

ekuo&fodkl dk ewy lk/ku gh f'k{kk gS] vr% fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dks ubZ fn'kk
fn[kkus rFkk lekt dk mRFkku djus esa bldk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA f'k{kk ,d
izfØ;k gS u fd miyfC/kA miyfC/k rks bl izfØ;k dk ifj.kke gSA bl izfØ;k esa ckyd
ds lokZxh.k fodkl dk Hkko fufgr gSA Hkkjr o"kZ esa f'k{kk dks izkFkfed] ek/;fed]
mPp o fof'k"V oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA bu lHkh oxks± esa izkFkfed f'k{kk dks
f'k{kk dh uhao dgk x;k gS D;ksafd izkFkfed f'k{kk gh euq"; ds O;fDro dk fuekZ.k
djrk gSA izkFkfed f'k{kk dk rks vFkZ gh izkjfEHkd] eq[;&f'k{kk gSA izkjfEHkd
f'k{kk ckyd dks izkjEHk esa gh nh tkrh gS vkSj eq[;&f'k{kk blfy, gS fd ;g vkxs dh
f'k{kk dh uhao gksrh gSA izkFkfed f'k{kk }kjk nh tkrh gS vkSj mUgsa lkekftd
thou thus dh izkFkfed fØ;kvksa esa izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA

izkFkfed f'k{kk] f'k{kk dh uhao dk og iRFkj gS ftlls ckyd dh

lh[kus&le>us&ns[kus vkfn dh 'kfDr fodflr dh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ mldks lkekU;
ekuo&O;ogkj esa izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA ifj.kker% cPpksa dh vkxs dh f'k{kk
lqpk: :i ls pyrh jgrh gS] D;ksafd izkFkfed f'k{kk dh uhao ij gh cPpksa dh f'k{kk
fuHkZj djrh gSA izkFkfed f'k{kk xzg.k djus ls cPpksa dk lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] uSfrd
vkSj pkfjf=d fodkl lEHko gksrk gS D;ksafd f'k'kqdky ls gh ckyd dqN u dqN lh[krk
gS vkSj igys ifjokj ls] fQj lekt ls] blesa ;fn cPpksa dks izkFkfed f'k{kk nh tk;s rks
mldk O;fDrRo fu[kj ds vkrk gS rFkk mlesa ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
izkFkfed f'k{kk dks ns'k ds dksus&dksus esa igq¡pk;k tk jgk gS rFkk f'k{kk dks
vfuok;Z o fu%'kqYd f'k{kk cukus dk ladYi fd;k tk jgk gSA ^^lafo/kku ykxw gksus
ds 10 o"kZ ds vUnj jkT; vius {ks= ds lHkh ckydksa dks 14 o"kZ dh vk;q gksus rd
fu%'kqYd o vfuok;Z f'k{kk iznku djus dk iz;kl djsxkA blh ls LoLFk tuer dk
fuekZ.k lEHko gSA izkFkfed f'k{kk dks Hkkjr ds vf/kdrj O;fDr;ksa dh iw.kZ
f'k{kk ekuk x;k gS rFkk izkFkfed f'k{kk ls lkekU; thou thus ;ksX; cuk;k tkrk gSA
izkFkfed f'k{kk ls ckyd dks lokZxha.k fodkl ds iFk ij Bhd <ax ls vxzflr djus ds fy,
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

í

 ubZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 2020 ds ifjiz{; esa izkFkfed f'k{kk esa gq, ifjorZu
dk v/;;u djukA
 izkFkfed f'k{kk ds u;s vk;keksa dk fo'ys"kk.kkRed v/;;u djukA
 izkFkfed f'k{kk esa vkijs'ku CySd cksMZ ls gq, ifjofrZr Lo:i dk v/;;u djukA
 ftyk izkFkfed f'k{kk dk;ZØe (D.P.E.P) ds izkFkfed f'k{kk ij izHkko dk v/;;u
djukA
 izkFkfed f'k{kk esa ukekadu rFkk mifLFkfr ij e/;kUg&Hkkstu ds izHkko dk
v/;;u djukA



Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds pkjksa dky&oSfnd dky] ckS)dky] e/;dky rFkk vk/kqfud

dky lHkh esa izkFkfed f'k{kk iznku djus dk izko/kku fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
^^vk/kqfud dkyhu f'k{kk dks fczfV'kdkyhu f'k{kk ,oa LorU= Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa
ck¡Vk x;k gSA fczfV'kdky rFkk vk/kqfuddky nksuksa esa gh izkFkfed f'k{kk ds
fy, f'k{kk&uhfr;k¡ xfBr dh xbZA csfld f'k{kk dh ladYiuk bl dky dh egRoiw.kZ nsu
gSA ^^4 lHkh uhfr;ksa esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds Lo:i dks ifjofrZr djus ds iz;kl fd;s
x;s] ijUrq 'kks/kkfFkZuh dk v/;;u {ks= ubZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986] rFkk blds
mijkUr xfBr dh xbZ fofHkUu 'kkldh; uhfr;ksa rd gh lhfer jgsxkA

ubZ f'k{kk ds QyLo:i izkFkfed f'k{kk esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa vkSj
lq/kkjksa vkfn dk ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u izLrqr 'kks/k&izcU/k
esa fd;k tk;sxkA


 izkFkfed f'k{kk % izkFkfed f'k{kk dk vFkZ gS& eq[;&f'k{kk vFkok
izkjfEHkd f'k{kk vFkkZr~ cPpksa dks izkjEHk esa nh tkus okyh f'k{kk vkSj eq[;~
f'k{kk blfy, dgk x;k gS D;ksafd ;g Hkkoh f'k{kk dh uhao gSA

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr 1986% jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ds izk:i esa fofHkUu i{kksa ij
fo'ks"k cy iznku fd;k x;k gSA fuj{kjrk mUe wyu] izkS< + f'k{kk izlkj]
lkoZHkkSfed izkFkfed f'k{kk] f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k] nwjorhZ f'k{kk xzg.k]
uSfrdrk mUeq[k f'k{kk ,oa mPpf'k{kkA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds Hkkoh Lo:i dh
cqfu;kn lqn`< cukuk rkfd bl 'krkCnh ds vUr rd yxHkx lkS djksM+ O;fDr;ksa dh
lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr ds ewy lzksrksa dks lafpr fd;k tk ldsA blds fy, ,d jk"Vª O;kih iz;kl
iqu% vkjEHk gksuk pkfg, ftlls f'k{kk viuh cgqeq[kh Hkwfedk iw.kZ:i ls fuHkk
ldsA



izFke v/;k; esa leL;k esa v/;;u ds i'pkr~ ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS] fd vuqlU/kku
ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk foLrkj ls v/;;u fd;k tk;sA vr% orZeku v/;k; esa 'kks/kkfFkZuh
'kks/k ls lEcfU/kr v/;;u fdlds }kjk fd;k x;k gS vkSj mu 'kks/k&izcU/kksa esa fdu
rF;ksa ij cy iznku fd;k x;k gS rFkk ml 'kks/k ds y{; D;k gS\

xqM] ckj ,oa fLdsV~l us lEcfU/kr lkfgR; ds egRo ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, viuh
iqLrd esa fy[kk gS fd ^^;ksX; fpfdRlksa dks vkS"kf/k ds {ks= esa gq, uohure
vUos"k.kksa ds lkFk pyuk pkfg,A** blh izdkj f'k{kk 'kkL= ds fo|kFkhZ vkSj
'kks/kdrkZ dks 'kSf{kd lwpukvksa ds lk/kuksa vkSj mi;ksxksa rFkk muds LFkkiu
ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A **tksu0 MCY;w0 cSLV ds vuqlkj O;kogkfjd :i esa lEiw.kZ
ekuo Kku iqLrdksa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa esa fey ldrk gSA *^3 izLrqr 'kks/k esa
'kks/kkfFkZuh us ,sfrgkfld fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gS rFkk bl fof/k esa vrhr dks dHkh
Hkh vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mlesa lkfgR; dk iquZfujh{k.k gh rF;ksa
dks ,d= djus dh fof/k gSA lkfgR; ds v/;;u ls gh 'kks/k rF; izkIr gks lds gSaA
Ø

;g lq>ko fn;k tkrk gS fd lkekU; dkj.kksa vFkok lk/kuksa vFkkZr~ lS)kafrd

dk;ks±] pjksa vkSj izdj.kksa dk vFkZ vkSj izd`fr dks vf/kd Li"V djus okyh
ikB~;&iqLrd dks ^^Mh0 ikuhxzgh] ,l0 lh0 nkl rFkk Mh0lh0 nkl ¼1972½ us
mMhlk] esa ^^izkjfEHkd Lrj ij vojks/ku ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkus rFkk mipkjkRed
mik; lq>kus ds fy, v/;;u fd;kA **mM+hlk ds ik¡p 'kSf{kd ftys Hkk¡tuxj] Qqycuh]
csyklkjs] vaxqy rFkk ckjx< + tks fd bl jkT; ds ik¡p Hkk"kk;h {ks=ksa dk
izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa] dks iznRr ladyu ds fy, p;fur fd;k x;k gSA

^^jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd fu;kstu rFkk iz'kklu laLFkku (NIEPA) ubZ fnYyh

¼1979½ us vkU/kz izns'k esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds lUnHkZ esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds
iz'kklu fo"k; ij v/;;u fd;kA

**jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd fu;kstu rFkk iz'kklu laLFkku (NIEPA) ubZ fnYyh

¼1979½ us ^^vklke esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSehdj.k ds lUnHkZ esa
izkFkfed f'k{kk ds iz'kklu** fo"k; ij v/;;u fd;kA**

^^jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd fu;kstu rFkk iz'kklu laLFkku (NIEPA) ubZ fnYyh]

¼1979½ us ^^fcgkj esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSehdj.k ds lUnHkZ esa
izkFkfed f'k{kk ds iz'kklu** fo"k; ij v/;;u fd;kA

^^jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd fu;kstu rFkk iz'kklu laLFkku (NIEPA) ubZ fnYyh]

¼1979½ us ^^mÙkj izns'k esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSehdj.k ds lUnHkZ esa
izkFkfed f'k{kk ds iz'kklu** fo"k; ij v/;;u fd;kA



izLrqr “kks/k izcU/k esa ,sfrgkfld fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA vrhr ls lEcfU/kr ?
kVukvksa] O;fDr;ksa] le; rFkk LFkkuksa ds chp rF;kRed fooj.k dh lwph ;k fyf[kr
izek.k dks bfrgkl ds :i es ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vrhr esa ?kfVr ?kVuk ds
fy, ;g fu/kkZfjr djuk fd ;g okLro esa gqbZ gS ;k ugh bfrgkl dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z
gSA xfrghu voLFkk vkSj lkekftd ?kVuk dks izR;{k :i ls ns[kuk ,d i;kZIr
vk/kkjf'kyk ugha gSA ;g u rks visf{kr volj nsrh gS vkSj u gh ;FkkFkZ gksrh
gSA ;gk¡ bu ?kVukvksa ds fodkl dk ,d le;kuqdwyu v/;;u tqM+k gksuk pkfg,A
fo'ks"k :i ls bfrgkldkj fdlh le; esa gq, ifjorZu esa ugha] cfYd le;kuqdwy gq,
lkaLd`frd ifjorZu esa :fp j[krs gSa] ;gh ,sfrgkfld n`f’Vdks.k gSA “kks/k esa iz;qDr
dh tkus okyh ^,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku*] vuqla/kku fof/k dks dbZ :iksa esa iszf{kr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA



,sfrgkfld leL;kvksa ds vUos’k.k esa vkykspukRed fof/k dk iz;ksx gh

^^,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku** gSA bl fof/k esa ,d lqfu;ksftr izfØ;k ,oa izo`fÙk ds ekin.M
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blesa leL;k dh lhek,¡ ,oa igpku ifjdYiuk dk fuek.kZ
vkdM+ksa dk laxzg] lR;kiu] lizek.krk ,oa fo'ks’k ifjdYiuk dh tk¡p ,oa ,sfrgkfld
fooj.k dk vkys[k fufgr gksrk gSA



izkFkfed lzksr os ekSfyd vfHkys[k gksrs gSa tks fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ds izFke
lk{kh gksrs gSaA budks izeq[k lzksr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS rFkk ;s izeq[k lzksr
gh ,sfrgkfld fof/k dks Bksl vk/kkj cukrs gSaA izLrqr “kks/k&izcU/k esa] izkFkfed
f'k{kk esa] ubZ f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa gq, ifjofrZr Lo:iksa “kkldh; uhfr;ksa ,oa u;s
vk;keksa dk ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa fo'ys’k.kkRed v/;;u djus ds fy, iz;qDr fd;s x;s
fofHkUu vfHkys[kksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSa&

 LorU=rk iwoZ ds vfHkys[kA

 LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ ds vfHkys[kA


 f}rh;d lzksr okLrfod bfrgkl ls ,d ;k vf/kd in nwj ys tkus okyk ,sfrgkfld
vfHkys[k gksrk gSA budks xkS.k lzksr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k esa f}rh;d
lzksr ds :i esa fofHkUu f'k{kk uhfr;ksa ds vkykspukRed v/;;uksa] ekuo&lalk/ku
fodkl eU=ky; }kjk le; ij izdkf'kr fofHkUu vfHkys[kksa] jk’Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlU/kku
,oa izf'k{k.k ifj’kn~ }kjk izdkf'kr vfHkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA izkjfEHkd
f'k{kk foHkkx rFkk jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku }kjk izdkf'kr vfHkys[kksa dks Hkh blh
oxZ esa j[kk x;k gSA



'kks/k&izcU/k ys[ku ds iznÙkksa dk ladyu izkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d lzksrksa }

kjk fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr 'kks/k&izcU/k esa izkFkfed lzksr ds :i esa LorU=rk ls igys
okys rFkk LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ tks Hkh vfHkys[k izLrqr fd;s x;s gSa muesa ls
fofHkUu f'k{kk uhfr;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA loZizFke LorU=rk izkfIr ls iwoZ
fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk tks uhfr;k¡ cukbZ xbZ muesa lEcfU/kr vfHkys[kksa dk v/;;u fd;k
x;kA bu uhfr;ksa esa izFke vfHkys[k ykWMZ dtZu }kjk lu~ 1904 bZ0 esa
izLrkfor f'k{kk&uhfr ls lEcfU/kr FkkA blls lEcfU/kr vfHkys[kksa dk fo'ys’k.k djus
ds fy, ykMZ dtZu dh f'k{kk&uhfr dk foLr`r v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA




LorU=rk ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa fczfV'k jkT; iw.kZr% viuh tM+s tek pqdk FkkA
bl le; fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk izLrkfor f'k{kk&uhfr;k¡ vf/kd izpfyr FkhA buds
lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us Hkh fofHkUu f'k{kk&uhfr;k¡ izLrqr dh FkhA 11
ekpZ lu~ 1904 bZ0 dks ykMZ dtZu }kjk izLrkfor f'k{kk&uhfr dks ljdkjh izLrko ds
:i esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA blds i'pkr~ ^xksiky d`".k xks[kys* us lu~ 1910 bZ0 esa
izkFkfed f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa xks[kys fo/ks;d izLrqr fd;k FkkA lu~ 1929 bZ0 esa
izkFkfed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr gVkZax lfefr Hkh xfBr dh xbZ FkhA
 lu~ 1937 bZ0 esa egkRek xk¡/kh us o/kkZ f'k{kk&lEesyu esa csfld f'k{kk
;kstuk ¼cqfu;knh rkyhe½ izLrqr dh FkhA bldks ubZ rkyhe vkSj o/kkZ f'k{kk
;kstuk ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA MkW0 tkfdj gqlSu dh v/;{krk esa o/kkZ esa
izLrkfor f'k{kk ;kstuk dks vfUre :i nsus ds fy, ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k ftls ^tkfdj
gqlSu lfefr* dgk tkrk gSA ^^bl lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ nks Hkkxksa esa izLrqr dh
FkhA izFke fjiksVZ fnlEcj lu~ 1937 bZ0 rFkk nwljh fjiksVZ vizSy] lu~ 1938 bZ0
esa izLrqr dh FkhA**

blds i'pkr~ cEcbZ izkUr ds rRdkyhu eq[;eU=h Jh ch0th0 [kSj dh v/;{krk esa
[kSj lfefr lu~ 1938 bZ0 dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlesa csfld f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa dkQh
lq>ko fn;sA csfld f'k{kk dks izkUrh; lUnHkZ esa ns[kus le>us vkSj mlds vk/kkj ij
ek/;fed f'k{kk ds Lo:i dks fuf'pr djus ds fy, vkpk;Z ujsUnznso dh v/;{krk esa ,d
lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k ftls vkpk;Z ujsUnznso lfefr lu~ 1939 bZ0 ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq cksMZ us ^^dsUnzh; f'k{kk lykgkdkj cksMZ
fjiksVZ** rS;kj dh x;hA bl ^dsUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksMZ* ds v/;{k lj tkWu
lktsZUV FksA ;g ;kstuk mUgh a dh v/;{krk esa rS;kj dh xbZ Fkh rFkk mUgh a ds
uke ij bls ^lktsZUV ;kstuk* lu~ 1944 bZ0 dgrs gSaA



izkFkfed f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe {ks=h; vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj rS;kj fd;k tk,A

blesa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvk sa dks eq[; LFkku fn;k tk,] v¡xzsth dks blls gVk fn;k tk,]
'kkjhfjd O;k;ke vfuok;Z fd;k tk, vkSj dqN mi;ksxh fo"k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tk,A
^^izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr de /;ku fn;k x;k gS vkSj mlds izlkj ds fy, dksbZ Bksl dne
ugh mBk, x, gSA vr% mldk izlkj djuk ljdkj dk eq[; dÙkZO; gSA**

LFkkuh; fudk; izkFkfed f'k{kk&dks"k dks dsoy izkFkfed f'k{kk ij gh O;;

djsaA izkUrh; ljdkjsa bUgs vko';drkuqlkj vuqnku nsaA ;g vuqnku ijh{kkQy ij
vk/kkfjr u gksdj {ks=h; vko';drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fn;k tk, vkSj izkUrh; ljdkjsa
izkFkfed f'k{kk ij gq, O;; dk 50 izfr'kr ogu djsaA



tks jktdh; ek/;fed fo|ky; pyk, tk jgs gS mudks xSj ljdkjh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds
fy, vkn'kZ fo|ky;ksa dh Hkwfedk vnk djuh pkfg;sA buds ikB~;Øe esa O;kolkf;d
fo"k;ksa dks LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA lHkh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa izf'kf{kr f'k{kd
fu;qDr fd, tkus pkfg;sA ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{k.k Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy,
mUgsa ekU;rk iznku djus vkSj lgk;rk vuqnku Lohd`r djus ds fu;e dBksj fd, tkus
pkfg;sA



mPp f'k{kk esa ckº; ijh{kkvksa dk egRo de djds egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|
ky;ksa dh f'k{kk ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg; rFkk mPp f'k{kk
ds foLrkj vkSj mUu;u ds fy, vko';d /kujkf'k




izkFkfed f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa ljdkj us Lohdkj fd;k fd bl ij lcls vf/kd /;ku fn;k
tkuk pkfg, vkSj lcls vf/kd O;; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A izLrko esa vkxs Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd
dqN iz'kklfud vkSj vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa ds dkj.k ljdkj vfuok;Z ,oa fu%'k qYd
izkFkfed f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ugha dj ik jgh gSA ijUrq og xSj ljdkjh iz;klksa dks
izksRlkgu nsdj izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izlkj dk iz;Ru djsxhA blesa ljdkj us ;g ladsr fn;k
fd vHkh izkFkfed f'k{kk ds iw.kZ:i ls fu%'kqYd ugh fd;k tk ldrk ijUrq LFkkuh;
fudk; fu/kZu vkSj fiNM+s oxZ ds cPpksa ds fy, fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk
djsaxsA


 ljdkj us Lohdkj fd;k fd og ek/;fed f'k{kk ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dks lgh <ax ls ugh
fuHkk ik jgh FkhA izLrko esa ek/;fed f'k{kk ds lUnHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr fu.kZ;
vFkok lq>ko fn;sA tSls& ljdkjh ek/;fed Ldwy] xSjljdkjh ek/;fed Ldwyksa ds fy,
vkn'kZ gks lds ljdkj vius dks ek/;fed f'k{kk ds mRrjnkf;Ro ls eqDr u le> ldsA
Nk=ksa dks LokLF; foKku dh Hkh f'k{kk nsuh pkfg, vkSj muds LokLF; dk le; ij
ijh{k.k Hkh gksuk pkfg,A ek/;fed Ldwyksa esa Lukrd ijh{kk mRrh.kZ vkSj
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k izkIr f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr dh tkuh pkfg, rFkk ek/;fed Ldwyksa dk
fu;fer :i ls fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A gkbZLdwy ds ikB~;Øe esa gLr&dkS'ky vkSj
foKku dh f'k{kk dks lfEefyr djuk pkfg, vkSj gkbZ Ldwy dk ikB~;Øe vius esa
iw.kZ bdkbZ gksuk pkfg,A



ljdkj us Lohdkj fd;k fd ml le; mPp f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk larks"ktud ugha Fkh
ftlds fy, dkQh lq>ko Hkh fn; x;sA fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa Nk=ksa ds fy, Nk=koklksa
vkSj izk/;kidksa ds fy, izk/;kid fuoklksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA fo'ofo/kky;ksa dk
dk;Z{ks= lhfer fd;k tk;sA blds fy, loZizFke izR;sd izkUr esa de ls de ,d fo'ofo|ky;
LFkkfir fd;k tk;sA

fo'ofo/kky;ksa ds ikB;Øeksa dks vko';drkuqlkj foLr`r fd;k tk, vkSj v?kVu

cuk; tk;sA fo'ofy|ky;ksa dk dk;ZHkkj de fd;k tk;s] muds LFkku ij gkbZLd wy dh
ekU;rk dk dk;ZHkkj izkUrh; ljdkjksa vkSj ns'kh jkT;ksa dks lkSaik tk;sA fo'ofo|
ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa esa ;qodksa ds uSfrd fodkl ds fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k rS;kj
fd;k tk;sA

L=h&f'k{kk lEcU/kh fu.kZ; vFkok lq>ko ljdkj us Lohdkj fd;k fd ml le; L=h
f'k{kk u ds cjkcj FkhA L=h f'k{kk ds foLrkj ds lEcU?k esa ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk ij
fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;kA
 f'k{kk&izLrko uhfr]1913 dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k% xks[ksys us f'k{kk%
xks[kys us vius izLrko 1913 ds lq>koksa dks u;s :i esa izLrqr fd;kA xks[kys )kjk
izkFkfed Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa dh U;wure 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ,oa osru fuf'pr fd;s x;s
rFkk izkFkfed fo/kky;ksa dh d{kkvksa esa Nk=ksa dh la[;k fuf'pr dh xbZA f'k{kk
izLrko 1913] ds vUrxZr ek/;fed fo/kky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh U;wure 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk
vkSj osru fuf'pr fd;s x;sA



gVkZax lfefr us ek/;fed f'k{kk esa nks dfe;k¡ ik;hA igyh&ek/;fed f'k{kk dk
ijh{kk&iz/kku gksuk vkSj nwljh&ek/;fed ijh{kk esa vuqRrh.kZ gksus okys
Nk=ksa ds izfr'kr esa fujUrj o`f) gksukA lfefr dh lEefr esa bu nksuksa dfe;ksa ds
cgqr ls dkj.k jgs gSA tSls&

 fefMy Ldwyksa dk fuEu 'kSf{kd Lrj] e+k/;fed f'k{kk esa foLrkj fd;k x;k]
 efMy Ldwyksa dk fuEu 'kSf{kd Lrj jgk]
 d{kk 10 ls igys d{kksUufr mnkjrk Fkh]
 mi;qDr 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr f'k{kdksa dh deh FkhA



gVk±x lfefr us rRdkyhu mPp f'k{kk dh la[;kRed izxfr dks rks larks"ktud
crk;k] ijUrq mlds xq.kkRed Lrj esa fxjkoV ds izfr fpUrk O;Dr dhA lkFk gh mlus ;g
Hkh Li"V fd;k fd ;g f'k{kk dsoy lS)kfUrd gSA



cqfu;knh f'k{kk fØ;k iz/kku f'k{kk gS] ;g izk;% vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA
ckyd gLrf'kYi ds {ks= esa lfØ; jgdj ekufld vuqHkoksa ds lkFk&lkFk vU; izdkj ds
vuqHkoksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA cqfu;knh f'k{kk ckyd iz/kku f'k{kk
ekuh x;h gS rFkk cky&dsfUnzr f'k{kk tks fd ckyd fØ;kvksa }kjk lh[krk gS] eq[;
jgh gSA cqfu;knh f'k{kk ls fo|ky;ksa esa ckydksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ oLrqvksa dks
cspus ls dqN O;; fudy vkrk gS rFkk ckyd fdlh gLrf'kYi dks lh[kdj vius Hkkoh thou
ds fy, /ku vftZr dj ldsxk rFkk mlesa lsok Lusg] lg;ksx] lfg".kqrk] vkRela;e Lrj ds
vuqdwy f'k{kk dks j[kk x;k gSA ftlls ckyd 'kkjhfjd Je }kjk fdlh Hkh mRiknd dk;Z
dks iwjk dj ldsxkA



½

Hkkjro"kZ dh vk/kqfud f'k{kk&O;oLFkk dh vk/kkjf'kyk fczfV'k 'kklu ds

nkSjku j[kh xbZ Fkh D;ksafd LorU=rk ls iwoZ fczfV'k 'kklu Hkkjr esa iw.kZr%
viuh tM+sa tek pqdk FkkA LorU=rk izkfIr ds ckn Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&iz.kkyh dh rhoz
vkykspukRed fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, mls Hkkjr dh uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:I
^^f'k{kk dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd ifjorZuksa dk 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku cuk;k
tk, tks jk"Vªh; y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq vko';d gks rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds thou]
vko';drkvksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa ls lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ldsaA** &dksBkjh vk;ksx
LorU=rk izkfIr ds mijkUr ns'k dh vko';drkvksa rFkk tulk/kkj.k dh 'kSf{kd
vkdka{kkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 'kSf{kd iquxZBu dh vko';drk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k
x;kA lafo/kku esa f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr dqN ladYi fd;s x;s rFkk fo}kuksa us fofHkUu
f'k{kk vk;ksxksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks izLrqr fd;kA mPp f'k{kk ds iquxZBu ds fy;s 14
uoEcj] lu~ 1948 bZ0 dks MkW0 loZiYyh jk/kkd`".ku dh v/;{krk esa ^fo'ofo|ky;
f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA blds i'pkr~ 23 flrEcj] lu~ 1952 bZ0 dks enzkl
fo'ofo|ky; ds rRdkyhu dqyifr MkW0 y{e.k Lokeh eqnkfy;j dh v/;{krk esa eqnkfy;j
vk;ksx ¼ek/;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx½ dk xBu fd;k x;kA bu vk;ksxksa ls mPp f'k{kk
rFkk ek/;fed f'k{kk esa dkQh lq/kkj fd;k x;k] ijUrq f'k{kk dh fLFkfr iw.kZr%
lUrks"kizn ugha cu ldhA rc lu~ 1964 bZ0 esa dksBkjh vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlus
f'k{kk ds lHkh Lrjksa dh f'k{kk ds lq/kkj gsrq dkQh lq>ko fn;sA dksBkjh vk;ksx
us f'k{kk dks ukxfjdksa ds thou] vko';drkvksa rFkk vkdka{kkvksa ls tksM+us ij
fo'ks"k cy fn;k ftlls f'k{kk esa jk"Vªh; vkn'kksZa dh izkfIr gks ldsA



jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr rFkk dk;Zokgh ;kstuk 1986 ds vuqlkj dsUnz }kjk Á;ksftr v/;kid
f'k{kk iquxZBu ;kstuk 1987&88 esa 'kq: dh x;hA bldk mn~ns'; ns'k esa Ldwyh
f'k{kdksa] izkS< rFkk vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dk
Kku] ;ksX;rk rFkk f'k{k.k&dkS'ky fujUrj c<+kus ds fy, 'kkL=h; rFkk rduhdh
laLkk/ku vk/kkj rS;kj djuk gSA bl ;kstuk esa ÁkFkfed f'k{kk v/;kidksa] vukSipkfjd
f'k{kk ÁkS< f'k{kk vuqns'kdksa dks 'kkL=h; (Academic) lalk/ku leFkZu nsus ds
fy, izR;sd ftys esa ,d ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku (D.I.E.T.) LFkkfir djus ij
fopkj fd;k x;k FkkA vc rd fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa 485 Mk;V LFkkfir gks pqds g
SA117 20 jkT;k sa }kjk f'k{kk vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"knk sa (S.C.E.R.T.) dks
etcwrh iznku djus ds fy, izf'k{k.k fn;k x;k gSA bld s vUrxZr vk Wijs'ku CySdck
sMZ dh lkexzh ds bLrseky rFkk lhs[kus dk U;wure Lrj uhfr ykx w djus dk
izf'k{k.k fn;k x;k lkFk gh Hkk"kk xf.kr ,oa i;kZoj.k v/;u dh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k
x;k g

jk"Vªh; cky Hkou

jk"Vªh; cky Hkou ¼ftls igys Hkkjr dh cky Hkou lkslk;Vh dgk tkrk Fkk½ dh
LFkkiuk 1956 e sa dh x;h FkhA ;g ,d Lok;Rr fudk; gSA ftldks f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk
foRrh; lgk;rk Ánku dh tkrh gSA ;g laLFkk 5&16 o"k Z ds cPpk sa] fo'ks"k :i ls lekt
ds nqc Zy oxk sZ ds cPpksa e sa l`tukRedrk dk s c

jk"Vªh; ÁkjfEHkd fe'ku

ÁkjfEHkd f'k{kk ds loZlqyHkhdj.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; f'k{kk fe'ku dh LFkkiuk dh
ifjdYiuk dh x;h gSA tk s ÁkjfEHkd f'k{kk ds fy, lHkh izdkjds lalk/kuk sa&ekuoh;]
foRrh; rFkk laLFkkxr dks tqVkrh g SA bl fe'ku dh LFkkiuk ls ljdkjh rFkk
xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dks Ásj.kk izkIr gks jgh g SA

vk axuckMh dk; ZØe

^^vk ¡xuokMh dk;ZØe lefUor ckyfodkl lsok dk d sUnzh; i{k gSA lu~ 1974 e sa
jk"Vªh; ckyuhfr ds Lohdkj fd;s tkus ds i'pkr lu~ 1975&76 esa 33 lefUor cky fodkl
lsok Cyk Wdks@ifj;k stukvk sa ds }kjk bl dk;ZØe dk Jh x.k s'k gqvkA119 **

lefUor cky fodkl ;k vkx¡uokMh dk izf'k{k.k lS.Mfop izk:I vk/kkfjr gSA

vkx¡uokMh ifjorh Z f'k{kk dh 'kq:okr gS vr% bl dk; ZØe dh mUufr] foLrkj ,oa
etcwrh ij cy fn;k x;k g SA bl dk;ZØe dk s mi;ksxh fl) djus ds fy, dkQh i z;kl fd;s
x;s g SA ftlls fiNM+s {ks=k sa e sa Hkh bldk leqfpr fodkl gks ldsA bl dk; ZØe dk
eq[; mn~ns'; i zR;sd lqfo/kkghu 3 ls 6 o"kZ ds ckydks dk s f'k{kk xzg.k djkuk gSA
;g dk;ZØe ifjorhZ f'k{kk ds fodkl esa iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gSA lesfdr cky fodkl lsokvksa dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ vkx¡uokMh g SA tk s xzkeh.k]
tutkrh; ;k xUnh cfLr;ksa oky s bykds e s a ,d vk ¡xuckMh dsUnz [kksyk x;k g SA
izkjEHk esa ÁR; sd vk ¡xuckMh dsUnz esa ,d dk; ZdÙkkZ vk Sj ,d lgk;d ¼g
SYij½ jgrk gS ftldk s 1 gtkj :Ik; s izfrekg osru rFkk lgk;d dks 600 :i;s izfrekg osru
feyrk gSA ijUrq le;kuqlkj buds osru esa Hkh o`f) dh tk jgh g SA

,d vkx¡ckMh dsUnz ij Ák; 40 cPps gk sus t:jh gSA bl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr ÁR; sd
ckyd dks 80 xzke iks"kkgkj Áfrfnu fn;k tkrk g S rFkk xHkZorh rFkk /kk=h
efgykvksa dks 960 xzke Áfr lIrkg rFkk fd'kk sjh ckfydkvk sa ¼14 ls 18 o"k Z½ dk
s Hkh 960 Áfr lIrkg ik s"kkgkj fn;k tkrk gSA dbZ vkx¡uckfM;ksa dh ns[k&js[k g
srq ,d i;Zos{kd gk srk gSA tks [k.M ifj;kstuk Lrj ij cky fodkl ifj;kstuk vf/kdkjh ds
rgr dke djrk g SA ftys ds cky fodkl ifj;k stuk vf/kdkfj;ksa vk Sj lesfdr cky fodkl
lsok (Integrated Child Development Service-I.C.D.S.) ds dk;Z dh Áxfr ij fuxkg
j[kus ds fy, ftyk lSy e sa ,d dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh jgrk gSA

loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku esa Hkou fuek Z.k dk;

loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku ds fØ;kUo;u g srq fo'ks"k :i ls fuekZ.k dk; Z dh xfrfof/k ds fy,

nk suksa Lrj dk laLFkkxr

jkT; ifj;kstuk Lrj ij lEIkw.k Z dk;ZØe fØ;kfUor djus dh :ijs[kk fuekZ.k dk;ksZ]
dk;ZØeksa dks fu;ksftr dj visf{kr foRrh; lalk/ku voeqDr djrk g SA bu lHkh dk;k sZ
dk ekfld cSBdksa ,oa jkT; Lrjh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds LFkyh; Hkze.k }kjk vuqJo.k ,oa
ekxZ n'k Zu iznku fd;k tkrk gSA fuekZ.k dk; Z dh xfrfof/k d s lEcU/k esa jkT;
ifj;kstuk funs'kd dk fu.kZ; gh vfUre gksrk g SA ftyk ifj;k stuk dk;k Zy; ftyk
vf/kdkfj;k sa ds fu;U=.k ,oa ekxZ funsZ'ku e sa dk;Zjr g S ;g dk;kZy; ftyks dh
okf"kZd dk; Z ;k stuk ds vuqlkj jkT; ifj;kstuk dk;k Zy; ls foRrh; vko aVu izkIr dj
dk; Zdzeokj@ xfrfof/kokj vko';d /kujkf'k voe qDRk djrk g S rFkk fofHkUu
dk;ZØeksa dh vuqek sfnr lwph ds vuqlkj xzkek sa ls lEcfU/kr xzkef'k{kk lfefr;kas
rFkk uxjh; {ks=ksa esa okMZ lfefr }kjk fuek Z.k dk; Z fØ;kfUor djk;k tkuk
lqfuf'pr djrk g SA

uà f'k{kk uhfr] 2020

gky gh esa çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh }kjk uà jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ykà xà ftls lHkh
ds ijke'kZ ls rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA bls ykus ds lkFk gh ns'k esa f'k{kk ds ij O;kid ppkZ
vkjaHk gks xà gSA f'k{kk ds lacaèk esa xkaèkh th dk rkRi;Z ckyd vkSj euq"; ds
'kjhj] eu rFkk vkRek ds lok±xh.k ,oa loksZR—"V fodkl ls gSA blh çdkj Lokeh
foosdkuan dk dguk Fkk fd euq"; dh varZfufgr iw.kZrk dks vfHkO;ä djuk gh f'k{kk
gSA bUgÈ lc ppkZvksa ds eè; ge ns[ksaxs fd 1986 dh f'k{kk uhfr esa ,slh D;k
dfe;k¡ jg xà FkÈ ftUgsa nwj djus ds fy;s uà jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ufr dks ykus dh
vko';drk iM+hA lkFk gh D;k ;g uà jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr mu mís';ksa dks iwjk djus
esa l{ke gksxh ftldk LoIu egkRek xkaèkh vkSj Lokeh foosdkuan us ns[kk Fkk\

lcls igys ^f'k{kk* D;k gS bl ij xkSj djuk vko';d gSA f'k{kk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk
gS lh[kus ,oa fl[kkus dh fØ;k ijarq vxj blds O;kid vFkZ dks ns[ksa rks f'k{kk fdlh
Hkh lekt esa fujarj pyus okyh lkekftd çfØ;k gS ftldk dksà mís'; gksrk gS vkSj ftlls
euq"; dh vkarfjd 'kfä;ksa dk fodkl rFkk O;ogkj dks ifj"—r fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kk }
kjk Kku ,oa dkS'ky esa o`f) dj euq"; dks ;ksX; ukxfjd cuk;k tkrk gSA

xkSjryc gS fd uà f'k{kk uhfr 2020 dh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk gh ekuo lalkèku ea=ky;

dk uke cnydj f'k{kk ea=ky; dj fn;k x;k gSA bl uhfr }kjk ns'k esa Ldwy ,oa mPp
f'k{kk esa ifjorZudkjh lqèkkjksa dh vis{kk dh xà gSA blds mís';ksa ds rgr o"kZ
2030 rd Ldwyh f'k{kk esa 100þ GER ds lkFk&lkFk iwoZ&fo|ky; ls ekè;fed Lrj rd
f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSfedj.k dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA

egÙoiw.kZ rF;

 vafre jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa cukà xà Fkh ftlesa o"kZ 1992 esa
la'kksèku fd;k x;k FkkA

 orZeku uhfr varfj{k oSKkfud ds- dLrwjhjaxu dh vè;{krk okyh lfefr dh

fjiksVZ ij vkèkkfjr gSA

 uà jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 ds rgr o"kZ 2030 rd ldy ukekadu vuqikr
¼Gross Eurolment Ratio&GER½ dks 100þ ykus dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA

 uà f'k{kk uhfr ds varxZr dsaæ o jkT; ljdkj ds lg;ksx ls f'k{kk {ks= ij thMhih
ds 6þ fgLls ds lkoZtfud O;; dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA

 uà f'k{kk uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk gh ekuo lalkèku çcaèku ea=ky; dk uke

ifjoÆrr dj f'k{kk ea=ky; dj fn;k x;k gSA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ds çeq[k Çcnq

Ldwyh f'k{kk lacaèkh çkoèkku

 uà f'k{kk uhfr esa 5 $ 3 $ 3 $ 4 fMt+kbu okys 'kS{kf.kd lajpuk dk çLrko

fd;k x;k gS tks 3 ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q okys cPpksa dks 'kkfey djrk gSA

o ik¡p o"kZ dh QkmaMs'kuy LVst ¼Foundational Stage½ & 3 lky dk

çh&çkbejh Ldwy vkSj xzsM 1] 2

o rhu o"kZ dk çhisVªsjh LVst ¼Prepatratory Stage½

o rhu o"kZ dk eè; ¼;k mPp çkFkfed½ pj.k & xzsM 6] 7] 8 vkSj

o 4 o"kZ dk mp ¼;k ekè;fed½ pj.k & xzsM 9] 10] 11] 12

 NEP 2020 ds rgr HHRO }kjk ^cqfu;knh lk{kjrk vkSj la[;kRed Kku ij ,d
jk"Vªh; fe'ku* ¼National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy½ dh
LFkkiuk dk çLrko fd;k x;k gSA blds }kjk o"kZ 2025 rd d{kk&3 Lrj rd ds cPpksa
ds fy;s vkèkkjHkwr dkS'ky lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,xkA

Hkk"kk;h fofoèkrk dk laj{k.k

 NEP&2020 esa d{kk&5 rd dh f'k{kk esa ekr`Hkk"kk@LFkkuh; ;k {ks=h;

Hkk"kk dks vè;;u ds ekè;e ds :i esa viukus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA lkFk gh bl uhfr esa
ekr`Hkk"kk dks d{kk&8 vkSj vkxs dh f'k{kk ds fy;s çkFkfedrk nsus dk lq>ko fn;k
x;k gSA

 Ldwyh vkSj mPp f'k{kk esa Nk=ksa ds fy;s laL—r vkSj vU; çkphu Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kkvksa dk fodYi miyCèk gksxk ijarq fdlh Hkh Nk= ij Hkk"kk ds pquko dh
dksà ckè;rk ugÈ gksxhA
'kkjhfjd f'k{kk

 fo|ky;ksa esa lHkh Lrjksa ij Nk=ksa dks ckxokuh] fu;fer :i ls [ksy&dwn]

;ksx] u`R;] ek'kZy vkVZ dks LFkkuh; miyCèkrk ds vuqlkj çnku djus dh dksf'k'k dh
tk,xh rkfd cPps 'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk;ksa ,oa O;k;ke oxSjg esa Hkkx ys ldsaA

ikBîØe vkSj ewY;kadu lacaèkh lqèkkj

 bl uhfr esa çLrkfor lqèkkjksa ds vuqlkj] dyk vkSj foKku] O;kolkf;d rFkk
'kS{kf.kd fo"k;ksa ,oa ikBîØe o ikBîsrj xfrfofèk;ksa ds chp cgqr vfèkd varj ugÈ
gksxkA

 d{kk&6 ls gh 'kSf{kd ikBîØe esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks 'kkfey dj fn;k tk,xk
vkSj blesa baVuZf'ki ¼Internship½ dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh tk,xhA

 ^jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn* ¼National Council of

Educational Research and Training& NCERT½ }kjk ^Ldwyh f'k{kk ds fy;s
jk"Vªh; ikBîØe :ijs[kk* ¼National Curricular Framework for School Education½
rS;kj dh tk,xhA

 Nk=ksa ds lexz fodkl ds y{; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, d{kk&10 vkSj d{kk&12
dh ijh{kkvksa esa cnyko fd;k tk,xkA blesa Hkfo"; esa lesLVj ;k cgqfodYih; ç'u
vkfn tSls lqèkkjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 Nk=ksa dh çxfr ds ewY;kadu ds fy;s ekud&fuèkkZjd fudk; ds :i esa ^ij[k*

¼PARAKH½ uked ,d u, ^jk"Vªh; vkdyu dsaæ* ¼National Assessment Centre½ dh
LFkkiuk dh tk,xhA

 Nk=ksa dh çxfr ds ewY;kadu rFkk Nk=ksa dks vius Hkfo"; ls tqM+s fu.kZ;
ysus esa lgk;rk çnku djus ds fy;s ^—f=e cqf)eÙkk* ¼Artificial Intelligence& AI½
vkèkkfjr l‚¶Vos;j dk ç;ksxA
f'k{k.k O;oLFkk ls lacafèkr lqèkkj

 f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä esa çHkkoh vkSj ikjn'kÊ çfØ;k dk ikyu rFkk le;&le; ij
fd;s x, dk;Z&çn'kZu vkdyu ds vkèkkj ij inksUufrA

 jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk o"kZ 2022 rd ^f'k{kdksa ds fy;s jk"Vªh;
O;kolkf;d ekud* ¼National Professional Standards for Teachers& NPST½ dk
fodkl fd;k tk,xkA

 jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk NCERT ds ijke'kZ ds vkèkkj ij ^vè;kid

f'k{kk gsrq jk"Vªh; ikBîp;kZ dh :ijs[kk* ¼National Curriculum Framework for
Teacher Education&NCFTE½ dk fodkl fd;k tk,xkA

 o"kZ 2030 rd vè;kiu ds fy;s U;wure fMxzh ;ksX;rk 4&o"kÊ; ,dh—r ch-,M-
fMxzh dk gksuk vfuok;Z fd;k tk,xkA

mPp f'k{kk ls lacafèkr çkoèkku

 NEP&2020 ds rgr mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa ^ldy ukekadu vuqikr*

¼Gross Enrolment Ratio½ dks 26-3þ ¼o"kZ 2018½ ls c<+kdj 50þ rd djus dk y{;
j[kk x;k gS] blds lkFk gh ns'k ds mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa 3-5 djksM+ uÃ
lhVksa dks tksM+k tk,xkA

 NEP&2020 ds rgr Lukrd ikBîØe esa eYVhiy ,aVªh ,aM ,fDt+V O;oLFkk
dks viuk;k x;k gS] blds rgr 3 ;k 4 o"kZ ds Lukrd dk;ZØe esa Nk= dà Lrjksa ij
ikBîØe dks NksM+ ldsaxs vkSj mUgsa mlh ds vuq:i fMxzh ;k çek.k&i= çnku fd;k
tk,xk ¼1 o"kZ ds ckn çek.k&i=] 2 o"kks± ds ckn ,Mokal fMIyksek] 3 o"kks± ds
ckn Lukrd dh fMxzh rFkk 4 o"kks± ds ckn 'kksèk ds lkFk Lukrd½A

 fofHkUu mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ls çkIr vadksa ;k ØsfMV dks fMftVy :i ls

lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s ,d ^,dsMfed cSad v‚Q ØsfMV* ¼Academic Bank of Credit½
fn;k tk,xk] rkfd vyx&vyx laLFkkuksa esa Nk=ksa ds çn'kZu ds vkèkkj ij mUgsa
fMxzh çnku dh tk ldsA

 uà f'k{kk uhfr ds rgr ,e-fQy- ¼M-Phil½ dk;ZØe dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA

Hkkjrh; mPp f'k{kk vk;ksx

uà f'k{kk uhfr ¼NEP½ esa ns'k Hkj ds mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds fy;s ,d ,dy
fu;ked vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; mPp f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼Higher Education Commision of
India&HECI½ dh ifjdYiuk dh xà gS ftlesa fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa dks iwjk djus
gsrq dà dk;Z{ks= gksaxsA Hkkjrh; mPp f'k{kk vk;ksx fpfdRlk ,oa dkuwuh f'k{kk
dks NksM+dj iwjs mPp f'k{kk {ks= ds fy;s ,d ,dy fudk; ¼Single Umbrella Body½
ds :i esa dk;Z djsxkA

HECI ds dk;ks± ds çHkkoh fu"iknu gsrq pkj fudk;&

 jk"Vªh; mPprj f'k{kk fu;kedh; ifj"kn ¼National Higher Education

Regulatroy Council&NHERC½ % ;g f'k{kd f'k{kk lfgr mPp f'k{kk {ks= ds fy;s ,d
fu;ked dk dk;Z djsxkA

 lkekU; f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼General Education Council & GEC½ % ;g mPp

f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa ds fy;s visf{kr lh[kus ds ifj.kkeksa dk <k¡pk rS;kj djsxk
vFkkZr~ muds ekud fuèkkZj.k dk dk;Z djsxkA

 jk"Vªh; çR;k;u ifj"kn ¼National Accreditation Council & NAC½ % ;g

laLFkkuksa ds çR;k;u dk dk;Z djsxk tks eq[; :i ls cqfu;knh ekunaMksa] lkoZtfud
Lo&çdVhdj.k] lq'kklu vkSj ifj.kkeksa ij vkèkkfjr gksxkA

 mPprj f'k{kk vuqnku ifj"kn ¼Higher Education Grants Council & HGFC½
% ;g fudk; d‚ystksa ,oa foÜofo|ky;ksa ds fy;s foÙkiks"k.k dk dk;Z djsxkA
uksV% xkSjryc gS fd orZeku esa mPp f'k{kk fudk;ksa dk fofu;eu foÜofo|ky;
vuqnku vk;ksx ¼;wthlh½] vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼,vkÃlhVhý vkSj
jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼,ulhVhý tSls fudk;ksa ds ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA

 ns'k esa vkÃvkÃVh ¼IIT½ vkSj vkÃvkÃ,e ¼IIM½ ds led{k oSfÜod

ekudksa ds ^cgqfo"k;d f'k{kk ,oa vuqlaèkku foÜofo|ky;* ¼Multidisciplinary
Education and Reserach Universities & MERU½ dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xhA

fodykax cPpksa gsrq çkoèkku

 bl uà uhfr esa fodykax cPpksa ds fy;s Økl fodykaxrk çf'k{k.k] lalkèku dsaæ]
vkokl] lgk;d midj.k] mi;qZä çkS|ksfxdh vkèkkfjr midj.k] f'k{kdksa dk iw.kZ
leFkZu ,oa çkjafHkd ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk rd fu;fer :i ls Ldwyh f'k{kk çfØ;k esa
Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djuk vkfn çfØ;kvksa dks l{ke cuk;k tk,xkA

fMftVy f'k{kk ls lacafèkr çkoèkku

 ,d Lok;Ùk fudk; ds :i esa ^^jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh eap** ¼National

Educational Technol Foruem½ dk xBu fd;k tk,xk ftlds }kjk f'k{k.k] ewY;kadu
;kstuk ,oa ç'kklu esa vfHko`f) gsrq fopkjksa dk vknku&çnku fd;k tk ldsxkA

 fMftVy f'k{kk lalkèkuksa dks fodflr djus ds fy;s vyx çkS|ksfxdh bdkà dk
fodkl fd;k tk,xk tks fMftVy cqfu;knh <k¡ps] lkexzh vkSj {kerk fuekZ.k gsrq
leUo;u dk dk;Z djsxhA

ikjaifjd Kku&lacaèkh çkoèkku

Hkkjrh; Kku ç.kkfy;k¡] ftuesa tutkrh; ,oa Lons'kh Kku 'kkfey gksaxs] dks ikBîØe
esa lVhd ,oa oSKkfud rjhds ls 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA

fo'ks"k Çcnq
 vkdka{kh ftys ¼Aspirational districts½ tSls {ks= tgk¡ cM+h la[;k esa
vkÆFkd] lkekftd ;k tkfrxr ckèkkvksa dk lkeuk djus okys Nk= ik, tkrs gSa] mUgsa
^fo'ks"k 'kSf{kd {ks=* ¼Special Educational Zones½ ds :i esa ukfer fd;k tk,xkA

 ns'k esa {kerk fuekZ.k gsrq dsaæ lHkh yM+fd;ksa vkSj VªkaltsaMj Nk=ksa
dks leku xq.koÙkk çnku djus dh fn'kk esa ,d ^tsaMj baDywtu QaM* ¼Gender
Inclusion Fund½ dh LFkkiuk djsxkA

 xkSjryc gS fd 8 o"kZ dh vk;q ds cPpksa ds fy;s çkjafHkd cpiu ns[kHkky

vkSj f'k{kk gsrq ,d jk"Vªh; ikfBîp;kZ vkSj 'kS{kf.kd <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k ,ulhvkjVhÃ
}kjk fd;k tk,xkA

foÙkh; lgk;rk

 ,llh] ,lVh] vkschlh vkSj vU; lkekftd vkSj vkÆFkd :i ls oafpr lewgksa ls
lacafèkr esèkkoh Nk=ksa dks çksRlkgu ds :i esa foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku dh tk,xhA

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986

 bl uhfr dk mís'; vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjrh; efgykvksa]

vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk;ksa ds fy;s 'kSf{kd volj dh cjkcjh djus
ij fo'ks"k t+ksj nsuk FkkA

 bl uhfr us çkFkfed Ldwyksa dks csgrj cukus ds fy;s Þv‚ijs'ku CySdcksMZÞ

y‚Up fd;kA

 bl uhfr us bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqä foÜofo|ky; ds lkFk ^vksiu ;wfuoÆlVh*

ç.kkyh dk foLrkj fd;kA

 xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa tehuh Lrj ij vkÆFkd vkSj lkekftd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus
ds fy;s egkRek xkaèkh ds n'kZu ij vkèkkfjr Þxzkeh.k foÜofo|ky;Þ e‚My ds fuekZ.k
ds fy;s uhfr dk vkºoku fd;k x;kA
iwoZorÊ f'k{kk uhfr esa ifjorZu dh vko';drk D;ksa\

 cnyrs oSfÜod ifj–'; esa Kku vkèkkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk dh vko';drkvksa dh

iwÆr djus ds fy;s ekStwnk f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa ifjorZu dh vko';drk FkhA

 f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus] uokpkj vkSj vuqlaèkku dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy;s uà f'k{kk uhfr dh vko';drk FkhA

 Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k O;oLFkk dh oSfÜod Lrj ij igq¡p lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s f'k{kk
ds oSfÜod ekudksa dks viukus ds fy;s f'k{kk uhfr esa ifjorZu dh vko';drk FkhA

uà f'k{kk uhfr ls lacafèkr pqukSfr;k¡

 jkT;ksa dk lg;ksx% f'k{kk ,d leorÊ fo"k; gksus ds dkj.k vfèkdka'k jkT;ksa ds

vius Ldwy cksMZ gSa blfy;s bl QSlys ds okLrfod dk;kZUo;u gsrq jkT; ljdkjksa
dks lkeus vkuk gksxkA lkFk gh 'kh"kZ fu;a=.k laxBu ds rkSj ij ,d jk"Vªh; mPprj
f'k{kk fu;ked ifj"kn dks ykus lacaèkh fopkj dk jkT;ksa }kjk fojksèk gks ldrk gSA

 eg¡xh f'k{kk% uà f'k{kk uhfr esa fons'kh foÜofo|ky;ksa esa ços'k dk ekxZ
ç'kLr fd;k x;k gSA fofHkUu f'k{kkfonksa dk ekuuk gS fd fons'kh foÜofo|ky;ksa
esa ços'k ls Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k O;oLFkk ds eg¡xh gksus dh vk'kadk gSA blds QyLo:i
fuEu oxZ ds Nk=ksa ds fy;s mPp f'k{kk çkIr djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA

 f'k{kk dk laL—frdj.k% nf{k.k Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa dk ;g vkjksi gS fd

^f=&Hkk"kk* lw= ls ljdkj f'k{kk dk laL—frdj.k djus dk ç;kl dj jgh gSA

 QaÇMx lacaèkh tk¡p dk vi;kZIr gksuk% dqN jkT;ksa esa vHkh Hkh 'kqYd
lacaèkh fofu;eu ekStwn gS] ysfdu ;s fu;ked çfØ;k,¡ vlhfer nku ds :i esa
equkQk[kksjh ij vadq'k yxkus esa vleFkZ gSaA

 foÙkiks"k.k% foÙkiks"k.k dk lqfuf'pr gksuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd f'k{kk

ij lkoZtfud O;; ds :i esa thMhih ds çLrkfor 6þ[kpZ djus dh bPNk'kfä fdruh l'kä gSA
 ekuo lalkèku dk vHkko% orZeku esa çkjafHkd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dq'ky
f'k{kdksa dk vHkko gS] ,sls esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 ds rgr çkjafHkd f'k{kk
gsrq dh xà O;oLFkk ds fØ;kUo;u esa O;kogkfjd leL;k,¡ Hkh gSaA

fu"d"kZ

dsaæh; eaf=eaMy us 21oÈ lnh ds Hkkjr dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa cnyko gsrq ftl uà jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 dks eat+wjh nh gS
vxj mldk fØ;kUo;u lQy rjhds ls gksrk gS rks ;g uà ç.kkyh Hkkjr dks foÜo ds
vxz.kh ns'kksa ds led{k ys vk,xhA uà f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 ds rgr 3 lky ls 18 lky rd ds
cPpksa dks f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu] 2009 ds varxZr j[kk x;k gSA 34 o"kks±
i'pkr~ vkà bl uà f'k{kk uhfr dk mís'; lHkh Nk=ksa dks mPp f'k{kk çnku djuk gS
ftldk y{; 2025 rd iwoZ&çkFkfed f'k{kk ¼3&6 o"kZ dh vk;q lhek½ dks
lkoZHkkSfed cukuk gSA Lukrd f'k{kk esa vkÆVfQf'k;y baVsyhtsal] Fkzh&Mh
e'khu] MsVk&fo'ys"k.k] tSoçkS|ksfxdh vkfn {ks=ksa ds lekos'ku ls vR;kèkqfud
{ks=ksa esa Hkh dq'ky is'ksoj rS;kj gksaxs vkSj ;qokvksa dh jkstxkj {kerk esa o`f)
gksxhA

Lkkjka”k

Ekkuo d s lexz fodkl rFkk i zxfr e sa f”k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA vkt
lEi w.kZ fo”o ;g Lohdkj dju s yxk gS fd gekj s Hkfo’; dks vkdkj n su s e sa f”k{kk
lcls egRoi w.kZ ek/;e gks ldrh gSA ekuo fosdkl dk ewy lk/ku f”k{kk gh gS] fdlh
Hkh jk’Vª dks ub Z fn”kk fn[kku s rFkk lekt dk mRFkku djus esa bldk
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA f”k{kk dks O;fDrRo fodkl dk lokZf/kd izHkkoh vk/kkj
ekuk x;k gSA f”k{kk og gS tks O;fDr dks vKku rFkk 'kks’k.k ls e qfDr fnykrh gS
rFkk og , slh ÁfØ;k g S ftlds }kjk ckyd viuh vkUrfjd 'kfDr;ksa dks ckgj i zdV djrk
gSA gekj s n s'k dh f'k{kk dks , sfrgkfld n `f’V ls rhu dkyks e sa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS izkphudky] e/;dky] vk/kqfuddkyA rhuksa dkyksa dh f'k{kk dk v/;;u djus d s
mijkUr n s[kk x;k gS fd vk/kqfud dky esa f'k{kk ds fodkl dk v/;;u f'k{kk lEcU/kh i
zLrkoksa ,o a uhfr;ksa] f'k{kk vk;ksxksa ,oa lfefr;ksa d s lq>kok sa vkSj f'k{kk
lEcU/kh i z;ksxk sa d s vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA

LorU= Hkkjr d s fu;kstdksa] i zcU/kdksa rFkk f'k{kkfonksa us f'k{kk dk s lkekU;r

% lHkh Lrjksa dh f'k{kk vk Sj fo'ks’kr% i zkjfEHkd f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk d s lao)
Zu gsr q le;c) fofHkUu Lrjksa dh f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk e sa l q/kkj yku s gsr q lo Zi
zFke i zkFkfed f'k{kk dk xq.kkRed le qUu;u vk/kkjHkwr vko';drk gSA lafo/kku
esa 52 oh /kkjk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd cPpksa dks 14 o’kZ rd dh vk; q esa gh vfuok; Z
o fu%”kqYd f”k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh i zLrkouk esa
leLr Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds fy, U;k;] LorU=rk] lekurk rFkk fo'o cU/kqRo dh
Hkkouk Hkh vfuok; Z ,oa fu%”kqYd f'k{kk dk leFkZu djrh gSA ÁkFkfed f”k{kk
dk Lrj Å¡pk djus d s fy, f'k{kdksa] ikB~;Øek sa] f'k{k.k fof/k] ikB ~;i qLrd]
f'k{kky; Hkou vkfn dh mRre O;oLFkk dh tk jgh gS tks jk"Vª dh mUufr dk egRoi
w.kZ lk/ku gSA

or Zeku f'k{kk i)fr dh c qfu;knh lajpuk e sa lq/kkj djus d s fy, i zkFkfed f”k{kk dk
Lrj Å¡pk mBkuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA ÁkFkfed f'k{kk esa fofHkUu uhfr;ksa rFkk
uokpkjk sa d s leU;ou }kjk 'kSf{kd lajpuk dks uohu :i nsuk gh bl 'kks/k dk e q[; mÌ
s'; gSA i zR; sd 'kks/k i zcU/k fdlh mÌ s”; dks ysdj gh fy[kk tkrk gS bl 'kks/k d s mÌ
s”; fuEufyf[kr gS %&

ub Z jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds ifji zs{; e sa i zkFkfed f'k{kk e sa gq, ifjorZu dk
v/;;u djukA ub Z f'k{kk uhfr d s ckn dh 'kkldh; uhfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u
djukA ÁkFkfed f'k{kk dh leL;k TkSls viO;; rFkk vojks/ku dks n wj djus ds i
z;klksa dk v/;;u djukA ÁkFkfed f'k{kk d s u; s vk;keksa dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u
djukA
i zkFkfed f'k{kk e sa vkWij s'ku CySd cksMZ ls gq, ifjofr Zr Lo:I dk v/;;u djukA
ftyk izkFkfed f'k{kk dk; ZØe (DPEP)d s izkFkfed f'k{kk ij i zHkko dk v/;;u
djukA i zkFkfed f'k{kk e sa ukekadu rFkk mifLFkfr ij e/;kUg Hkkstu d s i
zHkko dk v/;;u djukA
zUFk&l wph

vfXugk s=h jfoUnz & Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh orZeku leL;k ( fnYyh fjlpZ ifCyds'kuA 2-
vxzoky] okbZ0ih0 & fjlpsZt bu beftZx QhYMl vkQ ,t wds'ku] ub Z fnYyh] LVZfy
ax ifCy'klZA 3- vxzoky ts0lh0 & ySaMekDlZ bu nk W fgLVªh vkWQ ek WMuZ
bfUM;u ,twd s'ku] ubZ fnYyh] ok.kh cqDlA 4- vnkoy] ,l0ch0 rFkk ,e0 mfu;ky &
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh leL;k;sa rFkk i zo`fÙk;k ¡] y[kuÅ] mRrj izns'k fgUnh xzUFk
vdknehA 5- vk sM] ,y0d s0 & f'k{kk ds u wru vk;ke( t;iqj % jktLFkku fgUnh
xzUFk vdknehA 6- dqUMw] lh0,y0 & bfUM;u bZ;j cqd vk Wu Vhpj
,twds'ku( ubZ fnYyh % LVfyZax ifCy'klZA 7- dchj] gqek;w¡ & LorU= Hkkjr esa
f'k{kk( fnYyh % jktiky ,UM lal 8- pk Sc s] lj; w izlkn & Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk fodkl(
bykgkckn( ls.Vªy c qd fMiksA 9- ik.Ms;] jke'kdy & f'k{kk leh{kk ( bykgkckn %
iz;kx iqLrd HkouA 10- ik.Ms;] jke'kdy rFkk vU; & Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh leL;k;sa
( vkxjk % y{eh ukjk;.k vxzokyA