INTRODUCTION

Endocarditis is defined as inflammation of the endocardial surface of

the myocardium. In veterinary patients, the most commonly
recognized cause is infective endocarditis (IE). This occurs when an
infectious agent, generally a bacterium, invades the endocardial
surface of the myocardium. This infection most often affects the valves
and may lead to myocardial dysfunction and cardiovascular
compromise. It is important to remember, however, that the clinical
signs of IE are not limited to the effects on the heart itself. Systemic
signs occurring secondary to the infection often predominate.
Endocarditis has been called the great imitator because of the variable
and indistinct clinical signs in these patients, making definitive
diagnosis challenging. Knowledge of the pathophysiology, etiology,
risk factors, and clinical signs may heighten suspicion of this disease.
Definitive diagnosis can be difficult, and aggressive, long-term therapy
is required. Prognosis for this condition remains guarded, but
increased awareness and preventive measures may limit the mortality
associated with endocarditis in veterinary patients.

The pathophysiology

of infective endocarditis comprises at least three critical elements: preparation of the

cardiac valve for bacterial adherence, adhesion of circulating bacteria to the prepared
valvular surface, and survival of the adherent bacteria on the surface, with propagation
of the infected vegetatlon.
What are the symptoms of endocarditis?
 Fever or chills.
 Night sweats.
 Fatigue.
 Aching muscles and joints.
 Trouble breathing with activity.
 Shortness of breath while lying down.
 Cough.
 Nausea.

How is endocarditis diagnosed?
Blood cultures show bacteria or microorganisms commonly found with endocarditis. Blood
cultures are blood tests taken over time that allow the laboratory to isolate the specific bacteria
that is causing your infection.
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