a) Analytical solution

Given Function
𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥=(1+2𝑥) √𝑦

Condition
𝑥=[0,1] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦(0)=1

First order separable ordinary differential equation: Analytical Solution:

𝑦= 〖 ((𝑥+𝑥^2+2)/2) 〗 ^2
Solution for analytical equation

(𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥=(1+2𝑥) √𝑦)(𝑑𝑥)
h= 0.25

𝑑𝑦/√𝑦=((1+2𝑥) √𝑦 𝑑𝑥))/√𝑦 x y
0 1
∫1▒ 〖𝑑𝑦 /√𝑦=∫1▒(1+2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 〗 0.25 1.336914
0.5 1.890625
2√𝑦=𝑥+𝑥^2+𝑐 0.75 2.743164
1 4
Get the value of c by using; y(0)=1
2√1=0+0+𝑐
𝑐=2

Substitute to the equation;

2√𝑦=𝑥+𝑥^2+2

Analytical Solution:
𝑦= 〖 ((𝑥+𝑥^2+2)/2) 〗 ^2
 Eulers method
Given Function Euler's Formula:
𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥=(1+2𝑥) √𝑦 𝑦_(𝑖+1)=𝑦_𝑖+ℎ∗𝑓(𝑥_𝑖,𝑦_𝑖)

Condition
𝑥=[0,1] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦(0)=1

Analytical Solution:

𝑦= 〖 ((𝑥+𝑥^2+2)/2) 〗 ^2

h= 0.25
Euler's Method Computation of errors (Eule
x y i xi yi i xi
0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0.25 1.336914 1 0.25 1.25 1 0.25
0.5 1.890625 2 0.5 1.669263 2 0.5
0.75 2.743164 3 0.75 2.315263 3 0.75
1 4 4 1 3.266262 4 1
Computation of errors (Eulers vs analytical)
yi (euler's) yi(analytical) %error
1 1 0
1.25 1.3369140625 0.0650109569
1.66926275 1.890625 0.1170841675
2.3152625 2.7431640625 0.1559883221
3.26626167 4 0.1834345825
 Heuns Method
Given Function Heun's Formula:
𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥=(1+2𝑥) √𝑦

Condition
𝑥=[0,1] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦(0)=1

Analytical Solution:
𝑦= 〖 ((𝑥+𝑥^2+2)/2) 〗 ^2

h= 0.25
Heun's Method Computa
x y i xi yi* yi i
0 1 0 0 1 0
0.25 1.336914 1 0.25 1.25 1.334631 1
0.5 1.890625 2 0.5 1.767855 1.883645 2
0.75 2.743164 3 0.75 2.569875 2.727723 3
1 4 4 1 3.759962 3.970991 4
 Computation of errors (Heuns vs analytical)
xi yi(eulers) yi (heun's) yi(analytical) %error
0 1 1 1 0
0.25 1.25 1.3346313729 1.3369140625 0.0017074
0.5 1.6692627458 1.8836448382 1.890625 0.003692
0.75 2.3152625031 2.7277230741 2.7431640625 0.0056289
1 3.2662616699 3.970990733 4 0.0072523
Classical RK4 Procedure Rk4 Method:
𝒴_(𝑖+1)=𝒴_𝑖+1/6(𝑘_1+2𝑘_2+2𝑘_3+𝑘_4 )
Given Function
𝑘_1=ℎ𝑓(𝑥_𝑖,𝑦_𝑖 )
𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥=(1+2𝑥) √𝑦
𝑘_2=ℎ𝑓(𝑥_𝑖+ℎ/2,𝑦_𝑖+𝑘_𝑖/2)

𝑘_3=ℎ𝑓(𝑥_𝑖+ℎ/2,𝑦_𝑖+𝑘_2/2)
Condition
𝑥=[0,1] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦(0)=1 𝑘_4=ℎ𝑓(𝑥_𝑖+ℎ,𝑦_𝑖+𝑘_3 )

a) Analytical Solution:
𝑦= 〖 ((𝑥+𝑥^2+2)
/2) 〗 ^2

h= 0.25
Rk4 Pr
i xi
x y k1 xi+h/2 yi+k1/2
0 1 0 0
0.25 1.336914 1 0.25 0.25 0.125 1.125
0.5 1.890625 2 0.5 0.8281216414 0.375 1.750959
0.75 2.743164 3 0.75 1.40306139515 0.625 2.670112
1 4 4 1 2.58796032336 0.875 4.270664
_2+2𝑘_3+𝑘_4 )

2)

Rk4 Procedure
yi(Rk4) yi(Euler's) yi(Heun's)
k2 yi+k2/2 k3 xi+h yi+k3 k4
1 1 1
0.331456 1.165728 0.337403 0.25 1.337403 0.433673 1.33689853 1.25 1.3346313729
0.578917 1.626357 0.557938 0.5 1.894837 0.688265 1.96858128 1.66926275 1.8836448382
0.919152 2.428157 0.876518 0.75 2.845099 1.054214 2.97668384 2.3152625 2.7277230741
1.420759 3.687063 1.320119 1 4.296803 1.554655 4.58074559 3.26626167 3.970990733
yi(Analytical) %error

1 0
1.3369140625 1.1618918E-05
1.890625 0.041233073
2.7431640625 0.0851278925
4 0.1451863981
 Euler's Method
Given:
(𝑑^2 𝑥)/ 〖𝑑𝑡〗 ^2 −(1−𝑥^2 ) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡+𝑥=0

h= 0.1

Condition Euler's Method

𝑡=[0, 1/2], 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥(𝑡=0) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 (𝑡=0)=1 i ti xi ui(x'i)
0 0 1 1
1 0.1 1.1 0.9
Derived y" 2 0.2 1.19 0.7711
(𝑑^2 𝑥)/ 〖𝑑𝑡〗 ^2 −(1−𝑥^2 ) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡+𝑥=0 3 0.3 1.26711 0.620015
4 0.4 1.329111 0.455757
5 0.5 1.374687 0.287911
(𝑑^2 𝑥)/ 〖𝑑𝑡〗 ^2 =(1−𝑥^2 ) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡−𝑥

(𝑑^2 𝑥)/ 〖𝑑𝑡〗 ^2 =𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡−𝑥^2 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡−𝑥

hod
u'i(x"i)
-1
-1.289
-1.510855
-1.642571
-1.678467
-1.63086
 Classical RK4 Procedure

Given Classical RK4 Proce

(𝑑^2 𝑥)/ 〖𝑑𝑡〗 ^2 −(1−𝑥^2 ) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡+𝑥=0 i ti k11 k21
0 0
1 0.1 1 0.95
h= 0.1 -1 -1.147375
2 0.2 0.885962 0.822466
Condition -1.269925 -1.383021
𝑡=[0, 1/2], 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥(𝑡=0) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 (𝑡=0)=1 3 0.3 0.748565 0.675374
-1.463814 -1.533562
4 0.4 0.596148 0.51766
Derived y" -1.569751 -1.595477
(𝑑^2 𝑥)/ 〖𝑑𝑡〗 ^2 −(1−𝑥^2 ) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡+𝑥=0 5 0.5 0.437415 0.357812
-1.592059 -1.580394

(𝑑^2 𝑥)/ 〖𝑑𝑡〗 ^2 =(1−𝑥^2 ) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡−𝑥

(𝑑^2 𝑥)/ 〖𝑑𝑡〗 ^2 =𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡−𝑥^2 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡−𝑥

Classical RK4 Procedure
k31 k41 k xi ui(x'i) u'i(x"i)
1 1 -1
0.942631 0.886082 0.945224 1.094522 0.885962 -1.269925
-1.139177 -1.269186 -1.140382
0.816811 0.748735 0.818875 1.17641 0.748565 -1.463814
-1.372269 -1.463309 -1.373969
0.671887 0.596336 0.673237 1.243734 0.596148 -1.569751
-1.522292 -1.569518 -1.524173
0.516374 0.437588 0.516967 1.29543 0.437415 -1.592059
-1.585599 -1.592049 -1.587326
0.358395 0.280106 0.358323 1.331263 0.279971 -1.547473
-1.57309 -1.54759 -1.574436