8 Conditionals/Wishes/Unreal Past Conditionals t-clause (hypothesis) ‘Main clause (result clause) Use Type 1 if + any present form Future/Imperative true oF likely to real present (Present 'S., Present Cont. can/may/might/must/should happen in the or Present Perfect) + bare inf/Present Simple present or future If the weather is nice, we will go on an excursion. ityou have done your homework, you can watch TV. Ityou have a headache, take an aspirin Wt + Past Simple would/could/might + bare untrue in the or Past Continuous infinitive present; also used to give advice I were you, | wouldn't speak to him again. (advice) Whe didn't eat so many sweets, he wouldn't have a problem with his teeth. (but he eats a lot of sweets - untrue in the present) It + Past Perfect or would/could/might + have imaginary situation Past Perfect Continuous + past participle contrary to facts in the past; also used to express regrets or criticism It she had known how to use the mixer, she wouldn't have broken it. ‘© When the it-clause precedes the result clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma. I! he had been more careful, he wouldn't have caused the accident. but: He wouldn't have caused the accident ithe had been more careful. (no comma) ‘© Conditionals are usually introduced by If. Other expressions are: unless (=i not), providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for + -ing form/noun, otherwise, or else, What if, supposing, even if, only if. Unless you work more efficiently, you'll be fred. | wil do it only if you promise not to tell anyone. ‘© After “i” we normally use were instead of was for all persons in conditionals type 2 in formal English. /f/ were/was you, | would tell her everything. ‘® We do not normally use will, would or should in if-clauses. If you want this, you can have it. (not-#yeu -witwvant,) However, will, would oF should can be used in if-clauses to make a request or express annoyance, doubt/uncertainty or insistence. /f he should come, show him in, (doubtluncertainty - 1 doubt that he will come ..) Ifyou wilwould be more patient, I! be with you in @ minut. (request - Wil ‘you please be more patient?) RBD> rut the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, then identity the ypes of conditionas. Ifyou ...don't put up... (nevput up) this shelf, you won't have anywhere to put your books. (let type) the (change) jobs, he would be a lot happier. HI Were YOU, Fsssssm (tell) her how you feel. If You continue to shout 80 IOUdlY, YOU .ns.nseesen0e (Wake Up) the baby. Even if he ... (ask) them, they wouldn't have agreed to come. Unless you (feel) any better, you can take the rest of the day off. Hf she (notthreaten) him, he wouldn't have lef. Ph seuss (OtitrUst) him if l were you. I you're patient for a few minutes, | . e (be able) to finish this HO on snnnininsnnsees (OUQO) With her if he had known she would behave so irresponsibly.8 11. | wouldn't have been able to do it uniess she (help) me. 12 Sometimes if you (take) a chance, it pays off. 13 ithe (wake up) earlier, he wouldn't have been late for work 14. If they will go on making so much noise, | e ss (have to) punish them. 15 ifwe.. cnn (intend) to Spend the day in London, we would have bought a day pass. 16 Keep your voice down in case he (overhear) us. AT MH sowsnmninnnnnnin: (8) MOTE experienced, she would be more likely to get the job. 18 ifthe food (not/be) so bad, we wouldn't have complained. 19 Saies will increase provided that the advertising campaign ... (be) successtul 20 Ifyou .. .. (spend) less on clothes, you would be able to save some money. SUX. Rewrite the following as conditional sentences. 1. You need to go to Egypt to see the Sphinx. If..you go to Egypt, you can see the Sphinx. 2 John didn’t leave earty 80 he didn't get there on time, Moun easier 3 Sho used factor 12 suntan lotion as she gets sunburnt easily. If 4 The fax machine is broken so I'l have to send it oy POSE: Hasse . 5 Calling her might make her feel bet Hata 6 Thore'll be an election if the president resigns. Providing 7. More tickets need to be sold, otherwise the concert will be cancelled Pini 8 You'll have trouble selling your house if you're not prepared to accept a lower offer. Unless, a 8 He cancelled his trip because he had run out of money. asa akg cor 10 Tom didnt wear a coat and eaught a cold. i" 11. You need to study to pass this exam. Unless ft 42. You really ought to @ a0 Somewhere sunnier to get a suntan. Unless: te into the correct tense. UB complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets It] were world leader, | 1) ..Wvould try... (ry) to stop the destruction of the earth and | 2) ‘wou (make) the world a better place for all people. If the world’s problems had been tackled sooner, the qUalty of if@ 3) ....0.0s02m» (Improve) long ago. First of all, | would try to bring about peace in the world, As long as there is fighting between nations, millions of People 4)...» me (COMHINLE) to suffer and die. if wars continue, children 5) (be left) without parents and 6) (Grow up) in a world of misery and fear. But as long as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting 7) sssnnime (GO ON). Therefore, | would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same opportunites in life. It would also help if all countries 8) (stop) producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight. In addition, | would introduce laws to reduce pollution. If pollution levels had been controlled eariier, lite BD (no/become) so unbearable. If | 10) (have) the power, | would ‘ban all cars from city centres and increase public transport. If there were more trees, the air we breathe 11) sss nssnnsnse (00) Cleaner. Unless measures are taken soon, it 12) (be) too late both for ourselves and our children8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past only if, otherwise, as long as, unless, providing, on condition that, if 1. Should you go to Rome, you must see the Colosseum, You can swim but there must be an adult with you. Drive carefully 80 that you won't have an accident. He will get a bonus if productivity increases. Hiend you the money, but you must pay me back onsen Rephrase the following in as many ways as possible using the words from the list below. soon. Omission of “if” 1 can be omitted in if-clauses. In this case should, were and had (Past Perfect) come before the ‘subject. he should win the race, he'll be very happy. = Should he win the race, he'll be very happy. 1 were you, | wouldn't tell him. = Were | you, { wouldn't tell him. ‘i had known tho truth, 'd have called the police. = Had | known the truth, 'd have called the police. US rewrite the following sentences omitting “it”. 1 It were you, | would think twice before accepting his otter. Were | you, | would think twice before accepting his offer. 2 Ifyou had brought more money with you, we could have gone on holiday. 3. If | were you, I'd leave an hour earlier to be sure of getting there on time. 4 you get through to the theatre, could you reserve four tickets for tonight's performance? 5 If you had paid the telephone bill on time, your phone wouldn't have been cut of Mixed Conditionals All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it. Wclause Main clause ‘Type 2 I! they were working all day, they will be tired now. Type 1 (They were working all day 80 they are tired now.) Wt were you, J would have accepted the job. (You are not me 80 you didn't accept the job.) ‘Type 2 It he were a better driver, ‘he wouldn't have crashed the car. Type 3 (He is not a good driver 80 he crashed the car.) Type 9. If she had finished earlier, she would be going to the party tonight. (She didn't finish earlier ‘s0 she isn’t going to the party.) Type 2 WG rewrite the following as mixed conditional sentences as in the example: 1 He Is not an honest person so he didn’t tell the truth, If he were an honest person, he would have told the truth. 2 They were awake all night so they are tired now.—— ______ 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 3 You didn’t tell me earlier so we are nat going to the cinema tonight. She didn’t cancel the milk so the milkman keeps delivering it. The ship left Plymouth yesterday so it will be in Spain now. They were painting the house all day so they are covered in paint now. She didn't do her homework so she's in trouble with her toacho She Is 60 Aisrganed that she missed the deadline. ‘The children were playing in the garden all day so they are very vet now. | tie doesnt take his job seriously 0 he wasn't promoted. Should you go to London, you ... must vieit the Houses of Parliament, the doesn't practise more, He snnn Unless you get permission, Only if we ban the hunting of whales . If could afford it, If you had booked a table in the restaurant, Should you meet George, ae Were she in my ShO26, The fire wouldn't have started if. But for his money, she Had you followed my advice, Only if we stop cutting down trees Were she more sincere, mmm If you had watered the plants, Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. | would have lent you my car but I didn't know you needed to borrow it. had Hf ul had known you.. needed to borrow my car, | would have lent it to you. {As long as you are very careful, you can use my CD player provided You can use my CD player very careful It there Isn't an interpreter at the conference, she wor't be able to understand the speakers. unless She won't be able to understand the speakers .. < at the conference. mq8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 4 He didn't get the job because he was late for the interview. would If he hadn't been late for the interview, he en ie job. 5 only leamt to drive because you taught me. ever un . drive if you hadn't taught me. 6 You'd better see a doctor were If Bist: asa — see a doctor. 7. Tim will be able to operate the machine but somebody must show him how. only Tim wil be able to operate the machine vse NOW, 8 She didn't take an umbrella so she got completely soaked have If she had taken an umbrella, she a soaked. 9 I will buy a new car but | must save enough money first. save Provided carta first, 1 will buy a new car, 10 She broke her leg so she couldn't go skiing, broken If a leg, she could have gone skiing 11 Kay can't be at home, otherwise she would have answered the phone. would It Kay have answered the phone. 12 I would be grateful to receive any information you may have. could I would be grateful any information you may have, 13 Karen can make the pie but she must have the recipe. tong Karen can make the ple rm the recipe. 14 Il you see Miles, can you ask him to contact me immediately? see Should ws 8K him 0 Contact me immediately? 18 Chris wants to phone his boss but he hasn't got the number, WOU NCIS rnssnnnnnin phone his boss. Wishes. Form Use | wish (if only) + Past tonse wish/regret about a present (wish/regret about the present) situation we want to be different 1 wish we were in Paris now. (I's a pity we aren't) J wish (If only) + could + bare infinitive wish/regret in the present (wish/regret about the present) concerning lack of ability I wish | could swim, (but | can’) I wish (if only) + Past Perfect regret that something (regret about the past) happened or didn’t happen in the past Iwish you had told me earlier. (but you didn’t) a | wish (it onty) + subject + would + bare inf wish for a future change (impossible wish for (6. “wish” and “would” should have unlikely to happen or wish to a future change) 8 different subject. We never say: express dissatisfaction; ‘Hwehriwould, Hewehee-hewoul etc polite request implying 'b. wish + inanimate subject + would dissatisfaction or lack of is used to express the speaker's hope lack of hope or disappointment wish he would stop smoking. See ea Ae) [walt wd wou a6 Bewg. (But I'm afraid it won't stop blowing - | wish melying asapooien) won! | wish you would be more caretul. (Please, be more careful - request implying lack of hope) | ‘© After | wish we can use were instead of was in all persons. / wish she were/was more patient. 1268 cl. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Dear Mum, | feel really unhappy! | wish | 1) ...hadn't taken... (notitake) this job. If Only 1 2) ororrs.s Give) it more thought before | made the decision to come here. | wish the people here B)ovaccnnannnnn (B€) more friendly - that would make it much better. If only | 4) ; (have) longer breaks, Looking at a computer screen all day is tiring and sometimes | find myself wishing It 5) some sus (explode)! I wish my 63S 6) .nn..ssni (give) me something different to do. | wish there 7)... (be) someone here | could talk to but ! haven't made any friends. If only | 8) scene aseisesee-nes (Make) some, but it’s very difficult. | wish you Do save live) nearer to me! Please write. | miss you! Love, Jenny DES. write sentences as in the example: You felt sick and you missed your friend's birthday party. .lwieh | hadn't felt sick. If| hadn't felt sick, | wouldn't have missed my friend's birthday party, ‘You got up late and you missed the train ‘You werent offered the job because you weren't quaitied. ‘You're not a senior staff member so you can't use the car park. ‘You didn't go to the meeting 80 you didn't hear @ safety inspection. ‘You want to go away for the weekend but you've got lots of homework. ‘You want a pet but you're allergic to animals. ‘You damaged the video because you didn You like chocolate but you're on a diet ‘You enjoy playing tennis but you have twisted your ankle. BS). Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1 It's a pity | can’t go to the beach today, but | have to stay at home and study. could I wish ..| could go to the beach ... today, but !have to stay at home and study. It it weren't raining, we could go on a picnic. stop Iwish .. is aA sarah ‘so we could go on a picnic. It's a shame we didn't see the exhibition, had We WIS ern Sh George needs a new car but he can't afford to buy one. could George wishes ......... sv . It's a pity Jenny wasn't invited to the party. been JeMMy WISMES 0... soreeseeee ~ sas secnense I've been offered a job in Paris but | can't speak French. speak — | wish Sais snus the exhibition. anew car. to the party. ., because I've been offered a job in Paris. 127:8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 7 George never arrives on time when we arrange to go out. Only Harn fh Con time when we arrange to go out. 8 | would really lke to be lying on the beach now. wer ' ene " seutmmenasnasn OM tHe beach Now. UD. ut the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form, Mary was telling Julle about her planned trip to a tropical island. It sounded wonderful.“ | were you, 1) ..would be... (be) $0 excited,” Julie said. “| am,” replied Mary,” but | wish you 2) .. (come) with me. We 3) (have) such fun!” “I know. If only 1 4). cs (ROW) Oa 06, 1B) ess (not/spend) all my money on redecorating the kitchen. Anyway, what clothes are you planning to take with you?" “Well, I'm hoping to buy some new ones. If you 6) (finish) work early today, we 7) +» (Go) shopping in town.” "If 18) .. I'd make sure | took light clothes and lots of insect repelient. What 9) you get there?" “Sunbathe, swim and go for long walks on the beach.” "Make sure you 10) (send) me a postcard and take lots of pictures.” "Don't worry, | will” Rewrite the letter using wishes or if-clauses as in the example: wish I hadn't had ouch a terrible day yesterday. QB. complete the following sentences. 1 Ifonly | had kept my appointment with the dentist yesterday, ...! wouldn’t have to 2 wish | had paid my electricty bil, ma 3. If | were Prime Minister, | 4 If itrains tomorrow, 5 Pete wishes he had worked harder at school, 6 Sarah will go to the party if 7 only | hac more money, 8 Liz wishes she had got up e: lf only Jo hadn't locked her keys in the car, I John gets a promotion at work, If the government bans smoking in public areas, if only | hadn't shouted at Julie, . if Jenny had locked the front door, if you are late for a job interview, .. Ifyou have a headache, . pis8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past Unreal Past ‘The Simple Past can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the present and the Past Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past. This is called Unreal Past. Unreal Past is used as follows: Past Simple Past Perfect Conditionals Type 2 (unreal in the present) Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past) ‘I were you, wouldn't do that. ‘the had wamed me, this wouldn't have happened. wish (present) wish (past) Iwish she were more cooperative, Honly | hadn't lost all my money last night. 'd rather/sooner sb ... (present) 'd rather/sooner sb ... (past) rd rather you paid me today. 'd rather you had not told everyone. ‘Suppose/Supposing ‘Suppose/Supposing ‘Suppose your father caught you smoking, what ‘Suppose he had left before the boss came, would you do? what would have happened? 4 if/as though (untrue situation in the present) as iffas though (untrue situation in the past) ‘She behaves as if she were the Queen Soon efter being introduced, they were talking to each other as if they had been friends for yoars. It's (@bouvnigh) time. Its time you started work. would rather = Id prefer when the subject of would I'd rather + Present bare infinitive (present/future reference) rather is also the subject Perfect bare infinitive (past reference) of the following verb 'd rather play tennis. I'd rather not have gone out with him yesterday. when the subject of would I'd rather sb + Past Simple (presenti/future reference) rather is different from the Perfect (past reference) subject of the following verb I'd rather you stopped smoking. 'd rather you had mentioned that before. prefer + gerundinoun + to + gerundinoun (general). | profer (drinking) tea to (drinking) coftee. refer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (general preference) | prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink) tea. would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific preference) ''d prefer to live in London rather than (live in) Swansea. would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive. 1"d rather fly fo Munich than go there by car. had better = should had better + present bare inf (present/future reference) He had better consult a lawyer. (= He should consult a lawyer.) Hwould have been better if + Past Perfect (past reference). it would have been better if you hadn't talked fo James last night. (= You shouldn't have talked to James last night.) n948 HUES Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1. Suppose they ...had cancelled... (cancel) the fight. How would you have got home? We'd rather you cme (L@KO Out) Separate holiday insurance. I hate it when you speak to me as if svninnermmrnne (08) & Chil She'd rather onsen (not/show) him her passport. It's high time he . aa (face) up to his responsibilities. only 1 oT ARTISAN svonmannninanens (MOHAVE) the window open! W they -mumnomninmennsnnsnn (QO) OUR 1088, they'd have more money. Chris prefers (work) mornings rather than evenings. Suppose HElEN «uneven mate) your excboytiend, would you sti go tothe par? VO rather SAM saensarnnsonen - (notiplay) his music so loud, Sylvia wishes she .. (have) long hair. She had only lived there three months but she spoke the language a8 if She ese. (V6) there longer. Tom's mother made him go to school although he would rather soe (Stay) at home, | feel a bit sick now. | wish I... (eal) so much He much prefers snnsnvewnine (Sten) tO CDS 10 n. swe (GO) t0 live concerts. I'd preter -uou (de) my bicyele to the shops rather than .... sw: (take) the bus. I'd rather... (lve) alone than sve (Shar) a flat with a stranger, PPROHEF ase (talk) with friends rather than -» (watch) television. PEW sie sith (work) harder, she wouldn't have failed her exams. You'd Better en mn ss (QO) to bed as we have to be up early tomorrow. WQS complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. Your mother's worried about you. You should phone her. better You ...had better phone... your mother as she's worried about you. Will you ever think about finding a flat of your own? HME HS sen about finding a flat of your own. Look at how he lives - he! thinks he's 3 a millionaire. it He lives . ssssesees @ Millionaire, This summer, | would rather book a holiday in Monaco than Lyons. prefer This summer, | a holiday in Monaco rather than Lyons. Why didn’t you tell me yourself that you were. aah rather I'd ‘me yourself that you were leaving, ‘She wants to be more like her mother. wishes She = sevmserrerserrersecsarariee MOF like Her mother. I should have taken that job in Ganada last year. only it that job in Canada last year. You should have checked the il ‘betore you set out. better tt seven vsanense you had checked the oil before you set out. dQ. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate auxiliary verb. He hasn't got a yacht but he wishes he ... had... ‘She can't afford a maid but she wishes she | didn’t pay attention in class but | wish 1 He had his hair cut really short but now he wishes he He's going to the dentist this afternoon but he wishes he ‘She made a terrible mistake but now she wishes she .. ‘They probably won't change their minds but | wish they He always brings his dog to my house but I really wish he Horgot to enclose the cheque but | wish | He won't let me leave early but | wish he .. 1308 US. put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Dear Jenny, Sorry | didn’t answer your last letter. If 1 1) ..had realleed... (realised) how serious the situation was, | would have written to you straightaway, You obviously need my advice. | only wish 12) (be) with you now to help you. I think it’s about time you 3) eave) your job and 4) s:ssnin-nin (Start) to look for a new one. If your boss 5) {insist) on treating you so unfairly, then you have very little choice. You say that you'd rather 0 (have) a job you hate than no job at all, but is that really true? if you ” (be) worried about money, don't be. You can come home and live with your father and me for a while. I'd rather you 8)... cousin (live) nearer home ‘anyway, Your old boss at the library, Mr Green, says you could have your old job back if you Cpeeee) sounees (want) it, You could have been Head Librarian by now if you 10) {notfleave)! Anyway, I'l let you know if | 11) (hear) about any other suitable jobs. Take care and let me know if you 12) sss owe (make) any decisions Love, Mum dears +. I didn't pass my exams and now I can't go to university. wish |..wish | had passed. my exams; then | could go to university. | was about to'buy the painting, when | realised it was a fake. it I would have bought the painting smn WAS a fake, | didn't see the TV programme because | didn't know it was on. known if the TV programme was on, | would have seen it. | think you should go on holiday. were if a . | would go on holiday, You shouldn't have told Sally my secret. told eat z mn igen Sally my secret You'd think he was a politician though He behaves a politician You should be in bed now. I's late. went IS av . r snuin 10 Ded. it would have been better it you had passed on the message. only it .. the message. ifthe teacher asked you to answer that question, what would you say? asked — SUPPOSE nnn mnnminnsnmn to answer that question, what would you say? it's a pity it’s raining. stop. ad Se eee raining, She couldn't tall you because she didn't know. would Had ...... ‘ : sow tOld You. Why did [listen to John? He always tells les. listened If .~« to John. He always tells ies. We should have jet by now if we don't want to miss the bus. eaten itwe don't want to miss the bus | would have liked you to have informed my parents about my change of plan. rather | . my parents about my change of plan. It would have been better if they had got the earlier train. only Haw snemmnnineninennonenee tO @artier tain You ought to have set a wedding date by now. time IS. a wedding date Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 131Find the word which should not be in the sentence. Unless you not know the details, you can't reach a decision. It they will finish this assignment on time, they'll be rewarded, Even if he offered to make up for the damage, otherwise | wouldn't accept. were | had accepted the job, | would be earning a lot of money now. Ishe were be me, she would have done exactly the same. ‘You won't be allowed to attend the reception unless you will receive an invitation, | wish if they would stop criticising our efforts to change things. Tl give them my new address in case they will want to forward my post. only he had been taken our advice. ‘As long as you will promise to behave yourself, you can stay overnight at your friend's. | wish for Sarah would give up her dream of becoming an opera singer. He looked as if that he hadn't slept for days. It's time they had decided what they want to do. She'd better to take a course in French before she moves to France. 11d rather they had stayed at a hotel the next time they're in town, John would rather to buy a new car than a second-hand one. ‘She would prefer to have invest the money rather than spend it Unless we will have the car repaired, we won't be able to make our journey, Don't you wish you were being someone famous? Had it | waited longer, | would have seen the parade. Oral Development 12