Iodine is black in solid, brown in liquid, and purple in gas

all ammonium salts are also sublime solids

another sublime solid is dry ice

sublimation is endothermic and solidification is exothermic

unit of heat is KJ/mol

There are two chemical reaction in terms of heat

Endothermic : heat absorbing : envoirment cools down and system heats up : Decompostion

Exothermic : heat releasing : envoirment and system cools down : Bond formation

NO2 is brown gas

CaCO3 --heat→ CaO + CO2

2Mg(NO3)2 __heat__> 2Mgo + 4NO2 + O2

2KClO3 __heat__> 2KCl +3O2

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Photosynthesis)

dissolving of salts :

KNO3 + (aq) ____> KNO3 + (Delta H)

Combustion
C + O2 ----> CO2

Respiration is the process in which glucose is oxidized and reduced in the presence of oxygen to form
CO2 and H2O and large amount of energy

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O -ve delta H

Neutralization:

- Alkali neutralizes acid and acid neutrilizes alkali through titration

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O -ve delta H

OH- + H+ → H2O

Energy profile diagram:

- representation of energy given out and taken in during the chemical reaction in terms of graph
diagram

Enthalapy change:

is the change in heat from reactant to product during the reaction

-ΔH = H₁ - H₂ (Exothermic)

Exothermic
-ΔH = H₂ - H₁ (Endothermic)

In any reaction bond breaking or bond forming is taking place but the overall reaction is not both endo
and exo. it is either exo or endo

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

why is a reaction exothermic?

-bcuz more heat is given out than taken in and bonds are formed

why is a reaction endothermic?

bcuz more heat is taken in than given out and bonds are broken

" 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 " This reaction is endothermic

 ↓
Heat is given out

Endothermic Exothermic

Q:
Ans

dissolving of salt is endothermic

dissolving of alkalies is exothermic