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    Mousselli Offshore Pipeline Design Analysis and PDF

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    Offshore Pipeline Design, Analysis, _ and Methods A.H.Mousselli Pennyell Books ‘Tina, Okano 627-702 ota 0234 ee phebernt an scaling wu he wean Contents List of Tables List of Fires 1 nvosueton Th cena 12 Over of Oi an Gas Pradtons TaN” Neonfeaton a Pope Aas 122 ‘Acquis and Permits 123. Sopot Pane 124 Development and Praluction Phase 13 Typeset suber Ptines TA” Flow Lines Heald Lines 132. Gather Lines oe Lins 134 Tk Les 134 Ladin nla! Les 22 siazards anc Protction Concepts 21 Haran Determation [Marine Survey 211" Purpose of Survey 212. Elemens of Suvcy 2121” Oceanographic Data 2122 Sol ventyatons 223 Echo SounderBathymery Data 2124 Sie sean Sonar Method 2125. Sons Poking Method 2126 Magne Anomaly Detection 22. Pasa and Protection Concepts Ya Route Setection pene Protein Mths 3 besign Evaluations and Pipe Parameters Internal Pressure Buckle Analysis Bat Cena VAL Lica Buckling BAF Buckle Pa AR Buckle Ameen HHyatynannic Faves Votes Ine Onellaions Pipeline a Stab ‘Seelam Flats 462. Sou Sength Deteto 37 Ellis of Lage Sil Ms vy Analysts Ellis f Sead brent ‘tresen Da Law Depressions Stross Du to Elevated Obsncions 89 Scour and Ernton Sosa ion Methods and Analysis Lay ge Method re on sat aan aah ne parry a7 ‘Descriptio of Method Lay Analysis Methods Ream Method [Small Dellections ‘Nowlieat Beam Mtbod NNatutal Catenary Method Stllened Catenary Mesos Fane Element Method Method for Thick Concrete Coating. Drynamie Elects Rect Barge Meth Aa2 Typsal Fo aan installations Suace and Blow Suace Toe Ott nin Tow tt Tow ery a5 * @ rs n 2 te ' » oS 3% ” 100 too 13 108 5 Preaine trenching Methods si 52 sa “General Factors Affecting Burial Reuirements S21 Hydrodynamic Elects 522 Spans and Obsteuctions 523 Soil surength Deterioration Due to ‘Wave Loading S24 Fishing Activities 525 Anchoring Pipe Tenching Methods S31. Jetting Method S32. Mechanical Cuting 538 Fludizaton Method 5.34 Plowing Method “Technieal Evaluations and Limitations Soil Parameters S42 Water Depth S43 Pipe Size and Weight S44 Production Rate 545 Sea sute 546, Trench Subility $47 Spoil Dipl Caneeptaal Evaluation “Trenching Reglatins and Experiences S'61 Gulf of Mexico (USAT S62 North Sea S41 United Kingdom Sid Norway 5662), the Netherlands 543 Japan Sot Aural Comments on Regulations and Expenienees 6 ripe conection ana Postioning Systeme 1 62 ‘General Pipeline Connection Systems 621 Tlanged Method 622 Atmosphere Welding 623 Hyperbaric Wekling 624 Mechanical Connect S241 Bitch Marine Systems 6282 Cameron 6283 Gagner 240 iydtech 625 Camparsem of Canestnin Meth End Pestoning Methias fat Gen (632 Inte and Tesanaation Meshal EAL Strauhe ln Tose Aetbd 4 Daten with Busjancy T suvses Pipsine Ropar Systems Gemeal Napote Mesa and Pratins 2a Steve Weng 732 Hyperbaric Welling D2, Mecham Connceers 224 Fall Eocnclement Sleeves (Clanipe 738. Flea pe Repair Sekine Foran or Mechanical Rear Comparano Repair Mths Ta Techie Features 734 Avalabiny 748 Te an Cones 8 ripetine riers sy “General ivr Systems| BDI" Flanged Connections $22 Hyperbaric Welling R24 Mechanical Canncetors NO Sales Atmesplienic Welding $28 Surface Welding 26. | Tube Method RI Revere Tube 2K Bending Shoe 39. Rarer Riser 210 Comparsam of Methods 2101 Technical Comparison #2101 Economics a 19 rn Isa Is Ie tat tet us tee ves 16 16 169 9 6 v0 170 v0 ba ve ry 83 Rice Pipeline Fesibility 31" Iogernal Presure 832. Water Temperature B.A} Contents Temperatore B34 Reanual Temnon 835. Sod Fret N36 Design Options 84 Typical North Sea Installainns EAL” Amoct Montuse 842 BNOC Dunn Teta Ras NOC Thistle Bak ELF Nong Fring Feld Bas BP Tortus 36 Mobi Beryl and Seated Ba? OXY Piyet Feld 848 Philly Lhisk Cure 849 Shall Expo rent Systems siiosaphy Index 33 Pl 52 List of Tables Special Considerations Pipeline & Rise sala ‘Unstable Areas Buckle Propagation Pressure Recommended Coetictents for Pipe Design Tespored Pips) Pipe Propet onmls CCmparson Pipelay Analysis Methads Majo Underwater Trenehing Machines Cnecpeual Fealason nf Trenching methods Orishore Pipeline Burl requirements Pipeline Trenching Experiences Comparison Pipe Emergency Reps Methods 130 i 2 a 35 36 3h 39 a0 an aa 38 ais a5 List of Figures Schematic of Hydcasbon Production Soil Piston Coner Piston Corer Operation Side Sean Sar Fish Selloor Mapping Revonler Seafloor Mapping Revord ORE Subbortom Profiling System EG&G Boomer Sed Subortom Prati Record Flow Duara of Kou and Weight Desi “Typical Pipeline Huckle Modes ‘Types of Bake Arrests Hydrodynamic Fores oP Deliniun of Liner Wave rameters Reions of Waly of Wave Themes Summary—Lincir (Nit Wave Chatacteristies Wave Cenggh an High Varatne with Depth Daag Cocos sey ulds Number Diag Cotten for Dare eulegan- Carpenter Values Late Coatieent Reynolds Nomber Vorter infused Ovallanns Vatiatuns of Strvuial Number Steouhal Number ve Drag Celie Pape Stay vn Sos Stranded a Prssanes 2 i iw 6 " a 2 a os st 52 3 sa A Boce Casto Hl Foves Or fn Pape rat Doe to Lote Depeason Msinuy Ste Do to Lane Des Seren Bad Datfectaun ae suka Tnduced Pape Spans Pipe Das Eleva Obst ‘pn Pie tu Esa cust Marinnunn sts eto Eleated Obstrtion Ma of ann Frage Carr Velity or Salient Tanspnt Conventional Lay Goutal Pipe forts (Contd Fatt an Pipe Over Ramp Stem Kamp Supyor Diving Bell Daving Hell and Dh curspresson Chamber Scctnnal Stage for Langs Sead Pipe Fated Sei vert stabi Stinger Drawhur Sti Stunge Roles Suppusts Gingentonal Ly Hare Medan “Typ Tenshon and Ser Vara FD. ut Pipe Seng Gated Pipe Boe Set Stns Disthotwsn Manimam Suess ro Assumed Stfiess eet ange Asin Tow Sting Make Up Ya elo Sint Tae RAT Method OM Btn os Been To Pipe Trenching Delius Jet Haag tac Sp Removal by Conyprest Ait Sind Fluidization Baral Meth a a mu % m* 2 & Be Be " 3 ” ro 101 tat 104 106 Mm 12 m3 ss 86 ot @ 63 oa 6s 66 10 " a 2 3 sa 45 aa pe Beading During Techn: Sn Removal reiles iglach Marine End Connect {Gameron Collet Connector Ginger Grip and Seal Conneceor HyoTechHydroCouple Connectors Pipeline bition Pipe Termination Pull H Staygheln Tow Deilection with Buyancy Vertical Detlctn Draw: Daven Teche Subsea Repair by Flexsfonge Mechntal Connectors Shbsea Repair by Gripper Mechanical Connectors Subsea Repair by Hydro Tech Mechanical Conactons Lockheed Riser Conseetion System Pipe Pik Up Steps for hiser Setting [Riser Lower Elbow (Tube Turn) Riser Setting Povedute Riser Setting Continues Riser Clamped Psion Riser Clamp Ilusteation of Pape Pull Through | Tube ur by 10 ia 15 132 m in in 6 Introduction 114 Goneeat “The ever increasing demand for oil and gas has resulted in substan tilincresieoslsbore projects for Radingandproducing hydrocarbons Since the fst offshore pipelines wete laid sn the Cul af Meno, thousands of miles of pipelines have been onstucted offshore in Savousareasof the wot, coding the North Sea, the Gull of Mexico, the Mediterranean, Astras, Southeast Av, and Latin America Sone Pipelines were natal ss water dep of nearly 2,000 Pipelines os Ege sSein indusnets were als nstlled. A varcty of conetrvction ‘uipment a used to sntll these pipelines, cling the conven ‘onal ay barge method, eel bare, and varios land wove methods “As these installations were main neresingy deep wate, speci ized techniesh and espe prublems ad to be Solved. An olshre pipeline installed at any water depth must be designed such that Maintains ite integety during construction and during opeating Irine During comnzacton the pupeline isexposed to varius bend ingstcoses st nd own the sae vssl eo the ssabed apd dae ts lateral currents and various dynamic condisons Alter the pipe resto ‘he seabed stiscaponed to several penta sks of damage due to ware find cutrent condos in th are, sol itabiiy, anchors, sng {tole and other hazard ‘Alter ahe pipeline sac hos boon dstermined based om the lw end sions und net chiastrists, the pipeline desig work typically fnvolves the evaluation of wine, current, and Bottom conditions along the pipeline route fom which selection othe pipe parameters can be nade This involves the cvluatson of oi stcngthe understate 9m storm condensate btn eta to dete any Slpemenemene temlset and tants nf unstable ates ip ute selves mmc laces posable se ote ‘onthe papi ad sv any obstructions or hazards whl 3) crear long the pelos mute Specteatuns of pupe materia and Spoiicguniis te sade oo thatthe pipe eh test yn name Finca main vevtest stb suring Ws time: The design tein sls cpl uncles analyte of the pipeline under operating ndicony mcluding pressure eet, tensa sapansion, an storm inant pape ‘Other cunsrleratmns yl selection at che most fessble ad connie metal tor sonaing He pele and connecting tat ‘shore facts The ass alte protetion methods meh trenehung uf sh pe ole the seabed unk act naalations Ia deep rater and or slawely lrg mete ppm, the design work 0 Tivolvesan analysed the bucking haraceresies they ne arus carliams aad ogeccatuns of ce estos such tht 31 {enema buckles focayIited “Thisiwk prvidesamuericw of she various pineplesand practices “of llshore pipeline desi and mths This anclades deternaton Sind evaluation of the ears hazards, protection methods ielading trenching. mallainn methods and analyse ofthe vans methods, bcklingnaiyas amt selection of she aru pipeline parameter Connection meth antalya ser stallion and anys ops ‘ons analyse ander pecaiscdpesblems Desig orm ate al resented wherever apple Example pohlensate veto Mustate nays and calvalanons st commun submarine pple de pa lems This owiehe his and vans proneaps shoe pipeline Marine survey + Geological & geophysical investigation + Rig-ste sony Bai exploratory wall [Design submaine pine. neluding sizing, coating methods, & of production Design 6 asic production equioment_ aipmen 1.21 Identieation of Prospect Areas “This phase defines dhe general geological areas where potential hy docarn ponpottsmaycnst Ths is Usually based onan evluatinit eS atomesl aod plop! stores of the reas, with possible ‘Supt acophystal a seemie Uta ofthe areas 1.22 Acquisitions of Rights and Permits ‘Alice psimmay searches o dine potentiates of poet schist complete tesght ts dlexplratory well more ae ae teaver tex aren he Unita utes thsc ghee sly aque though soesstl bs ee tite aman aore eases cnet by the sates fe Wualtnad ands andy the Breas of Land Managemen the Bepanat wf lnctos fr the letly owned ates ofthe Outer {Contmnt sll -Fhesc sights can ane etme om ovement ty suns yctm etal pens Brace he tunic Oiten nen ovesameats Rave rows to shar Ah the Ecatone produced they ae ot 1.22 Exploration Phase Theperating company conducts vaxous geological and gsotechvca surveys nthe eat sone the psy Of angola gs the pce tac ithe survey dats iodieater tha hydrocarbons may Be istatathe spect act themexploratory wells ate dried intheates aplootony ling nally done by vans ype ot ling Hs spun upon steep i the ates ackeup fs, which ean be thee and towed a se then stom ste foe dengan be wed felsvciy shallow water Inelacvey deepwater, ther eypesot daling Fig nad inluingti ohip-shaped lings the semsubiner Ri dal sel "Theve votes ean be moored im exder tn manta yeoston doring ding. Haowever, st very deep ater, the mooring Tatoo either supplemented or replaced by 4 dynamic postioning dtc for statu Reeping ‘Att ihe Willing veel postions on st, the easing pipe is driven below the seabed and eememted in place, The blowout preventorstackis pose nstalled place ts mama aks of blowout, which may acu AIseaccumulatios of oi and gas during deling During the dang phase, varios dats can also be collected om the formations down the WrelloleAlterthe cxplratry wells dnled, other confematin wel ‘nay also be daled a unter data may he gathered wo estimate ard firm the oil and ps texives which may be produced from the 1124 Development and Production Phese ‘iter al infomation relating the geological and geotechnical data of the reservon is analysed and correlated ith information obtained ftom exploratory dling technveal and economie studies for develop ing the Held and preiverng the hydycattane begin, These nce a ‘lution of alternatives for buling an wllshore fixed strutare for ‘ling and producing lupe structures for deiling ad produ, Subsea production syatis witha offshore terminal, another dling oF prodtcing systems Held development stica are done ts evaluate the varios develo tment atematves and the tine schedules and casts sssctted with these alternatives. Other development options ince a deni | the nomber of wells rahe lid sclctam ofthe most ease type | ‘redution facility, el ad gus processing power ponerstn Sytem Ted other apertwoal factors, Because o the coat and ene volved Comatucting an afore prscing fact. gencelly dessa Ghll and produce wnng the sas acy Simhancoun deli aad eocton tesomctames undeanabl osc ease, and en tte ae spatate stuctures for ding an plac ‘Vara types of product Failiniy exist inching ste and subaea production systems he surlacepnlaction sya wally made up of a xed offshore plato equipped with tth ding a Production equipment. On st tath ae taste 0 fore w Sutimarine ppelines ts bor cases, hs cre may be tsnspotel by + Submarine pipeline us an wllshore tenmunal thon louled ta anher Which then tansports che crue w shure “Thesulbseaprauction syst eypealy made upofaoating vessel isch has both drilling and pralacton equipment. Inthe sobs Production syteny all dred weil ate competed onthe seabed These Wells are connected to and supported hy a subsea template The cue then transported by a submarine pipeline oan offshore terminal where an be leaded nt a sore anda transportation tcity. ‘The ms vantages to subsea production faites are thatthe production sys emis esscosty than Rxedplattnns sean be used imvery deep watt, gsi dan would avy bee btn y an tps cab dined sderon iay he sytem abo derbies aa dc : lead pundocedtom the seme sufae produce com nition ofthe surace production system and the subsea grauction ‘Spt can fe owed bri ate, de nme well ate set¥ie y 3 {Mmm subacs mand, Pract aca then ent the sabes nan the svace producto acy ia stra apace equ, aug various sbemes have beet proper fon Wino wat an mer aeneaton, sh Panes te itgav saan with Preto, Hehe ether be Med csully ial in lng quate efor proce pnt fete puplinednalene.Deschopment ten poets ps (1 ‘roduc, Q) as rece, and I prt amd 1.3 Types of Subsea Pipelines “There ate our general clssifcanns of otshne pipelines, Jpn nthe uncon Cenanppe neater ay he fe apuntated wih eas ine chants Thon clasetiatons ae Nowibnes vate ine, gathering cso esl Kine, Wu Tins, ad Toad aud ins 1.31 Flowtines (raed Lines) Usually Atlowline cumnocts well plat or subsea man ‘heli has sinall ameter and tay be Bus Hw eat high pres TheHowlane i used where ese cate how the faa dough dhe fe witha bs pump 1.32 Gathering Lines (nett Lines) -Ayotheing ine comnts rom one live plato to anther platorn and say 9 small to mu ameter ne bac an fe Feige dace on Th ne maybe a bundled 35, condensate ot twophase lw The tage of operating pressure ually beeen 11000140 ps. Flow te inchs done by Bosterpumpaor compres sors which are ten installed the plan. A gathering line may as tens the prac fo ding pln septate practon pation 1.33 Trunk Lines ‘trunk line handles the combine How ftom one of many platforms toshore The lnes usually of large diameter ndcan ether bell or as, Booster pumps or compresors must be provided at intermediate plat forms for very fog tunk lines A trunk line is usualy 9 common cae, cary product owned by whany producers 1.34 Loading (Unioading) Lines ‘These Lines usualy conneet 4 puduetionplatiorm and loading facility ora subsea maniold and s loading facility. The lines ean be small orlacge diameter and cay liquidonly. Connection may belo shore facility toan olshore loading ualoadngterminal, sin theca ofthe Loutstna Ollshte Ol Port (LOOP) Loading lines sre usually shot, ranging fam 1 40 3 miles long although in thease of LOOP, the unloading lines abuot 21 miles lone ‘he loading laity may be temporary, such ae am eatly production {sctity, toprvidelinitel pact shipeent unl agathenagora unk Tine cam be completed. The loaling line can be wed witha permanent loaling laity for smal servos snd in semote areas Sevetal considerations ae usualy made to determine the sizeof the pipeline These eonsdcatin include the ype of hydtocabn coe fenisbeing pumped int hi juplne happenin he pipeline which 'Sthe wolume of wontents tb rapt bythe pipeline pup ad {ompresr capita the umpune tat, esse loses along the Pipeline engdy and de payline tute deals Pom allo these const rations, cleulatins cam be mato sic the pipelines the teguied ‘throughput is wbtained ith 4 snimum los of energy Determining the size nf submarine pipeline has many similar aspects to sizing at onsbor:pipling. The man considerations involve ‘ow and hyable cateulatuns to account forthe fiction losses be tsecen contents and he pipeline and to insure an efficent moe of ‘tangporting the contents toa given lneaton, Theoughout this bok, 1 willbe assumed thatthe pipeline sie has ben determined, and thet Considerations will he alyzed tepardng mechanical ad stata Aesgn of the submarine piptin Hazards and Protection Concepts 24 Hazard 0 rmination (Matine Survey) arn bacon with pte sks of damage to a submanne Suttnimer ural cnucst man mde actives and anf cls fino tince cages [Thscans which ean eur during the nati thon poet) hands which can oc after te pipeline Ik est train csc ao hazard whan estt bth ura ‘Natural acon seine causedby the environment inlaing wane ann cet ones aay eae pipeline insta at te cab tinpented spans, soil movement, an eatthguakes. Man mae asain lade deasng anchors, dropped anchor, fing ats, dnidncardel obj itom the seabed such assuken vessels dbs ieicby comntuctin evel. “Tanimic teal aks of damage tothe pipeline these hace nut fs he ented in he spe site, then measures be (Aken wt pwc the pipeline fm these hazads The protection metho ENS ig elie ow the sabe, anchoring of the tytn turn vance seating and strengthening the pipeline 8 ‘tS way hr poscing the putin to tench Ble the sear "To muy the hazards which may exist slong a proposed pipeline route dats must be gaterod regarding waves, surface and subsoriac ent ftom caren sll conivons onthe seabed, soil movement endenceand uher dts, areas where active olshore installations remade chvionmental datacan oul be obtained fom guveroment ars ana Ptecten Concits 9 and public resources. Various operating companies ten have props rating compan ve pri tary atafor those areas In emote areas an wheredataisunavalale + Imanine survey ie mae to athe such dats 2.11 Purpoue of Survey “The objective ofa marine survey i ‘Establish an understanding ofthe general geotechnical activites in the aes, ncloding recent deponte 1 Kniy faults, volcane activ, gos Yes, movement tendencies, and depressions and cbstctons which may be presenta the Froposed pipe route s Assess the salty of the area sediments, inching continuous sion and deposits. 1 Determine water depihvbathymetry along the propel ste Determine subbotiom features and srtianhy aang the wate * Obtain data on the environmental eonditinsin the ate, lao. eaves, Sutlacecurtent, an Bstom cuttents 2.12 Elements of Survey ‘ne principal element of 4 marine pipeline survey is contin rrotingaf the scab cdo slg he pp ose This cual done by towing deve called ahaha se dep any ‘proposed ute an connie tending date hasan ce towne rene a tlclleciny dct stston surveys where dats tothe atocl stats alot route Theil Oe tepoynet Dicument eters sapling an clic ober pte data, 2.121 Oceanographic Da “The oceanographic survey gathers dats on wind, wave, ond eustent conditions exsting along the proposed pipeline route This dats tee sents the eavitonmental conditions during the constuction pti the pipeline and ducingats operating ifeume- Duration othe constr ‘on peri affected by many factors, inching the pipe parameters ste characteris andthe typeof gages sn metas ed Genlly the must sever sigan wave andstady cent com Funan wil occur ce pe IM years are use ww deine ean veo the pptane dig ts ete. Simany, the scverccambinsnon twine and steady current which may occur inc dunng.the cmesnictnm seasin are used to define the oecanog ‘apie euisons the pele dng este Tamer importants! the sviomcata dat that inka tio can by nod wk els determining operational imi {hrcerrscting vse psn pots ha consteeton, a eke nmol che mst anil restriction mt ‘Characcnatisut dinar seer ican waves eich may per I year can sully he bead published data Dats wo be {Sedna yndynonns-taly nyse the pene meta dhe Uetion of tin despmatsr ese the shoe pid ad the Si Futian hight ofthernste The sigicant weave ets the atone the bigest c-hid thence ave Heights 3 ive wave pepulaion ‘The mani sbacve wave ight seals comenponds Inthe wombincbenen several waves having letent we Beg, Sieeti phase angle, al pena 2.122 Soll vestigations “The pupue of htaing wl samples 9 wet the wl charac seri alg the ppeine rte These ehatactenstcs ae used in she {signed the submarine pple, nclialngdtermsatien reitance {tbe seal to pipeline mvc, sl tong detenration doe Sychicwave landings, trenching roquitements If the pape 4 ¢0 BS tench Below the scab, and lad Bearing capacity of os ‘Sil propettes nec forthe ppslne dwg clade th ll ing 1 General elasiiaton oso anche ai size dsterbutinsaf the se srnpes, Specie gravity of the su {So movature coment, 1 Constancy wr Anetbrg is [Dhntsorbed shear nen clayey Remplde lature shear scngt or cnet. 1 Permesblty Varios devices an eased fring si samples, inclang the fullowing + Gravity coe, adevice that consntsuf a weighted coringue which ‘elie om gravity to penetrate the seabed. This method is na ee tive where gavel ot ock matenals are encountered un the seabed ‘ince the cove penetetes very Kl these matetals 1 Piston yravity corer [Model Kalleberg) device that consists ‘ols stel Barel (sually 101 long with aplastic cube Tine, core etait and cutting bic the lowerend (Fgre 2.1) The devices ‘iuged with daiving weight, sully 400-500 Ib. The sample core Tenge depends the type of sis and varies from 10K in sft clays nit cost insond, and abou | tan st elay- Lite penetra, iany, can be obtained i the ease of tock sediments The devices ‘Operation # shown in Figute 22. 1 Dhalled carsales, adevice shat ures dled piston toobtainsoil Stmples to lange depth blow the seabed 1 Vibrocorer device that is sel powered and capable of obtaining + ‘Vi damter cove of up to 20 fe long. The diving force inthe ‘racocer is ebtained tt 3 vibrator motor Boused in 3 prsure {ising ad driven through elcencal cables supplied tom the sur lace vessel, SS i | old | Sie so? | can sampler a dvs sed in unconsolidated seabed srtement. The sample is werd othe seallor where sil enters a elo site the sampler The simple them closed and tetured othe 1 Vincrwatcr cameras cn alo be we fr visual examination af ehe Sod salient, parila clay outenyps and Boulers 2.4123 Echo SounderiBathymetry Data cho sounder are used to misnnie deol the seat ter depth Several types of echo sounds are valle Somme have igh precon for increased accuracy of depth measurements. The principle of the ‘cho-sounding instumene consnts of tansmiting a contolled high frequency acoustic signal othe seabed fiom an underwater anaes, ‘asthe sal srelleced onthe walla and ceived bythe trader, {he time diference between rial transnesion and the reeling Period is mearured secure "Alter corsctions and calyations hats bee ascowntel frequen the speed of the scouste sana eater, depo the teansducer, ad ‘other conditions, the ime ditrenee can then Be ealbated to pre the water depth at a particular satan. The spicy provided by 2 ‘continuous depth plot ss the sure vessel tates aloag the proposed toute Water deptncanbe minatedwithan accuracy of = 01% (0s of teater depth, depending precio of he specie struments ed. 2.124 Side-Scan Sonat Method ‘The principle ofthe sie scan sumarmuthod seafloor mapping! i bused om scrling a we bean dincrte sonic pulses Hom a towed ‘Manaducer ih (Figure 231 abuve the seabed. The towed tansdacer ftmits these acoustic pulocs which scan the seabed om either side a ‘he ander Heflectuns of those pues tm aces the seat tc rceived bythe sme tansucct fect sgnals are revnded continusly om a chart abuatd the towing vessel These signals repose lectins om waious oye ‘onthe seabed, suchas gravel ect and pipelines, The intensity of the telected signal depends vn the sycee tom wehich st has Been felled. For example, a signal ropresening 2 rellection rom rocks ‘would be darker than a reflect sya tom sad By studying the intensity of the vllcted signals and sages the ecorded chart it posible to rntrpret the sonar selections 19 a {evlogcal manner and go estimate the size and eight of various ab frets om the seabed The snr lsh ¥s normally towed Between 30 0 Sotettom the seabed. AN EGA sella mappang reorder isbn 8 Fue 24 ‘Valuable information tor submarine pipeines can be obtained from the side-scan sonar records This snrmatiom sells the folowing ft sees ee [Oe arcerenteonmene i gl | ‘Sof sity lays plore i pA ee 2.126 Magnetic Anomaly Detection The magnetometer used for anwmaly tection along pose pipeline ute The mtb hase detecting ange he a ‘tk tel caused by mca geet th seabol This smut ea emote tenho tno sch hich nayonstneatthepropemedpipe rte Aseturis owed nea the Salon arth unit tuned the cal earth agree i feel ‘Ame carthroagnctc Held a changes dt fal seni te ‘Rete oma ciestinay chat 2.2 Design and Protection Concepts ‘As sated estes, am llsorepapeioe sein dhe sea ean be expe trvarwnus ypestbazante The ape c haz amdscvety of Pazar anaPrtecton Cancets | 18 hese hazards depen on the pipeline sit location. For example, inthe Gui of Mexico, Misissipps Dele ata, the pipeline may be exposed to ‘mad slides ad wait curents a well ty potential severe som ‘ction and other bottom instabilities. in the aca shove ates, he ‘Pipeline is often exposed to bigh hydodynannloces expose the seabed, In other areas the world sich acshute Calton pipes ae designed considering earthquakes ss wll as tultings whieh may ‘ecurin the aren ‘A tow diagram ofthe main desig considerations fr selecting the Pipe weight and route and massmising safety in porenially unwtable abotoms i shown in Figure 19. Special tinsudtsions of pel ‘nstllacions in unstable seabtéoms an ised Table 21 221 Route Selection Based the above discussions for identying the vsti hazards slong a proposed ppeline route the base csterainslecting pple ‘utes particulaty in unstable seabortms clade the flowing * Avoid bottom obstructions or possible pipe spans which may exist along the proposed route ‘Avo other pipeline crossings whenever psi ' Avoid anchoring acai present ‘Minimize pe Teageh in unstilesca hry and ote the pipe ma felaively more stable sea these can he alent 1 Avoid any moundedubstection-anddepressions hich cate Spans fo the extent pile ‘in mud aes, munimiseany soil movement risk damage to {the pe by routing the pipe seh away that rns nthe ae “irection asthe mua He This can be aceomised by having Pipeline tuted in a dtecionporptutlat tothe boom ep thes actors may aso have wh conser nslecting the pipeline Toe, depending an the specifi ste atc, scaling bottom ful, atculaly nearchguake areas, rock ocrops ishing ta sty int certain aves, possible Hosting ice. In koe, the sone ratinstor selecting pipeline toute ma she a stay the lone ictivtesin the ares including cont tec, envionment aspects eae ses and ceonomi talcolly aa. aa Potecon Cones | 21 Table? SpecalConsideratons tor Posie ier stalsionln Untle | roa | "SEs dee ct ‘ Hsalynatne stably analyses isa analy catenity gatas neta sn coeds “Pte oct Alina 222 Pipeline Protection Methods Methods exist protect the ppclne frm sks of damage duct ‘environmental ander hacinls,Thene include the following © 29 Flow dayam crease ppcine weight coating. wall thickness, or both {Anchor the pipeline by sing geatty anchor, sctew anchors, oF ther types at anchoring tangent, s Stengien the pire {Bury the pipine helo the lve of the seabed ‘Provide enpincered tlie material ove the pipeline, inching geavel concrete mts nd sandy In most cases, the ppline buried below the seabed to protect it from these hasads However, insome cases burial may adverse alec the salty ofthe pipeline a was dscused caer nares of lange ei movements. As will bedicussed in Chapter 5, ual ofan offbone Bieline may leo be mandatory bythe replat authorities incerta ater depths sal aes flshore, In general, burial proces the pire against wave and cursent actions, tnclaing hydrodynamic ie and dap. an scout Exposing te ppeline tay be peered incentain ates where mid sles occur oer the Pipe Tength, where earthquakes may be present producing high Sl fotces slong the pie length, and where tule may be preset By increasing che weight coating of the pipeline the pipe may resis, Inyoynamc forece due tocurent and wave action and resist vibra fon ctlets due to vortex aeding, The inreated concrete costing however, may complicate the inaallaion operation and increase the ost of installing the pipeline. A systematic and balanced design proce ‘dure should be followed s outlined in Figure 29 to select the most Tessible method tor protecting the pipeline guns esting sands in specie sea As wil be dscussed late, he ppetine may also be exposes to hard of damage during constuction, such 4 increased Bending stress nd {he penal heat of buckling Seectonol the sntallatin parameters ‘nd backle design considerations ate discuss in Chapter Ppsine proecton by burial in dicutsed in detail in Chapter § 3:1 Gonerat ‘To ensure maximum sslety tothe pip, the pipe parameters shouldbe eattuly evaluated nd sclected The various desig ake ste siscussed and analysed inthis chapter Select ol pipe parameters ae result ofthe various analyses aso discussed In general submarine pipeline design eques careful examination of she folowing design elements ‘Route selection. SHydrodynamic stabiluy analysis pastallavon and operating Metin! ‘Soils Tigueaction analysis sate rays of pe spite gravity) Soils moverent analysis nals posed om pple). ‘Hee movement tnd scour dat, 1 Pipe rection methods bual requirements, ‘Pipe buckling analysis ‘Thermal losditenbuity analysis fexpunsio loops, restraints, any 1 Pipe ly analysis (vessel mouins, tension, stinger seguiements Route plans and proiles 1 user design, Connection et safety joint designs Shore crossing design Pent applications, design ep Specifications, materi statin, snippit inha essed foe pops hy nya dete tna rene, ver taice pipc tla, pipe stabi paebucking ees age ul muwement ee ul, Erno onto an depron hich may anc pans oft ncn Pie panto at sattllydeteminsochpips can withstand foyer applic so foray sanettn. ai donng the onan Ime’ Beaune th usin lel rote bared blithe mid Tine durongcycation. can withstand mune severe hyena ‘Dovng otto the pipeline ther azans mast be ease includes anda bonontal and vertical instability, Ase, ‘potatoes i to trol expan, sera rest, 3nd SRSA Sa wna scone 3.2 intemal Pressure [ter she pipe 12 fay been determin, pipe-wall thickness 8 selected su the wasnt tangent yboop Suess due to ternal presnedss nt caced the alla ste as outline by American Natal Sandal Cole for Tremate Piping (ANSL BSL, 1975) and ‘mini Feetl Soicty Standards org ne eating to tanspors {on at natal gas Dy ppsine Part 192, ttle #9, Cde of Federal Regulate cn site thi a desig factor of § should Be ‘ser ther andabepipelie nea the platform anadesign actor at (O72 be und tor pune may om she platform. Foro ppelines the governing coves are ANSI and part 198, ull 49, Code Federal The hop ates dh neon ese [ven by Wher nn tess due to prssute Pp Pantanal presse im pipe, Ps 1 = poi tae ameter of pipe, 1 pape wall ces, A temperature derating factor is used the product temperatre exceeds 2507. Also, a longitudinal joint factor must be used where pplcable jac for scarlss piel 3.3 Buckle Analysis 331 Genera As pipeline installations moved into deep water, the problem of Pipeline collapse cause by the increased hydrotaic presse bese Stpnficant. Pipe collapse depends. on many factor inching the pipe Aameterwallahickness rat (Dit, stress-strain properties ital ‘valzation (ot of roundness, hyurosatic presure sed bending ment inthe pipe, Axa tension was also reported to influence the Collapse characterises ofthe ppcline although to alesse exter than bending or bydrostae presute Pipe buckling canbe defined a the Hateningo excessive ovaing the pipe cross serion The buckle can be "iy" where pipe des it rupee or "wet" where pipe rupees and fll with water 32 Local Bucking “The critical elastic uekling pressure of theoretically pede pipe (pefctly ound with aconstan thickness and lawless materall cts Fiostatie pressure nang only 5 given by the fllowing expression. ro) pa snc cullapse pressure or pat pipe, pst antic mas, pt = Pistons ate pipe damete, C= pipewall hackney, “The ctitical elastic huckling pressure eval fora perfect pipe with sry latge Dit atiolgratr than 250) n practice teal ovat ‘he pipes pesent, and sgitcanedlosmation athe pipe sree My 20 | tenon ring Leon my. ans WoO. occur rir calla Hence, the yest elapse presse salsa ‘anctn ofthe yield properees ofthe pipe materia. ‘An expen fr determining the ete Duckling pressure of per fect ppe whch seco for the pipe yield ste sap rm he oles forthe Design Constraction and Inspection af Submarine Pipelines an Pipeline Rascs by Det nuecke Veritas [DAV 1% Ths trea Docking pressure (P) given Dy 3 isa ty 7 woe 0g) na Y= pipe speci yc stress ooresponing to ‘0.008 stn! Computer programs have ben develop various eganizaions | rode the collpse pressure of pipe amce the canine ens Presvare seal forces bending andaccountingut pipe ou -wundnes [Rn approamate oxpreson forthe etical combination ot bending home and extemal pressure (Pt rorted nthe av cee (tyr Bes ns Whore M, = crncal bending moment when P = r= Grad net entemal pressure whom MA “Dn 1133 Buckle Propagat Laboratory experiments om pipe buckling esdactl by Hatelle (Columbus Laboratories inthe ealy1970sreveaed a hackle hewmen Ieleredto asa propagatingbuckle,"Thisdcseibs he situation whore 2 transverse dent fich may have ben caused by excessive being I any other cause changes ts configuration aoa lngicdinal Duce ‘beegn Exauatons and Ape Parameters | 27 and propagates along the pine, casing collapse ofthe pipe alongs tenling lenge. The devin cay wich eaves Duck to propagate te the hydrostatic pressure “The mature ots propagating buckles thats cater prestue evel equte to initiates propagating buckle ale buckle ition pes Sute, 7) than the pressure reuuted to maintain propagation of the buckle [called buckle propagation presse Py Asa consequence to this, 1 buckle initiated in an eshore ppcine propagates and collapses the Tine until the extemal premure Becomes ual t0 or lest than the ‘ropaeting pressure, Ths assumes that pipe properties [parca wall thickness) remain the same. A number of propagating buckle ‘modes have been teortd fom expetimental studies. These ate shown In Figure 3. “Theotiial and experimental investigations were made by vaticus ‘rganizations (© study the buckle propagation phenomenon and 0 ‘letermine the bockle-propagation pressure forafshore pipelines, These ‘seus have resulted ia sila rather simple expressions fr calcu Ing the propagation pressure [P, = 0 (2)? aut ino) reetisay (55) comm pa {WD 5 much greater than ass dhe casein mst applications den the second expression becomes retisey (5) ber -Acomparisonf the propagating prssureascaleultedby these expres sone is shown Table 31 As Soon ths,consietabledillerence is Dowel betwecn the results or low Dt rates, whereas the results ate Similar for lange Dirt, The eapussion eped by nV icone ‘ery conservative fr the hiv Dit ation TResanersting to mot that the propagation pressure depends only on snc pipe yeh stress and om the Dit rat and des nok depend onthe “ress rate of the pipe, The nature ot causing a Buckle inthe pipe Aken on the pipe parte ay well as external ores applied on the pipe in contrat, the propagation phenomenon address the pipe Duke waveling due to hjctostaic pressure after a buckle has been invited, 3.34 Buckle Arrestors Asstt app localized buckle initiated by caceasive endingdunng laying, anchor dent or any other cause propagates sang the pipeline Design Evabatons ard pe Pants | 2 Table 3.1 Buea Propagation Pressure re er ye # g 3 3 nay Cn, Hooton, 197%, ogden Yn Aalebe Constionad na length a long asthe hydontatic pes exceed the propagation pes ‘suze P) This could damage substantial lenge theme andres ‘reat economic asses eel slob very uneconomical ta dei the pipeline with sufficient wall thickness sh thatthe propagation pth {conespending to propagation puso) woud be pester than water depth along the pipe length Aci, means have bee ound init the length of damage pips bythe use ot buckle atest, in principle the Buckle atestr is ezment of pie tongs than the ‘main pipe, hus requiring alton sneiy te lasecally dorm ia flateen te "This is usally done by neteaing the wall thickness of the arrestor to withstand Hlattening by propagating eke ‘atu types of external and att huekle stress exit ding tga ing welded ing, well sles, heey wal egal eying ad groued fice sing buckle arrstons Thine are stated in Fie 32 fl Se std a flows ‘Integral ing a heavy-wal ng wth the same ID and a greater OD than the pipe the mene ctectne extemal ey 1 Wilde rings a seve welded its the O othe pipe Face ing askcwe which sly or the pe The annular space beeween the sleeve ID a ype gre. ree gee aualy made from heaty wal pal at seosomcal, but they ate Bet ‘tel to shallow water {ternal ing buche arrestor Pie Integral cng buckle atostor Heavy nal nigral eyincer 32 Dpesolbublewmetes fetntemal sing, a Seton of hea wall pipe with de same OD and ‘Smaller ID than the np Thee ot effective ype, Bat the salle ID may resect pgging operations. : Desig of buckle arestors sncludes selection of the spacings of nestor and arestrparamects, including diameter, wall hikes, tae, length, and type ol arestor, These parameters are selected uch {hat traveling buckle the pipeline ender hydrostatic pressure does fot "ross over” the heaved anestor The cross-over pressure Is etined a the net hydrostatic pressure tequited to allow a traveling bbekle inthe pipeline to penctat the arrestor and continue 1 pops fitein the ppeine on te ther sue ofthe aresoe Accordingly, the ble arestor should he desig uch thatthe erossoverpressute s ‘ley gremter than the expected hydrostatic pressure un the Buckle ‘Selection ofthe number and spacings of buckle arrestrs along. the pipeline is sricly a mater ccm. Inaallation of Buckle aes {ors tolimt the amount of pine damage shoulda buckle occur itor ‘of rik inguance to mit time snd ceonome lees Since the risk of Pipe buckle is generally greatest during pipe lying i seems logit ‘Select the length spacing between buckle restore to caual the length (of pipe suspended fice span. However, selection ol spacings and the tuber of buckle amestor stem pends cm many factor including ‘ise of tei, evluston ose inthe ares, me of instalation, and ‘other ceanemic facies In many cass, uekle atestors have been Spaced au inervas of 4-30 f along the pine length, alchough Shacing of as much as 1M have ven used reeving buck aresors ay cos fom abut $500 ¢0 $2,000 or more cuh to install The ondcrof mjostodesnaalled cost fs aboutthece times that of the mutcnal tat lone, Integral ring and welded sing Intestors are more expensive duct abe fabrication, machining. abd welding cose Tee mportane to note tht tickle arrestor requirements depend on ester depth. Long subsea pipelines ae ypically divided ino shorter Sgments, depending on water depth Appropriate design eriteia are {sed for cach segment Dilton uckle-ttestor designs ad spacings sre used forthe vastus pipeline segments. Pipe wal thicknesses and materia grades ate also pated to Re the buckling and laying te {uirements of varios water dees along the pipeline rout. A sngle uckleancsror desig wll have Timwed spphcavion, The opium design formaximun water depth will overesiged for lage portion ‘of many pipeline sours Free steam vlosity Uy W Total submerged weight of pipe, including concrete coating ant wrap, steel pipe, and contents, iit Brag force, F. = Inet force, Fo Lt toes, to N= Nowa! orc, to F u [* Frcton resistance Flow velocity in boundary ayer, tee esgnEvasars and Pie Pants | 36 58 Deion af ner wave pacers avs naa 9 ny tion, consideration is made of i ines, sll mp, esllatry ‘wave theory Formulas or ealclatng th iets wave chargteistes 28a function of wave height, eed ave plac ssl and wee pe Se given sn Figure 36 Tes important to aot tha the dscpwater sgn wave eight an wave direction change asthe waive travels itso water die Combined effects shoaling eesti, lain eet, pean dnd elections. An llstrion ol the shana th deeper ane length (shown in Figure 7 for diferent water dps Sothe pipelineremains talc theses sno of al drcesn| the pipe mus sail th state lsat sein sven by orzontl frees eh Fy oF, B= Wain 0 en Verial lores (YEN +, ~ Wine <0 an Where the symbols ae described in Fire 33 1 pipes esting on the seabed with Ils smbdment sn the sol then the lateral esistingoree can be telat tothe onal free (Ny eet Hone AKNG bun war Wher the lot ition ction Ree pipe sundae athe seabed ‘Combing oyuttions 311 and 3.12 an wing ution 3.8 yeh HRP Hii = Wome) = Waine eu Design Exaknors and Pine Parantos | 37 T= wave perog, itunes later Sane ‘The minimum pipe suber weight (8) for an aefilled pipe duving onstruction and for mate Hla pipe daring aeration ean then be ‘ketrmined using Eguaton 414 he orm = futhituh a. We lend ean eel For level scflar with © ~ 0, uation 3.15 becomes: Were tavets ate “The How-induced drag and inertia forces othe pipeline can be caeulated by adopting an expession derived by Morro (1950) for ‘Shmputing the horzontal forces male by a unforn fad flw ovcea Slinder, These forces ate given by Locus aan ten be eed F aba) (ue) was Where Fy = dag rc per unit eng of pipe Ibs Fy incr tree por unit lenggh pie, ts fp deny of Mad, 2 lag Horse water Be pe ob. U1 Uihe Moizonal water patel: webosy tver pipe ei ee stu honzomal water parte aseleraton vce pp, fs? yaaa deg cette Co = hlasynamie wert or mass eotheint The tot tre is combination of an inet force pls ag ace the pipe The ncroa nce gomponent fs derived om halos foncevon a dyin an accketate low of am eal ness i The ‘ely ant acceleraton tems da to the combine ec of seed Curent ust be evaluated oer the pupeline dpe an the hee ne fgutedovertheppeline ameter Type, the velctyandactelerton Terms atc evaluated a Im abow the seabed hase on stand wat Unorey ss descie estler A Dounday layer i then aud fo Ln we the sib tothe sabe where the wee terme sani “The 17h paver aw iseammanly wed to approximate th ht velocity pre JU ers dpa the bday aye otal u 7 ow Where: U = honzontl patil velocity at 2 height y frm the seafloor the boundary layer, ese U,= measured er calculated horizontal panicle eety at height yy see Asstated abe, Uy usualy called in the ee steam at about Im above bottom fn realty, depth of ee boundary layer depends on the ‘ortom roughness and hw Reynolls number. "Tc ellectve velo i) toe used sn Equation 3.17 ca be taro from he following averaging expression: ‘Design Evavaton and Pp Pasar 00 0m u = Water depth = Deepwater wave enatn = Wave lengtn, t Hy = Deepwater wave eight 904 008 01 SOF OF oe 37 Wave ech aa eh rn th th 20) se sir Equation 3.19 Equation 3.20 yk the bling Us <0778 USD. nay The Hilt force JB) cam similarly be obtained fom the fellowng 96 DU aay z ‘The mayor diclty i ealelaing He ag, a cea tc ctermination wf the Int eon, dag colts, al sce feutficen. Far steal te contin, th ages iy eps tin the thor Reynoliy numer ail mughwsy of pipe suc The Reval munber feted by he loan Rwd aa Where Rinemnate viscity of dhe Hd abut VO 10" face fv sca wate pe mans cate A dt k= Sinan Where & = height of rhinos Extensive measurements have Deon mate far fntng the dag cuetcione ins unidivetona stealy soe tow over a pene sad ot hnstcaly fs. Dr stfccnt were meted sea tunton ofthe Fen number. Reals ave hen in Bane 4 ema, th dog fveltcent vanes ftom Oto 2.0, depoag othe He Rey amb ‘Althsh dag cuties have bem cared tcl hows, shee eauly ape lly Und torent Hwa nse tt ae By lst hemaxhmun valueofthecombinedsuntent an wave nkeed ‘ehty overt pipe sce, Bxaune velit of he How arose the pe duamerer due tobundary layer ets, defletve velo used Tocvaat he low Reyoukle um then detente ores tr ae ctitene Exports to measur dag cuties fora waren oscil tory Hho our pups that he cet hs 30 05 Roughness cooticrnt coe oa 02 sas) wm 2 a45 Fe Reynoks number, pape sous, a well as dhe Keegan Carpntee Dutiber kh hh bedi a : Ket 5 p29 Where: T= oseilitory wave petal, ee An illustration of the varton of dag coxficient with Reynls mb fr cesta vaca wn pte 3 Thien ted to determine the dag cation fra paseular application, Hoe vcr neu Figute 3 ordtcrmmng hedge adequate fo ‘ahnre pipeline design Experuments have abso een cst the pant fr measurements rag CoAT OF os 39 Pract dent eal ahs i cuftisene (Ci and the snes coeticint Cal The Mt Sheffcn as depends tn the Reyowe mumber and pip mmshness Costictont i foraeteady state ow, Theltenetiant(C)dcjontn ‘he Royle ss wall the Keulegan Carpenter nas (Tot fselatiry Hows. Variation ofthe i eelfcsent ern the Rey hubs tr steady state flows fs oven in igure 310 Tnvestgatunsal the inertia coelieient (Cyl fora nonin, cele anc oid lowe wver 3 pipeline have shown thatthe mca vale of Cy fencrallyvancs from I'S #0 25, depending on the fw Reyashls Barber Bose on the above discussions, recommended values ofthe hy namic ceticints, (Cu Cs and (Cu) wo be sed for elculiting bye Symamnic forces onan cishore pipeline ae summaracd in Table 32 Desig Eausons and Pipe Pats 20 6 & 2 os Boa £03 02 on L rr a a 10 feet vs Rooks ober Tano32 Recommended Costiclents or Ppe Design (Exposed Pipe) Lon toenenns xt 1st 12g Bay 20 EXAMPLE PROULEM: Pipe OD ~ 24 Elective comic particle wehicty — hse CCleulate hyd etic oF pp sg Solu, {Calculate Reynolds number ke = YD. Med Toto a =x 0 Thetetore 12 BG = 0a Gy 20 The cetient of ation between pipe uric athe wl mst as be determaned cates th aera sl estntnceo th apelin ‘Thiscnticenco fictndcpemon th sonace conten the peal the btm sl chararensie Te ction cent ps ‘theskyt cabot of the psn shes a welt, ohm pape i sng the ton. so below dhe pipeline dorms alin Av the pipeline moves Lately ol ake fundemeath the ppstine and further teal msc oth pile ‘would caine thes ts dckem laterlytherchy incrsosshe kstng forces othe pipe movement Taperimental measitemens in the past have unkcatl that the

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