngh/~m: GV d' xuat tinh hUe>ng:
IUQn,~han hai, nhOng cau h61«dong, rncY'. GV «Khl quan sat hg m~ c/gy con cach ellchurln nh~
IQpke h09ch, b&t d6u, h61va 9hl nhQn; SV chla nhan~ va v6 con m61, mea m~ elc;rycon coch vOn
sa, trao oal va phan tich kign thllc cua hQ bOng va bdt chugt, va nh/~u h/~n tuqng tUOJ1gtv trong
cach tra lal cac cau h61... tht glol c19ng vgt... c6 nhl6u y kltn cho rling 0-

~ T_a_p_Ch_i_G_la_O_d.UC__ s6_2_9~1~(k_.~I_.~~~20~1~2)
d9ng V9tdjng co 51! gl60 dvc va cho dola
ngu6n
g6c cua h/~n tuqng gioo dvc 0- con ngvOl. Y kiin
cua anh (chi) nhv thi nao v§ nh¢n dinh tran?"
nh&m huy oQngnhvng hl~u bl~t cuo SV v~ vein
a~ hoc tQP.
-0 HD kit n6i trl thuc: Tren co sO nhvng klnh
nghl~m aa Ol1Q'c huy oQng" hOQtaQngtren, GV
khuy~nkhlch SV ph6t bl~u nhling quan nl~mcua
mlnh v~ veino~ hoc tQP' 0 aay se dl~n ra qu6
trinh k~t n61kinh nghl~m oa co val rnuctieu hQC
tQP- hIC la SV phoi vQn dyng nhvng hl~u bl~t
cua minh a~ glol qu~t tlnh hu6ng hcc tQP.TroJ'lg
nQIdung dQYva hoc nay, SV co th~ co c6c quan
a
nl~m sou: 1) aQngVQtcOngdl~n ra qu6 trinh
a
gl60 dvc...; 2) aQng VQtkhong co qu6 trinh
gl60 dyc, gi60 dyc chi co () loal ngool...
-a HD tranh luan khoa hoc: GV ta ch(rccho
SV thoo IUQn,tranh IUQnv~ ~6c quan nl~m aa
avqc a~ XUelt() booc 2; olnh hlOng cho cUQc
tranh IUQnnh&mvao myc tleu bel hqc. N~u quan
nl~m 1 chl~m l1U th~, GV se 9Qi y, hlOng dlin SV
xay dl/11~nhvng phon aOQnmOlva tim nhvng Ii
Ie og khang olnh phon dOQn;con n~uquan nl~m
2 chl6m l1U th6, GV alnh hlJ6ng cho SV tl6p cQn
myc tieu bel hqc, chinh x6c hoa trl th(rc.
-a HDv¢n dvng trlthuc. Trenco sO nhling trl
th(rcaa aU'Q'cxOydl/11g,GV ta ch(rccho SV gioi
thich c6c hl~n tuQng trong aal s6ng nhll hUeln
luy~n c6c loal aQngvQtlam x16c,vi dy: khi al xe
aQP,gelu nhay qua vong Ilia ... hoQctro 101c6c
cau hoi troc nghl~m ~u ra.
•••
DH theo lTKT la qu6 trlnh ta ch(rc ag ngool
hqc «56ng tQo trl th(rc" cho ban than d\la tren
nhvng klnh nghl~maa co va thong qua SllhJong
t6c val mol truOng. Do ao, trong qu6 trinh DH,
ngool dQYphol tQOOl1Q'cmol trOOngthuQn IQ'I
cho vl~ bQcIQc6c quan ni~m san co cua ngool
hQcva khuy6nkhichS\Itvcmgt6c glva ngllal hQc
val GV va glva ngool hqc v6i nhau. Co nhll vQY
nhling trl th(rc ma ngool hQcxOy d\lng nen mal
co y nghia va thllc Sll ~n vvng. [J
(1) Ngu6n: businessballs.comlkolbleaningstyles.htm
Tai Ii~u tham khao
1) Jean Piaget - Barbel Inhelder (Vinh Bang dich tu
ti€ng Phap). TAm U hqc tre em va Ung d~ng tAm If
~Qc Piaget vao trmmg hQc. NXB D(li h(Jc quac gia
HaN~i, 2000
2) Kolb, D.A. Experiential leaning. San Francisco:
Jossey - Bass, 1984.
.........._-------------------------~
Ta.p chi GlaD duo c so 291 (k~1 • 1/2012)
3) Kolb, D.A. Leaning Style and discliplinary
difference. In A W chickering (ed) The Modern
Americaln College, San Francisco Jossey- Bass,
1981.
SUMMARY
Constructivisttheory, one of the model teaching
theories,focus on researching cognitive activities of
learners In order to figure out approplate teaching
model, creating favorable conditions for learners's
knowledge accumulation. Model of experiential
learning (DXolb) Isthe continuity of tectonic therory.
It saysthat learning process is the resultof 2 factors:
Percceptlon and Processing. Thesefactors is the
combinations of 4periodsInlearningcycle: Concrete
experience; Ref/ectlve Observation; Atstract
Conceptualization; Active Experimentation. By
applying this model to teaching process, we can
deploy thisthrough4 activities:Experienceencourage,
Knowledge connection, SCience Argument and
Knowledge Application. Theseactivities correspond
with the periods of learning process,so that learners
get knowtedge better and higherlearningoutcomes.
Sic diem hOClip clia hOC vlio...
(Tiip theo frang 26)
VI~ HTcua HV ngool 160co nhvn~ oQcalgm
rleng, chi ph61 bai ngh~ nghl~p, tuol t6c, v6n
56ng,klnh nghl~mthI/Ctl~ncua mOlngOO.NgOO
dQYcdn ndm allQ'Cc6c oQcalgm HT cua HV va
co nhvng bi~n ph6p thich hqp ag nang coo chelt
111qng 910n9dQY. [J
Tai li~u tham kh80
1.1.U. Babanski. T6i w bOa qua trinh d,y hqc. C~c
Dao t(lO- B6i dlltJng, B~ GD-DT, H. 1981.
2. Nguy!n Sinh Huy - Nguy~n VAnU. Giao dyc hqc.
NXB D(li h(Jcqudc gia Ha N~i, 1996.
3. TrAn Kiem. Khoa bqc t6 chUe va t6 chUe giao d~c.
NXB D(li h(JcSllph(lm, H 2010.
4. Bui VAn QuAn. "DOng h,rchoc t~p va t\10 dOng h,rc
hoc t~p". T(lp cM Giao d{lc, 12/2005.
5. Nguy~n Quang UAn(chU bien) - TrAn Hihl Luy~n-
TrAn Qu6c Thanh. TAm If bqc d,1 CUO'Dg.NXB D(li
h(Jc qutfc gia Ha N~i, 2001.
SUMMARY
Fromobservingand finding out the leamlng char-
acteristics of adults at distant education centers at
provincial level In the environment of learning while
working, the article analyzes some key learning
charaterlstlcsof adults, from that to give some Ideas
to contribute to Improving teaching quality to aged
people at distant education centers.
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