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lesson-37-pdf.pdf
Obstetric ( clases en inglés)

4º Reproducción y Obstetricia

Grado en Veterinaria

Facultad de Veterinaria
Universidad de Córdoba

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totalidad.
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LESSON 37
MATERNAL DYSTOCIA IN THE COW AND MARE: CAUSES
AND TREATMENTS

Classification of dystocia:

1. Dystocia from placenta and umbilical cord.

2. Maternal dystocia
3. Foetal dystocia:

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- Normal presentation/orientation, position and posture.
- Abnormal presentation, position and posture (in the following lessons).

Objective: origin and classification of dystocia, identifying clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment.

1.DYSTOCIA FROM PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD

1. Umbilical cord.
2. Placenta: premature placenta separation.
3. Foetal fluids: hydramnios/hidrallantoids.

1.1 DYSTOCIA FROM UMBILICAL CORD PROBLEMS

Usually it’s related to a long umbilical cord (torsion).

Presentation: more frequent in the mare, because of the length of the umbilical
cord in the mare is longer than other species. A part of the umbilical cord is inside of
the amniotic sac, in which the foetus can be move free, so there is a higher risk to
produce torsion in this case.

Symptoms: during the pregnancy.

1. Torsion around its axis: provokes ischemia, foetus death or abortion. We can
find out the signs of torsion during the parturition.
2. Torsion around:
- Neck: strangle itself.
- Abdomen: rupture (that provokes haemorrhage).
- Limbs: produces no foetal progression and suffocation.

Diagnose: this problem appears spontaneously and it’s difficult to diagnose. The use of ultrasounds is very
difficult.

Treatment (of dystocia): reduce the torsion, treat the haemorrhage or haemorrhagic shock. It’s important
to close the umbilical cord with a ligature and C-section (Caesarean-section?).

1.2 PLACENTA
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Usually due to a premature placenta separation (most common). A

premature placenta separation can be caused in case of placentitis (other
problem). It provokes immediately abortus or, if it occurs in the moment of
the parturition, it also can produce the appearing of “Red bags” delivery
(through the vulva), instead of a normal parturition. It’s the main problem of
premature placenta at the time of parturition (dystocia).

Another problem is hypoxia due to the separation of placenta to the uterus. Sometimes foetus starts

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breathing inside the amniotic sac (this produces suffocation).

1.3 FETAL FLUIDS

In particular from Hidrallontoids problems. Hidrallantois means that we can observe allantoid fluids into
the allantoid sac (common in cow and mare).

Symptoms:

- Dry and slow parturition: the allantoid sac can’t break spontaneously during the parturition.
Also the allantoid fluid, that usually lubricate the obstetrical canal, is absent. This type of
parturition produces suffocation in the foetus.

2.MATERNAL DYSTOCIA
1. Uterine inertia: this is a problem due to a slow contraction of the uterine muscles. This problem is
mainly produced in small animals, in particular in the Bitch, where is the first cause of dystocia in
the moment of parturition (35%).
2. Pelvis.
3. Uterine torsion.
4. Others

2.1 PELVIS
Maternal dystocia due to problem in the pelvis are usually heritable malformations (not frequent/ do not
select for breeding). Another cause is a lesion of the pelvis (hip fracture, bony tissue, dislocation or bone
tumours, that usually reduce the diameter of obstetrical canal).

Diagnose: rectal palpation in large animals or X-ray (in the bitch).

Treatment: C-section.

2.2 UTERINE TORSION

Is another problem related to dystocia.

Uterine torsion can appear in the late pregnancy and conduce to abortion.
Also can appear in the parturition and can cause obstetric problems, due
to distortion of the uterus around its axis.
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2.3 OTHER PROBLEMS

Caused by anatomy problems.

1. Cervical fibrosis: provokes a cervical closure, impossibility of parturition. We can use C-section as a
treatment.
2. Hymen remnant: placenta or foetus progression is compromised. Produces foetal death by
suffocation (asphyxiation). Treatment is C-section.
3. Malformations in the genital reproductive tract of the female.

Another cause are vaginal tumours.

3.FOETAL DYSTOCIA

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In this lesson we only speak about foetal dystocia with normal presentation of the foetus.

One of the most common problem is due to Hydrocephalus in the calf, in which “cranial cavity is filled
with fluids”.

Presentation: in calf (more frequent).

Symptoms: with this problem the calf can’t survive + obstruction in birth canal.

Treatment: the focus is to save the Dam. C-section is the better solution. Fetotomy is possible when the
calf is not alive (but it’s not simple to apply).

Other causes:

- Malformations
- Achondroplasia
- Foetal monsters
- Foetal emphysema
- Anasarca

Foetal dystocia can also be produced by an abnormal presentation, position and posture of the foetus.

- Anterior presentation
- Posteriori presentation
- Transverse presentation

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