Nw a COMPLETE SOLUTIONS TO CAPE UNIT 2 PURE MATHEMATICS ~ BY FAYAD W. ALI (MSc, PhD) & “ALAN UMRAW (MSc, Dip Ed.) 2COMPLETE SOLUTIONS TO CAPE UNIT 2 PURE MATHEMATICS The rights of Zh: Fiyad Wi Ali and Mh Alan Cara to ve identiied as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with ©Copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the ©Copyright owners. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First edition published in 2017 @ BeNeo Printing & Publishing Co. ©Lh Fiyad WA and Me, Hn Ura Printed and Published By: & Beneo) Printing & Publishing Co. 1312 S.S. Erin Road, Penal, Trinidad, W.I. Tel: 1-868-647-8322 / 7651 Fax: 1-868-223-7715 / 7716 Email: benco7651@gmail.com Your feedback is always welcomed. You can email the authors at feedback.puremaths@gmail.com ISBNINTRODUCTION It is numbers and not words that make up the language of the Universe and Mathematics is the great Ruler and the mighty Empress of all the Sciences. ‘Solutions to CAPE Mathematics for Unit 2°, by Fayad W. Ali and Alan Umraw, is designed as enrichment exercises in learning to solve the questions in CAPE Unit 2 Mathematics and as preparation for excellent results in examinations encountered at the Upper Sixth form level of Secondary school. There are several aims and objectives in this workbook. After reading through this solution book, students will perceive the critical analysis, intuitive deduction, logical reasoning and the proper or desired presentation involved in the solution of the questions of CAPE Unit 2 Mathematics. They will develop an understanding of facts and relationships presented through words, numbers, symbols, graphs and the relevant diagrams. They will also develop skills in critical thinking and clarity of presenting CAPE Mathematical solutions. Certainly, too, they will be able to develop a range of problem-solving strategies that will enable them to identify, describe and formulate problems, after which they will be able to make references and draw conclusions of a mathematical nature. This is especially so as sometimes many alternatives to solving the various questions are deliberately offered. Candidates at this level will be encouraged to integrate their learning with all types of existing technologies and so be more confident young citizens in the twenty-first century. This is keeping with the achievement of six essential learning outcomes of the Curriculum and Planning Division of the Ministry of Education in Trinidad and Tobago. This solution book facilitates the CAPE rationale for teaching and leaming Advanced Mathematics. Our students will know that CAPE Mathematics incorporates the study of the properties of numbers and their relationships to studies Measurement, Space, Shape, Euclidean Geometry, Calculus Statistics, and Probability. They will be able to understand that Advanced Mathematics deals with special strands of mathematics in its purest and most aesthetic form. ‘Also, the study of CAPE Mathematics makes students better creative thinkers through the development of logical thinking, problem-solving, investigative skills, organisational and argumentative skills. Furthermore, the study of mathematics will liken them to the great philosophers and thinkers of the previous worlds Our students may come to realise, even at this relatively early stage of their development, that mathematics is the engine that motors the modern world. It continues to engage and obstinately perseveres to enlighten, uplift, entertain, and rule as the erowned, proud Empress, on one of all humanity's greatest cultural achievements.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aims and objectives in this book are obvious, basic, clear and fundamental. The book is designed to demonstrate to candidates the rules and applications of the topics associated wit CAPE Unit 2 Mathematics. The questions are worked whilst clearly illustrating these rules, as well as various alternative methods that follow so many questions. All of these are aimed at demonstrating to prospective candidates: (i) the sequential process of thinking and analysing the data re quired in the process of solving questions, (ii) the proper presentation of solutions to questions as it analytical reasoning. (iii) the alternative methods that may be possible, methods, Parallels the sequence of though not necessarily shorter (iv) the necessity, importance, relevance and clarity associated with the drawing or sketching of diagrams, (v)__ the recollection of basic formulae that is re ‘quired for CSEC Additional Mathematics at this level, This solution book attempts to remind candidat tes of the mathematical laws and their usage that are associated with CAPE Unit 2 Mathemati ics and to satisfy the needs of students as they e said discipline. The authors are Hence, of thinking and this is considered to be essential and regarded as a necessary and sufficient condition in the overall plan for the mastering of CAPE Unit 2 Mathematics. Fayad W. Wi and Man UnrawCONTENTS YEAR PAGE 2016 Unit 2 Paper 2 1-22 2015 Unit 2 Paper 2 23-51 2014 Unit 2 Paper 2 52-72 2013 Unit 2 Paper 2 73-97 2012 Unit 2 Paper 2 98-133 2011 Unit 2 Paper 2 134-169 THE AUTHORS WISH TO DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO A DEAR AND CHERISHED FRIEND, MASTER CURTIS APTE RAMPERSAD A CLOSE AND CHERISHED FRIEND AND FORMER CLASSMATE OF FAYAD W. ALI AND MRS. NATALIE PERSAD, WIFE OF MR. ALAN UMRAW1. (a) 2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 SECTION A MODULE 1 Dat # The complex roots of ax’ +bx+e=0 are @=1-3i and B. @ Required To Calculate: (@ +8) and (af) Calculation: Complex roots occur in conjugate pairs. If a@=1-3i then, B=1+3i, a+ B= (1-31) +(1+3!) (i) Required To Prove: That an equation whose roots are is given by 10x +2x+1=0. Proof: Any quadratic equation can be expressed in the form: 2° —(sum of the roots).x+ (product of the roots) =0 _(B-2)+(a-2) (a-2)(B-2) ~ 10=2(2)+4 2 “10 1 o ae oN2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 1 ~ (@=2)(8-2) 1 Sr ae 10 1 a-2- B-2 (x10) 10x? +2x+1=0 (In integer form) QED. (b) Data: Two complex numbers are given as u=4+2i and v=1+2V2i. () Required To Complete: The Argand diagram to illustrate w Solution: Im(z)2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (ii) Required To Sketch: The circle with equation |z~u|=3 on the same Argand diagram. Solution: Im(z) (iii) _ Required To Calculate: The modulus and principal argument of Calculation: u=442i b=V(4y +2)" =Vi6+4 20 =W5 2 =tan!| = argu (3) = 0.46 radians (to 2 decimal places)2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Mm - 1 +(2N2)) wo =3 eB an =1.23 radians ) Im(z) = 2.43 radians2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 defined by the parametric equations x=4cos/ and in 2¢ for O Required To Determine: = Solution:2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 2x-+ »|-In|x-10| i] Qxty x (b) Required To Determine: fen sine’ dx Solution; Let at sine! de = fe! sins ze = fe‘ sine dt = Jesine de dv = De sint Let uv 5 du eae v=-cost dt Integrating by parts: Jesine dt =[-10081]-[-coss dt =-t00st+ fost dt =-teost+sin¢+C (C is a constant of integration) Recall: ¢ J fet sine’ de=-e" cose’ +sine' +C 42x43 (x-1)(x +1) @ Required To Estimate: The area bounded by fand the lines y= and x=, using the trapezium rule. Solution: Length of x ~interval = =2 (©) Data: f(x for 20 and h(x) is continuous in [0, 1], then by Intermediate Value Theorem, f(r) has a root in the interval {0, ]- 122016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 co) where x, =0.7 Required To Estimate: The root of h. Solutio (0.7) +1 =0.671141 + 0.67 (correct to 2 decimal places) ~ (0.671141) +1 = 0.68945 = 0.69 (correct to 2 decimal places) 1 x41 eres. owen © (0.68945) +1 = 0.67780 = 0.68 (correct to 2 decimal places) ~ (0.67780) +1 =0,68520 = 0,69 (correct to 2 decimal places) 13© 2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (0.6805)" +1 = 0.68348 = 0.68 (correct to 2 decimal places) +.Root = 0.68 (correct to 2 decimal places) Data: g(x)=e*—4, where x, Required To Find: The approximate root of g(x) using the Newton-Raphson method Solution: a(x) a(l)=e'-4 =-1.281728 g'(x)= 48° = 1.11788 =1.118 (correct to 3 decimal places) (1.11788) = e417) _ 4 = 0.35586 142016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 8'(1.11788) = 4e4017)3 =174234 3 = 1.11788 - 17.4234 =1.0974 . ~1.097 (correct to 3 decimal places) SECTIONC MODULE 3 5. (a) Data: A bus has 13 seats and 8 @ Required To Determin of passengers Solution: passengers boarded before it left the terminal. : The number of possible seating arrangements Number of possible seating arrangements =" P. = 51891840 Gi) Data: At the first stop, no passengers gets off the bus, There are 8 other Passengers to board the same bus. Three of these passengers are friends Who must sit together. Required To Determine: The number of passengers that can join the bus. Solution: Either the three friends are there or not. If the three friends are able to join the bus, possible groups of $ waiting then the number of possible groups of 5 are 8-3) (5 2a) as. =10 If the three friends are not there, then the number “iH =1 of possible groups of $ +: Total number of possible groups 15(b) 2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Data: Gavin and Alexander are two of five specialist batsmen on. the school’s cricket team. The specialist batsmen must bat before the non-specialist batsmeq | and all five specialist batsmen may bat in any order. Required To Find: The probability that Gavin and Alexander are the opening pair for a given match. Solution: (Gavin is the number | batsman) = wie P(Alexander is the number 2 batsman) = P(Alexander is the number | batsman) = P(Gavin is the number | batsman) -t wim Ble a5 ey (Gavin and Ak =|=x— =x= Porat Amant op) -(4 Je Lad] Pica ~ 20 al “10 Alternative Method: $ specialist batsmen can be arranged without restriction in 5! ways. Number of ways of arranging these batsmen with Gavin and Alexander opening! 2x3!=12 (31 is the number of arrangements of the other specialist batsmen) ‘P(Gavin and Alexander open) = a : mace 120 1 10 162016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 AdjA -18 -6 7 4 -3 -1 -6 4-13 8 6. (a) Data: Two fair coins and one fair die are tossed at the same time. @ Gi) Required To Calculate: The number of outcomes in the sample space, Calculation: Number of outcomes for fair coin Number of outcomes for fair die = 6 Total number of outcomes for two fair coins and one fair die =2x2x6 (Independent events) =24 Required To Find: The probability of obtaining exactly one head. Solution: Let H be the event a head is obtained on the fair coin. Let Tbe the event a tail is obtained on the fair coin. P(Exactly one head) =[ P(H)x P(T))}+[P(T)xP(H)] }4) 182016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Gil) Required To Calculate: The probability of obtaining at least one head on the coins and an even number on the die. Calculation: Let £ be the event an even number is obtained on the fair die. Let O be the event an odd number is obtained on the fair die. P(At least one head and even number) = [P(H)xP(H)xP(E)}+[P(H1)xP(r)x P(E)|+[P(T)xP(H)x P(E)) (3 1 5)}(Pd4)-(bete =| oxox l4{ oxox | fbi 25252) }\ ona. | oanen 2 (b) Data: y=Gx+C? and Sy-n'ty=0 Required To Determine: Whether y is a solution to the differential equation. Solution: 19© 2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Substitute into the L.H.S. of the differential equation: = 1(20,)-(G, +20) ]+ G46, Hence, y is a solution to the differential equation. Data; 3(x" + 2 ik @ 2y(1+2x) Required To Prove: (x? +x)" isa general solution to the differential equation. Proof: 3(x" +x) [3(¢+x)] dy _2y(1+2x) 3(x° +x) =2y(1+2x) dx a 1+2x] 1+24 +e poe a 3|e+x] is a function of x only and Q=0 is a constant 0 is of the form 2 Py=0, where P= x Integrating factor: ued? 2 ((1+2x dks da fran 3h(3) Let t=x7 +x fae a 20Gi) 2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 =C_ (where C is a constant of integration) wyeey(et y Data: y(1)=1 QED. Required To Solve: 3(xP +x Solution: The general solution of 3(x+ x) y=ci(e +x) When x= a2016 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 1=cy(e 1) 1=0¥4 1 ey wee is of the form re”, where r = il ol ° =x-+iy is such that v’ =2+i. 1 _ 245. (b) Ds Required To Show: Proof: vaxtyi ve=(xtyi)? Vax +? y+ 2xyi (Re:i? =-1) vax ay? + 2ayi From data: va2+i wy +2ayis2ti Equating real parts Equating imaginary parts: xv-yr=2 2ay=1 a) From equation @ 252015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 yot © 2x Substitute equation © into equation @ Let p=? *=81—1=0 is of the form af? +b1-+c=0, where a =4,b=-8 and c= Using the quadratic formula: _ -b+Vb —4ac % 2a (-8)+ ¥(-8)' -4(4)(—1) 2(4) t _ 84.80, 8 22- [ve 28 since x is real and it cannot be a negative number.) QE.D. 262015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (©) Data: A function fis defined by the parametric equations x = y=sin" 1, (i) Required To Show: Proof: x= is of the form “, where Nise v unmet to, dt (Chain rule) pia a aan di v [WF] }-[lerl-e) (Mery ne"(I-P)+tet a aa 1-f _-et(1=F) +e" Es vi-F(1-?) e*(? +t-1) “YEA (IP) enn 2 . ra (Standard form) =; 27(a) Gi) Data: @ 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 QED. Required To Show: fhas no stationary value. Proof: Ata stationary point, £ =0. ix Therefore, if there is no stationary value, then fis never 0. e( +t e(1-r)40 ef (1-2)(1+2)40 Notice, #=1 and r=—1. However, for the range —1<¢=0.5, t= 1=1 does not exist. Hence, fhas no stationary value. Jeo QED. 4x7 +3xy? + 7x4+3y =0 dy % * . oe using implicit differentiation. ix Required To Show: Proof: 4x7 +3xy7 +7x4+3y =0 Differentiating implicitly w-r. 282015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 S (ow +3)=-(8143)" +7) dy _~(8x+3y"+7) dk Oy dy _~(8x+3y"+7) dx 3(2xy+1) QED. NOTE: We were asked to prove that 2 = 8*+3) +7 dx 3(1+2x9) . However the ,. dy _~(8x+3y"+7) answer is © =", de 3(2xy+1) (i) Data: f(x, y)=4x* +3xy" +7x+3y Required To Shor Fle) yg [2Lle») saa Proof: S (x y)=4x +3297 + Tx+3y Differentiating partially w.r-t y and treating all the other variables as constants. f(x,y) LOY) bay 43 aaa FF(%¥) _ 6 Differentiating partially w.r.t.x and treating all the other variables as constants. GN ge 3y47 a 2/59) _¢ a 23;2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (xy . Differentiating wes) wort. x and treating all other variables as constants. oye ala) vex Ov ox = Lex +3? +7) =6y Consider the L.H.S. of the equation: =10 = 6(6xy+3)—10 = 36xy + 18-10 =36xy +8 Consider the R.H.S. of the equation: ee eo =(6x)(6) +8 =36xy +8 LHS. =R.H.S. QED. 2 (b) Data: f(x)= eae is defined on the domain -2< x <2. 9x? + (i) Required To Express: f(x) in the form a+ waa’ where a, be R. xP Solution: 18x? 413 SOSA Notice the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator, therefore we must divide the numerator by the denominat 2 9x? +4)18x? +13 = 187+ 8 =. 30is of the form Sib oe where @=2 and oe +4 4 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 | Gi) Data: f(x) ts symmetric about the y — axis. Required To Evaluate: [ f(x) de. Solution: Let us say the graph of f(.x) looks like: ’ Since f(x) is symmetrical about the y — axis, we find JF (2) ae ana ‘multiply the answer by 2, Thatis, f°, f(x) dr=2f (x) ae. 312015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 = 4+ tan (3) = {4-0} +{1.04087-0} = 5.04087 «J (2) ax = (5.04087)2 =10.08174 =10.1 (correct to 3 significant figures) 322015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (©) Data: h is a function of x. (©) Required To Show: [h" Ink dh = mi -1+(n+1)Ink]+C, where ~l#neZ and CeR. Proof: Jo 10h dh is of the form fue dh , where amine eienl ahh Se dh “n+l Integrating by parts eo dh w/v dh ah ah faring anew )-((\) ah _lnk(i"') a n+l n+l anal) tem n+l n+l He ‘ feos) inne") et “nel (nly _ tna (n+) Ane (n+l) : [-1+(n+1)in#]+C (Where C is a constant) ) i (at QED. (ii) Required To Find: { sin’ xcosxin(sinx) dx. Solution: Jasin? xeos xin(sin x) de du =sinx => — =cosx Let w=sinx => 332015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 sin? xeos:xIn(sin x) dx = [u? pes Inu = Ju? Inu du which is of the form [A" Inka where n=2 and h=sinx =u, Using the above proof: | Jasin? xcosxin(sinx) de = @ 7 [-1+(241)inu]+C (where Cisae + j 3 =p Atsinu]+c j Recall: u=sinx in? j Jsin? xcos.xin(sinx) dx ==F*[-143in(sinx)]+C | SECTION B | i MODULE 2 | Then term of a sequence is given by 7, =—224 3. @ In? +1 (i) Required To Determine: limT, Solution: 2n+1 S()= 7 TA) 2(w)+1 foo} +1 | == (indeterminate form) ~ 34 j2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 ee at As n+, +40, 4-90, and so noha ep oelin ca =limv4 =2 (ii) Required To Show: Proof: 35(iii) 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 QED. Required To Find: The approximate value of 7,, correct to 2 decimal places, up to an including x? when x = x by using the binomial expansion. Solution: Recall: The binomial expansion (a+6)" =a nat he ON) AON O=2) rs) neR 362015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 ) +] upto ana arated oe in * ; ; = “(Jo Boe) )olea)] 3 Se 2048 65536 9 =; [0.9701] =2.183 = 2.18 (correct to 2 decimal places) (6) Data: A series is given as 2+3+4454 49 16 (i) Required To Express: The n" partial sum S, of the series in sigma notation. Solution: Notice, separating the numerators and denominators. 1 os 30 4h no ee z YA converges to =. ao C Required To Show: S, diverges as n > Proofs (ii) Dati 37© a 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 = -yiee (From data) a 1 Asn—>2, 90 and so, n NOTE: The question asked for us to prove that S, diverges as 1 >: Clearly, S, converges to a value as » —> =>. In this case the limi Required To Prov: using induction, Proof: Let P(n) be the statement: Sr(r-1)= Assume P(n) is true for n= Sry AED Consider P(n) for n=k +1. dr r-1)= Dre (r=1)+(4+1)" term 382015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 = ene 1) 21) 3 +(k+Dk Seles) 3 3 = ECE + (E=1) | 3k(k+1) 3 3 ~(e+n {Hepes} =e {E=te} te ie +2k+1-1} +2k} =i (e+ 2¢+1)1} Mery =1} is of the form 2. P(n) is true for n=k+1. Testing when n=1: Series n(n?-1)_1(?-1) zr 1)=1(1-1) aaeaia =1(0) ae) =0 3 =0 P(n) is true for n=1. Testing when n=2:(a) 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Yr(r-1)=042 +2(1) 0 no P(n) is true for n=2, Testing when n=3: Xir(r=1)=0+2+3(3-1) 8 4" P(n) is true for n=3. Therefore, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, )°r(r—1) for neZ* or neN Data: A function is defined as g(x) =e", (Required To Find: The Maclaurin’s series expansion for &(x) upto an including the term in x*, Solution: The function g(x) exists at x=0 and is differentiable any number of times, therefore, the function can be written in the form, ste)=e(0)+e(0)r+£ OE £(0)r 2 Oe 8'(x)=3e""! = 8'(0)=3e""! = 3¢ B"(x)=9e""! = 8"(0)=9e"! <9 8"(x)=27e"*! >8"(0)= 276%! — 276 8" (x)=8le"*! =>" (0)=81le"' <8). 402015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 5 ma “8 (x)= et 3er4 = as +... up to and including the term in x* , wersert cet ster erty. 2% Fi 2tteneg neta reeds te, 2 tia (it) Required To Estimate: ¢(0.2),, correct to 3 decimal places. Solution: we)ad(teacrde Zara tats..) 2 (0.2) i +3(02)+2(02)) +3 (02) +2202)" | =e(1.8214) = 4.9510 4.951 (correct to 3 decimal places) (bo) Data: f(x)=x—3sinx-1 (i) Required To Show: That f(x) has at least one root in the interval [-2, 0], using the intermediate value theorem. Pro! —3sinx-1 Given that (1x) is continuous within the interval [a, 6], if there is a difference in sign between f(a) and f(b), then there be at least one root in the interval [a, 6] for f(x), by the Intermediate Value Theorem. S(-2)=-2-3sin(-2)-1 Ff (0)=0-3sin(0)-1 =~3-3(-0.909) =—1 (Negative) =~0.273 (Negative) NOTE: There is no difference in sign. Both /(—2) and /(0) gave negative values. Trying to find the root within the interval [-2, -1] is more suitable. 41(c) 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 2-3sin(-2)-1 (-0.909) 273 (Negative) =-2-3sin(-1) = 0.52 (Positive) a root between — 2 and ~ 1 and 3 a root between — I and 0. Hence, the Intermediate Value Theorem there exists at least I root in [-2, 0], mediate Value Theorem, if f(x) is continuous ] at least one root exists since f(-2) and Therefore, by the Inter within the interval [-2, -1 f(-1) differed in sign. ‘f (-0.538) = 0 in the interval [~0.7, ~0.3] usings (ii) Required To Sho Jeast three iterations of interval bisection. a “ F(R) Iteration 1 07 =0.06 2 =0.7 0.09 3 =0.6 0.018 a 2055 =0.021 BI =055 =0.002 2 f(-0.538) =0 Data: g(x) =sin3x and has a root in the interval [5, 6]. Required To Find: An approximation to the root, correct to 2 decimal places, using the Newton-Raphson method with initial estimate x, = 5.5 Solution: g(x) =sin3x '(x)=3cos3x Recall: x,_, =x, — a(x) (,) g(x,) =sin3x, g'(x,) =3cos3x, 42- (a) 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 sin3x, 3cos3x, y= S162 eas O12) 8 3e083(5.162) =5.237 __sin3(5.237) 3c083(5.237) =5,238 Notice, x, =5.237 and x, = places, Therefore the root is approximately equal to 5.24 (correct to 2 decimal places). .235 both approximate to 5.24 correct to 2 decimal SECTION C MODULE 3 Data: Of the ten students across CARICOM who applied for mathematics scholarships, three are females and seven are males. The scholarships are awarded to four successfil students. (i) Required To Determine: The number of possible ways in which a group of four applicants may be selected if no restrictions are applied. Solution: ‘Assuming each applicant has an equal chance of obtaining a scholarship, the number of ways 4 students can be chosen with no restrictions =" C, =210 (ii) _ Required To Determine: The number of possible ways in which a group of four applicants may be selected if at least one successful candidate must be female. Solution: Number of ways 4 students can be chosen if there are no females =” C, 4B(b) Data: digit. i) (ii) 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 rT . the number of ways 4 group of 4 students can be chosen with at lea one female oeNumber of ways 4 students can be chosen if there are no restriction. Number of ways 4 students can be chosen if there are no females =210-35 =175 Alternative Method: Number of ways a group of 4 students can be chosen with at least one female - =1 female & 3 males or 2 females & 2 males or 3 females & | male =('G,x'6,)+(°Gx'G)+(?G*'G) 05+63+7 75 Numbers are formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 without repeating Required To Determine: The greatest possible amount of numbers thi may be formed. Solution: Assume that | or more digits are used for the formation of the number. No. of 5 digit numbers = 5! 120 No. of 4 digit numbers No. of 3 digit numbers = No. of 2 digit numbers = No, of | digit numbers Greatest amount of possible numbers = 120+120+60+20+5 =325 el To Determine: The probability that a number formed is gre than . Solution:2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 If the number is greater than 100, they can be 3 digit, 4 digit or 5 digit numbers. Number of numbers greater than 100 =120+120+60 }00 . : mb than 100 +. P(Number is greater than 100) = Number of numbers greater than 100 Total number of numbers (©) Data: The system of equations is given as: 2x+3y-2=-3.5 x-y42z 1.5x432 9 (i) Required To Rewrite: The system of equations as an augmented matrix. Solutio 2° 3 -i13s tol 27 50) 23) 9) (ii) Required To Reduce: The system to echelon form using row operations. Solution: 2 3 -ipas 2 3 -iL35) , 1-1 2) 7);2&44J0 -s sh7s|att, 1s 0 3] 9 15 0 39 2 3 -I35) , (2 3 -I-35 0-5 375) s]0 -5 5] 175|-B2 > 0-3 sliss oo as 115 -03/-1.75 1 13 ~05|-1.75 o 1 -1)-35|-S5J0 1 -1]-35 oo 25 oo 1] 25 (iii) Required To Solve: The system of equations. Solution: From the echelon form: 45(iv) 2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 x =-1.75 =-3.5 z= 25 x+LSy- -1 When y=—1 and x+15y-0. x+1,5(-1)-0.5(2.5 75+1.25+1.5 5 Data: The third equation of the given system of equations is changed 1Sx-15y+32=9. Required To Show: This system of equations has no solutions. Proof: x+1.5y-0. xt yn 1Sx-1.5y+ Write as the augmented matrix, (4|8) 23 -(-3.5 2 3 -1135 Lee Ate >| 1" 2) 7 | ace 15 -15 3] 9 1-1 2/6 2 3 -1/-3.5 115 -05-1.75 Meelamee | e | es |] ey alee 0 0 of-1 OY Ol 1 Rank of 4=2 Rank of (4|B)=3 46 pies2015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Since rank of 4 #rank of (|B), the system of equations is inconsistent and has no solutions. 6. (a) Data: Alicia's chance of getting to school depends on the weather. The weather can be either rainy or sunny. If itis a rainy day, the probability that she gets to school is 0.7. She goes to school in 99% of the sunny school days. 32% of all school days are rainy @ (ii) (iii) Required To Construct: A tree diagram to show the probability that Alicia arrives at school. Solution: Let R be the event that the day is rainy. Let S be the event that Alicia goes to school. Required To Find: The probability that Alicia is at school of any given day. Solution: P(Alicia is at school) =P(It is rainy & she is at school) or P( it is not rainy & she is at school) = (0.32 0.7) + (0.68 x0.99) = 0.224 +0.6732 = 0.8972 Required To Find: The probability that it is a rainy day given that Alicia is at school. Solution: 472015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 The probability that it is a rainy day given that Alicia is at schoo} is conditional probability P(R| S) P(RAS) P(s) (0.32)(0.7) 0.8972 = 0.25 P(R|S)= Required To Show: The equation y-+xy +7 =0 is a solution of t differential equation 2 = nes ‘ Proof: dx cm dx dy y dk x(1+x) 1 ae and Q =~ x(I+a) Finding the integrating factor: Let u= el" ey * 1 Consider [-— + gy J x(1+x) "4 Separate into partial fractions: eee Erna ea (where 4 and B are constants) ~1=A(1+x)+ B(x) pee! Let x=0 -1=4(0)+2(-1) -1=4(1)+3(0) Bey A 1 482015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 = In|x +1|~In|a| x +l =inP* Multiply throughout by 21. x 1 x de a) e Integrate both sides with respect to x: x+l aH) fide Soa (4) =-x+C_ (where C is a constant) x xx (x+l)y=-2 +r wytyte =Cr Assuming that C=0 yeaytx = QED. 492015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 ’ (ii) Data: A differential equation is given as’ ) Required To Find: The general solution of the differentia} a equation, Solution: (Auxillary equation) mati y= Ae™ + Be™ The general solution is y= Ae™ + Be (where A and B are constants) b) Data: Boundary conditions are given as y(0)=1 and {2 “(2 Required To Show: The particular solution that satisfies the give boundary conditions is y =—1_(. 502015 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 1s 4e® , peo y= de 4 Bete 4 ea aae® ~ Jape e onset ~Vine“\ 0=V24e~J2 Be" 0=2(de~ Be") +2 0= de~Be* Ae= Be Substitute equation @ into equation @: At de =1 A(l+e?)=1 A= 7° ltée Substitute equation © into equation @: 1 B= l+e* Gi +e Si: 2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 SECTION A MODULE 1 Required To Differentiate: y= In(x’ +4)—xtan ‘() wert. x. Solution: y=In(x? +4)=xtan '(3) & fe) Recall as) = dtr 2x Hence, {n(x +4) = (x tat e=tm(2) tanu=* 2 Differentiating implicitly w.rt. x: sectu du=+ dx 2 dud dx 2sec?u ihe el © 2(1+ tan? w) x But, tanu = (3) at es BL x We 21+ 522014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 1 2x 44x (Product Rule) (ii) Data: Curve is defined parametrically by x=acos’t and y=asin'!, Required To Prove: The tangent at the point P (x, ) has equation, yeost+xsint =asinfcost. Proof: Let x Let y=asin’r And w And v=sine Ha-sine 77st x=au’ yaar inte Fa a Basa? iv By the Chain Rule: By the Chain Rule: 4 (sau?) x(-sint) ay 7 = =(3av) xcost dx dt 3asin® reost dy _dy dt dy _ dy ae (Chain rule) 532014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 ‘The equation of the tangent is y-asin't tan t(x-acos?s) Pa sine. yoasin = (x-acos’) (xcoss) ycost—asin’ tos, sint(x-acos*r) ycost—asin’ tcost = -xsin¢+asin cos’ t cost +xsint = asintcos’t+asin’ t+cost Yeost+.xsiné = asin cost (cos? 1-+sin’r) Yoost + xsint =asinecost QED. (©) Data: The roots of the quadratic equation x* +3x+9=0 are a and # (i) Required To Determine: The nature of the roots of the equation. Solution 2° +3x+9=0 is of the form ax* +bx-+c=0, where a=1, b=3 and c=9. bP —4ae = (3) -4(1)(9) =-27 (<0) +. The roots are complex. (ii) Required To Express: a and f in the form re”. Solution: ~bivb —4ac 2a +(3)° 2(1) B 3-33 542014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 a and fi are conjugate pairs. 33 eee a a wn (8) 552014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (iii) Required To Calculate: a? + B’ , using De Moivre’s theorem. Calculation: a= 3(so 22 +isin22) 3 3 a -[1(oo2 +n?) = 27(coss{22) «ins 28) (De Moivre’s Theorem) =27(cos2x-+isin2n) =27 p= s(co(-24)-sin(-2)) = 3{cos%—isin2) aan Similarly B =21(c0s2n-isin2n) =27 Alternative Method: 2X +3x+9=0 is of the form x —(a+ B)x+afB=0 where a+ B=-3 and of =9. of +f =(a+ B) -30f(a+ Bp) =(-3) -309)(3) =81-27 =54 562014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 | (iv) Required To Obtain: The quadratic equation whose roots are Solution: ow The quadratic equation whose roots are a’ and /° ¥-(a+p)x+a°p =0 ap =(27)(27) =729 is given by ©. The required equation is x7 -54x+729=0. 2. (@) Data: F,(x)=f(Inxy' de. (i) Required To Prove: F,(x)=x(Inx)"—nF,_, (x) Proof: . du F,(x)=f(ina f the form fr dr. 7 (x)= f(Inx)" de is of the fom fv Let v=(Inx)" Cn 2 =n(Inxy" (4) (Chain rule) = *(Inx) Integrating by parts: Jv dea w—fuX ae dx de (inx)'" F,(x)=x(Inx)' =nf Se =x(Inx)"—nf(Inx)"' de =x(Inx)"=nF,_,(x) QED. 372014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 () Required To Prove: F,(2)~ F,(1)=2(In2)' —6(In2)’ +12In2-6 Proof: FA(x)=["(inxy’ ar =xtna)T 3K (0) =[2(n2)'-0]-3, (x) =2(In2)' ~3F,(x) F()=x(inay'] 27 (4) =2(In2)' -2F (x) F(x)=xInx} -F,(x) =2In2-F,(x) Flx)=[ ide “tf =l F(x)=2In2-1 F,(x)=2(In2)' -2[21n2-1] =2(In2)'-4In2+2 F(x) =2(In2)'-3[2(In2)' ~41n2+2] =2(In2)' -6(In2) +12In2-6 QED. 582014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 o Required To Prove: into partial fractions. Proof: , 2y+t _(y+l) +2y +1 (Pip A,B, Cand Dare S constants = A+B, C+D (y+) (y? +1) (4y+B)(y? +1) +(Cy+D) (ry Equating numerators: V+ 2y+l=(4y+B)(y?+1)+(Cr+D) wy = Ay’ + Ay+ By +B+Cy+D = Ay’ + By? +(4+C)y+(B+D) Equating terms in y°: A=0 Equating terms in y? B=1 Equating terms in y: A+C=2 C=2 Equating constant terms: B+D= Pedy y*+2y? 4] 592014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 1y y. (ii) Required To Find: PA a oy +2y7 +1 vf dy. Solution: iy yi+2y4l Serre we Le Feral pee (vty ay , 2y Consider ['—22 yy, : Sy ny ly P41 Let feaecte ol ovat(@) w 2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 SECTION B MODULE 2 Required To Prove: by mathematical induction. Proof: yo ee i the Principle of Mathematical Induction Assume the statement is true for n =k 1 ce =2-3E which sof the form 2— The statement is true for n =k +1. When n=1 Left hand side = 1 Right hand side = 2 + for n=k+1. =} L.HLS. = R.H.S. Hence, by Principle of Mathematical Induction the statement is true Wn eN. 61() 2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (i) Required To Find: limS, . Solution: lims, Asn, str 40 Required To Find: The Maclaurin expansion for (x) =(1+x)'sinx, up to and including the term in x°, Solution: Re: Maclaurin’s Expansion Iff (x) isa series, which throughout a certain domain, including x =0, is differentiable any number of times then F(x) can be written as the sum of a convergent power series. "Ox? fx” fox! *(0)x" SD) = $0)+ f'Ox+ LOX oe +LOr me +LO* oe tr LOP Ox f(x) =(1+x) sinx J()=100) =0 Sf (x)=2(1+x)sinx+(1+2x)' cosx F'(0)=041 =1 J" (#)=2sinx+2(1+x)cosx+2(1+-x)cosx+(1+x)(-sin.x) sinx+4(1+x)cosx—(1+x?)sinx 622014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 f(x) =2c0sx+4cos x+4(1+ sin x) —(1 +27) cos x fr (0)=2+4-1 cee =x+2x) 42x) +... (up toand including the term in 3°) Alternative Method Let g(x) =sinx g(0)=sin(0) =0 a(x) =cosx (x) =cos(0) 8G) =04% 4 OF x Bes | ~*4°5 +-- (up toand includi ding aco a 6 luding the term in x°) S@) = (1+)? sin x SCD = 42 —* 7 04204724 5 . Hx 42x43 6 * +... (up to and including the term in x*) 63(a) (ii) 2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 aly 5 =x+2x +] + --(up to and including the term inx) Data: (2x +3)” 4 nape Required To Prove: The ratio of the term in x° to the term in x’ is 7 x Proof: (3+2x)" = (erin +(2\e)en -(7}e ey + up to and including the term in x .+38760(3)"* (2x)° +77520(3)" (2x)' + Term in x° =(38760)(2)° (3) x° Term in x’ =(77520)(2)'(3)"x7 38700 (2F (3) BD (2) BR 13 Ratio = QED. a) _ Required To Determine: The first three terms of the binomial expansion of (1+2x)” 0 +(SJorene("Sa'esr : =1+20x+180x" +... Up to and including the term in x* Solution: (1+2x)” b) Required To Obtain: An estimate for (1.01)”. Solution: We let: 1+2x=1.01 2x=0.01 x= 0.005 644 2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 =.(1.01)" =1+20(0 005) +180(0.005) +... = 140.140.0045 +... = 1.1045 = 1.10 (correct to 3significant figures) ! nt (n+1)! nt penta) (b) Required To Prove: (Ti+ Gopaii(r-i)! (nr #l)irt Proof: Taking left hand side (ast (nr _ al(ntl—r)+ntr _anl[n+i-rtr] © (n+1=r)irt n\(n+1) r+Iirt ___(n+1)! (n=r+1irt =RHS. QED. (©) @_—_ Required To Prove: f(x)=—x' +3x-+4 has a root in the interval [1.3] Proof: : S(x)s-x0° +3x44 f(1)=-(1)' +3(1)+4=6 (20) f(3)=-(3)' +3(3)+4=-14 (<0) f (1) and f(3) differ in sign and the graph of f(x) vx ¢ R as expected fora polynomial and hence, continuous j the , nus in the interval [1, 3] which is a subset of R, Hene . Hence, b Theorem, 3 a root x, in the interval [1,3]. >’ mtermediate Value is continuous QED, 65i 5 (a) (ii) (i) (ii) 2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Data: x, = 2. lis the first approximation, Required To Find: A second approximation, +. using the Newton-Raphson method, in the interval [1, 3], Solution: The Newton-Raphson Iterative for mul: i fe.) la for the approximation of a root is 7 el f'(x,) f (x)=-¥ +3x44 (2.1) +3(2.1)+4 =1.039 F(x) £(%) 1.039 =2.1- =10.23 = 2.202 ~ 2.20 (correct to 3 significant figures) SECTION C MODULE 3 Data: Five teams meet at a round table. Each team consists of two members and one leader. Required To Find: The number of possible seating arrangem team sits together with the leader of the team in the middle Solution: The 5 teams can be arranged in a circle in 4! ways. Each team can be arranged in 2! ways. «. Total number of seating arrangements ents if each is 412! ways= 48 ways. Data: i individuals were asked to colour a shape by Scie eee red and blue. The individuals selecting from one of two available colours, # chose one colour or two colours or chose no colour. In total, 80% of the 662014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 individuals used colours and 600 individuals did not use ay of the individuals used red and 50% used blue. AY colour a) Required To Calculate: The probability that an individ both colours. “al used Calculatio Let R be the event that an individual used red. Let B be the event that an individual used blue P(RUB)=08 P(R)=04 P(B)=05 P(RUB)= P(R)+ P(B)-P(ROB) P(ROB) = P(R)+P(B)-P(RUB) =0.4+05-0.8 =0.1 b) Required To Calculate: The total number of individuals that Participated in the experiment. Calculation: 600 individuals used no colour. --20% of the total number of individuals = 600 Hence the total number of individuals 600 + 20% = 3000 1 x -1 ieee (b) Data: A=|3_ 0 = 2/and B=|2 3 4 2 lee, iy TSA jw Required To Determine: The range of values of x for which A” exists. Solution: If A exists then |A| #0. jo 2 ay 3 es zy lal ( ob ae if 1 =-2+4x-(3) ~. For A” to exist: 672014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (ii) Data; det( AB) Required To Prove: x =3 Proof: Lexa yilezes AB=/3 0 2112 3 4 AN Wil A 142x-1 243x-1 544x-2 =| 5 8 19 4 7 14 2x 3xt1 4x43 | Seec eee slo ave 4, Is 1 Is 19 det(AB)=(2x)|) eGo 14 (443) ~21=(2x)(-21)—(—6)(3x+1)+3(4x+3) ~21=-42x+18x+6+12x49 =21=-12x+15 12x =36 x=3 QED. (iii) Required To Find: A‘ Ss 8 l4 7]ee eee, ee ee ce 2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 . 696. (a) @) 2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 eeiica i 37 a2. Required To Prove: The general solution of the differential equation yi+ytanx=secx is y=sinx+Ccosx. Proof: dy + ytanx=secx (1) dx is of the form s, Py=Q, where P=tanx and Q=secx are functions of xonly. Integrating factor: u =e!" ies ice =seex Equation (1) xu a 2 —+(tan xsecx)y =sec x seox te +( ) cx d = avr) ysecx= [ seo? x dx =tanx+C Cc Fem sex seer y=sinx+Ceosx QED. 702014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 4 2 (ii) Required To Find: The particular solution where y = er and x2 Solution: Sy’ = xe" and a particular soluti (b) Data: A differential equation is given as" is y, (x)= Ave" + Bre. Required To Solve: y"—Sy’ = xe* Solution: y" Sy! =xe* ...(1) Consider, y"-Sy'=0 Let y=e™ Yume yrome™ come™ —Sme™ =0 “C.F. y= A+ Be* where A and B are real constants. a2014 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 P1L. is of the form y,(x)= Axre™ + Bre™ =(4x° + Br)e* ¥, (x) =(24x+ Be +5( dx? + Br)e™ =[54x°+(24+5B)x+ Be" v5 (x)=[104x+(24+5B)]e" +5[SAx’ +(24+5B)x+B Je" Substitute into (1) [lodx+(24+SB)k +5[S4x? +(24+58)r+ Bb —5[s4x’ + (24+5B)r+ Bb™ = xe™ Equating terms in x"e": 254-254 =0 Equating terms in xe*: 5(24+SB)+104—S(24+5B" 104+25B+104-104-25B = ie 2(45)+s0-0 u 10 A= asco sa 1 Particular Integral y=75x"e"" — 5576 el) .General Solution y= 4+ Be* te 2(a) 2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 SECTION A MODULE 1 Data: In(x?y) ~ siny = 3x — 2y Required To Find: The gradient of the curve at (1,0). Solution: Consider, © [In(x?y)]: Differentiating implicitly wart x: Let u = In(x?y) Lataxty £= 2x42 usint Sat Bays (Chain rule) = ix (2xy +272) =y* (xy +72) Consider, = (sin y): A (Giny) = cos y= Consider, = (3x ~ 2y): 2.Gx-2y) =3- 22 Combining the differentials of each part of In(x?y) — siny = 3x ~2y we obtain B oem SN2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 hie oe ey ste Nye a dy dy | ody ydx Cosy sete. aye ) S(b-cosy +2 2 (¢-cosy + * een) 3x-2 Y ax Pelle I-ycosy+2y Sxy-2y xy cos y+2xy At the point (1,0), x = 1and y = 0 dy ____3(1(0)-2(0) ax G)=GNO) cos(0}+20O) fl =0 *The gradient of the curve In(x?y) — sin y = 3x — 2y is 0, (b) Data: f(x,y,2) = 3yz? — e** cos4z —3y?—-4=0 Required To Find: z in terms of x, y, 2, Solution: £(%Y,2) = Byz? — e** cos4z —3y2 4 = #f = 322 Sy = 327 — by (Treating the variables other than y as constants) or F Fe = Ozy — e**(—4sin4z) (Treating the variables other than z as constats) = 6yz + 4e* sin 4z & oy 322-6y yetset sings 742013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (©) + COSS@ = 16 cos* @ — 20 cos? @ + Scos 8 Recall De Moivre’s Theorem cosn + isinn@ = (cos@ + ising)” vne Zt cos 58 + isin5@ =(cos@+isin@)’ (Binomial Expansion) = (c080)5 + (5) (coso)*ésino) + (3) (cosy*Gsin 9)? + () (cos 6)2(isin 6)? + () (cos 6)!(isin 8)* + (isin @)5 = cos® 6 + 5cos* Bi sin @ + 10 cos? i? sin? @ + 10 cos? Gi? sin? @ + 5 cos @i* sin* @ + i° sin? 8 Recall: -1 So cos5@ + isin 58 = cos* @ + Sicos* 6 sin @ — 10 cos? @ sin? @ — 10i cos? @ sin* 6 + 5 cos@ sin* @ + isin> @ Equating real terms: cos 58 = cos® 6 — 10 cos* @ sin? @ + 5 cos@ sin* @ Recall: sin? @ + cos? @ = 1 and so, sin? @ 1—cos*@ cos 58 = cos’ @ — 10 cos® @ (1 — cos* @) + 5 cos @ (1 — cos? 8)? = cos> @ — 10 cos? @ + 10 cos® 6 + 5cos @ (1 — 2cos* @ + cos* @) = cos® 6 — 10 cos? @ + 10cos* @ + 5cos@ — 10cos* @ + 5cos* @ = 16cos® @ — 20cos* @ + Scos@ QED. 52013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (4) (i) Required To Express: The complex numb. o Express: The complex number 14? N the f re? lution: z=(-1+0)’ (Since the complex number ~1 + tie. es in the ae a —— quadrant) ‘Therefore, z = (—1 + i) can be written in the form z=(v2er) = Ware 7,38 = (v2) es" since-1 <@<1 76(a) 2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 (i) Required To Prove: (—1 + i)? = —8(1 +i) Proof: Taking L.H.S. (-1+07 = (r(cosé + isin 9))’ = (S2(c0s## + isin28))’ = (v2) (cos(7x =) + isin (7x22)) + = (2 fom(-) +1529] em Gale) =-8(1 +i) QED. a) Required To Find: f sin x cos 2x dx Solution: Let v = cos 2x and & = sinx coe & = -2sin2x u=—cosx Integrating by parts: au aw Svgdx suv - futdx J sin x cos 2x dx = [—cos x cos 2x] — f(—cos x) (—2 sin 2x)dx = —cos x cos 2x — 2 f cosx sin 2x dx Recall: sin 2x = 2 sinx cos x —cosx cos 2x — 2 f(2sinx cos x) cos x dx = —cos x cos 2x ~ 4 f(sinx) cos® x dx Consider f cos* x sin x dx 72013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Let ¢ = cos* dt =—sinxdx at f cos? xsinx dx = fesinx=y =-fe'dt +e (c is a constant) Benet c 3 J sin x cos 2x dx = — cos x cos 2x + feostx Recall: cos 2x = 2cos*x — 1 J sinx cos 2x dx = ~cos x(2.c0s* x - 1) + cos? x +¢ 4 200s? x + cosx += cos? x + ¢ 2 = cosx—5cos?x +c Alternative Method: Let v = cos2x and Ss sinx a a $= -2sin2x =—cosx Integrating by parts: SvBdx= wf Fax JSsinxcos2xdx = [-cosx cos 2x] — SG cos x) (-2 si =~ C0sx cos 2x — 2 f cosx sin 2x dx §cos.xsin2x de is of the form Sv 2x)dr au ax 2X, where vs sin2x du a = COs x aw ay = 20082: - a = u=sinx 782013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Integrating by parts: fvGdx = w -futdx cos x sin 2x dx = [sin x sin 2x] —Jsinx.2cos2x dx = sinxsin2x—2fsinxcos2x dx J sinxcos 2x dx = — cos x cos 2x — 2[sinx sin 2x — 2 f sinx cos 2x dx] J sin x cos 2x dx = —cosx cos 2x — 2 sinx sin 2x + 4 f sinxcos 2x dx 3 f sinx cos 2x dx =~ cosx cos 2x ~ 2 sin x sin 2x —3 J sinx cos 2x dx = — cosx(2.cos* x ~ 1) ~ 2sinx (2 sinx cos x) —3 J sinx cos 2x dx =—2cos* x + cosx — 4sin? x cosx -3 f sinx cos 2x dx = = —2cos* x + cosx — 4(1 — cos? x) cosx —3 J sinxcos 2x dx = —2cos* x + cosx —4cosx + 4cos? x =3 f sinx cos 2x dx =2cos? x —3cosx 2eos! x-3cosx i a te (cisaconstant) fsin x cos 2x dx = 2 = cosx —cos?x +c (i) Required To Evaluate: {? sin x cos 2x dx Solution: Sum in x cos 2x dx = [cosx ~ cos? x] = (8) ~F00" @)]- [oH -20°0) p30 ]-b-40] roan os 79(b) ©) 2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Data: f(x) = x|x| Required To Calculate: The area between f(x) and the x-axis for 0.75 < x < 2.25 using the trapezium rule with 4 intervals, Calculation: Sy ara 20 f@)=xkl=( 4, 22) x -0.75 0 0.75 LS 225 f@) -05625 0 0.5625 2.25 5.0625 Area under curve ~ 5 (x interval)[(sum of first and last y coordinates) + 2g, remaining y coordinates)] Area under the curve = $(0.75)x[(—0.5625 + 5.0625) + 2(0 + 0.5625 + 2.25)] = (7.59375) = 3.79688 = 3.80 (correct to 3s. f.) ; ate 2 x44 Geteaye Proof: 2246 _ ARB | ceHD “Gera? = ate Grae A,B, C, Dare constants Equating numerators 2x? +4 = (Ax + BY? +4)4+(Cx4+D) vx = Ax? + 4Ax + Bx? + Cx+D 448 80Equating coefficients of: x: A=0 yt: B=2 xm 44+C=0 c=0 Constant: D+4B=4 D+4(2)=4 D+8=4 2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 22013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Let x = 2tan@ = 2sec*d dx = 2sec?@ dé (x? +4) = (2tan6)? +4 = 4tan?0+4 = 4(tan? 6 + 1) Recall: sec? @ = tan?@ + 1 = 45sec? 0 —*—2sec* dd dx 4 Near slats a oF Bsect =S ieee? ve alee = 2 =1f cos? a0 Recall: cos 20 = 2 cos* @ — 1 and so cos® @ = =(cos 26 + 1) 1 peos20+1 =ipS4a9 z ag ie +4 =} [fsin20 + 9] Recall: sin 20 = 2 sin@cos@ = 3s) 1 =75in6 cos@ +28 Now tan @ = Hence sin @ = -=— and cos @ = a And x = 2tan 6, therefore @ = tan-1 ) Sort =3 (Ge) ( (Gm) + tan 822013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 = 1) + tan (8) Iara = tan (3) — = ian" )-3(Ga) +6 SECTION B MODULE 2 (a) Data: A sequence ay is defined by a = 1,an4, = 4+ 22/ay, Required To Prove: By mathematical induction, 1 < a, <8 whenn € Z*. Proof: Using the Principle of Mathematical Induction. Let P(n) be the statement 1 Oand f(k) =z 2k+1 () a) _ Required To Prove: f(K) — fk + D = agape Proof: Taking L.H.S. aa J) - f+ D=2- aa (ees)? -K? =U __ [et +2K41)-r2] = eee _ _2kHt = ere HS: QED. ie b) _ Required To Prove: Di. Proof: Using Method of Differences: stali-ainl- Ale2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 Fo utd ne eal ee (asa =R.H.S, QED. (iii) Proof: - ee = tm [| -aal 1 asn > 0, 70 wo [_2ktd Seabees) QED. () (i) Required To Find: The first 4 non ~ zero terms in the Taylor Series ® expansion of cos x in ascending powers of (x — 2). Solution: Given that f(x) is differentiable any number of times and f(x) exists at x = a, the function f(x) can be expanded by the Taylor series to give: fa) =f +@x-a) + OE + From data, f(x) = cosx and a = 3 f(x) = cosx f'(@x) = —sinx f"(x) = —cos x 85@ qi) @ 2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 f(x) = sinx Ae 4, (6-9 cosx => nas up to and including the term in x°- 22-9) (-)-OE-D + @e-Y + 2 Required To Calculate: An approximation to cos () F Calculation: x Letx= 35 ws(2)=4-()(E-)-OE-D +@E-P+ ~45(8)- C)+ GE) +~ a7 Va 1024 49152 = 0.97686 = 0.977 (correct to 3 s.f.) Required To Obtain: The expansion of 1+ x + VI- + ysinx = 2x cos? x Required To Find: The general solution of the differential equation, Solution: cosx + ysinx = 2x cos*x ysin = 2xcosx + ytanx = 2xcosx...(1) is of the form 2+ py =Q where P = tan x is a function of x only and Q = 2x cos x is a function of xonly. Let u = ef Pax y= eStanxar Consider ftanx dx = Let t = cos x dt = —sinx dx Stanxdx = f*(-de) =— fide =-Int = —Incosx = Insecx elnsecx = secx 4 secx + ytanxsecx = 2x cos xsecx 93(b) 2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 1 4 (yseex) = 2x05 (Se) 2x ysecx = f 2x dx art y =cosx (x? +c) ... General Solution _ 15Vin? (ii) Data: When x = = Required To Find: The value of c. Solution: When x = asv3n? 32 asyin? Data: y" + 2y' + Sy = 4sin 2¢ (@— (@)__ Required To Calculate: The roots of the auxillary equati™ Solution: Consider y" + 2y'+5=0 ...(1) | |(et) (b) (i) 2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 y' = Ae* andy" = Substituting into (1) He + 2de% + Set = 9 P+M+5= A= HZ OS) 2a) Required To Find: The complementary function. Solution: When the roots of the auxillary equation are imaginary and different, we would have, y = Ae™* + Be™2¥, where e —£4if and m;=-$-if and B= Jb-7 and the (H+) 4 Bel m= complementary function is C.F. = Ae —(2)2 2_,f {s-@? a= -tsi( a n=-}i() =-1+2i ae sey = Ae 14208 4 Bet 208 y =e-t(Ae + Be“) Recall: e! = cost + isint 952013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 eibt = cos ft + isin Bt y = e7"{A(cos2t + isin 2t) + B(cos(—2t) + Esin(~2p) y = e~*{A(cos 2t + isin 2¢) + B(cos 2t — isin 2t)} e-t{(A +B) cos 2t + i(A — B) sin 2¢} y -t(C cos 2t + D sin 2t) where C = A+B and D = i(A ~ B) and A and B are consny (ii) Data: The particular integral is Up(t) = A cos 2t + Bsin2t Required To Prove: A = Proof: U,(t) = Acos2t + B sin 2t U;(t) = —2A sin 2 + 2B cos2t U,"(t) = —4A cos 2t — 4B sin 2t Substituting into y" + 2y! + Sy =4sin 2¢ (-4A cos 2t — 4B sin 2t) + 2(—2A sin 2t + 2B cos 2t) + 5(Acos2t+ Bsin 2t) = 4sin2t Equating terms in cos 2t: sin 2t: —44+4B+5A=0 -4B-4A+5B=4 A+4B=0..(2) Solving (2) and (3) simultaneously From (2) A=-4B8 Substituting into (3) —4(-4B) +B =4 17B=4 96(iii) 2013 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 QED. Data: y(0) = 0.04 and y'(0) =0 Required To Find: The particular solution of the differential equation, Solution: The General Solution = Complementary function + Particular integral y= e'(Ccos2t + Dsin2t) — Scos2t + Asin 2e When t = 0 y = 0.04 0.04 = e°[C cos 2(0) + D sin 2(0)] ~ cos 2(0) + +sin2(0) 0.04 =¢-< 0.981 =C y' = e-*(—2C sin 2t + 2D cos 2t) — e-*(C cos 2t + D sin 2t) + soa 8 sin 2 + Fos 2t When t = 0 y’ = 0 0 = e°[-2¢ sin 2(0) + 2D cos 2(0)] — e°{C cos 2(0) + D sin 2(0)] + ao 8 = sin 2(0) + cos 2(0) 0.255 =D 16 ‘sin 2t y = e-€(0.981 cos 2t + 0.255sin 2t) — 50052 +375" 97eule UNIT 2 PAPER 2 SECTION A MobuLe 1 Data: The equation of the curve is y = x2e* Required To Find: & and ey Solution: y = xe* is of the form y = uv, where u = x? and v = e* Recall: If y = ef @) ZS =f @xer du av = 2: # = ex, ae x and = = e*x 1 To find % we recall, ay _ pte ae Ba Vetus — (Product Law) Substituting the terms we obtain: & = e* (2x) + (x2)(e%) 2xe* + x%e* = e*(2x + x?) g for £2. Finding for 2: e* (2x + x?) is of the form uv, where u=e*and v = (2x +x?) dud ae) ax = €* and 27 = 2+ 2x uz, (Product Law) Substituting the terms: Ho 2 x 2: az = (2x + x?)(e*) + (e*)(2 + 2x) = 2xe* + x2e* + 2e* + 2xe* 98 Ne SNb) °) 2012 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 = 4xe* + x7e* + 2e* = e*(4x+x7 +2) = eX (x? + 4x +2) Required To Find: The x —coordinates of the points at which, & <5 ge Solution: B= e*@x tx?) Letting & e*(x? + 2x) =0 ((e* = 0 has no real solutions) When(2x + x?) = 0 oO x(2+x) and x = Oorx =—2 x = O and x = 2 are the coordinates of the stationary points on the une @ Required To Find: The x —coordinates of the points at which, j= Solution: = e*G? + 4x42) 0 = e*(x? + 4x 42) eX(x? + 4x+2)=0 (e* = 0 has no real solutions) Let G? 44x42) =0 99(ii) 2012 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 ~b+Vb%aac Recall: x = —-#*2 =4ae x? + 4x +2 = Ois of the form ax? + bx +¢ = 9, ‘he = 0, where a=1,b=4andc= Substituting the values into the quadratic formula: HOO 2a) 2 = -2+V2or-2-y2 7 * @y The x ~coordinates of the points at which £ = 0 are, ~2 + V2 and -2-v2. Required To Determine: If the coordinates identified in (i) (b) and (c) above are maximum or minimum points or points of inflexion. Solution: dy _ a Previously, it was found when 2 = 0, x = 0 or x byes a: Substituting into =: When x = 0 SY = (0)? + 4(0) +2] 1002012 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 a SY = e9(2) @ 2 = 2(1) = 2 (and which is positive) When $2 is positive, the point is a minimum point = x = 0 isa minimum point. When x = —2 e=?((—2)* + 4(—2) + 2) =e(4-8+2) ?(-2) a2) = -2e = ~0.27 and which is negative ven * When aaa is negative, the point is a maximum point. = 2s maximum point 15 is equated to zero, any value(s) of x obtained will be the x - coordinates of the points of inflexion, with a non-zero gradient. At sit Points the graph turns appreciably, though, not reaching a zero grat before retuming to its original concavity. ae ag When £3 = 0, it was found that the x —values were 2+ vZand~? v2. Therefore, the points of inflexion with a non-zero gradient ovcut #* ~2+ V2 and atx=-2~ V3 1012012 UNIT 2 PAPER > ) Data: The parametric equations are x = gin-t Once ( y =? ~2¢, (i) Required To Calculate: The Bradient of a tange, with parameter ¢. SnB=nt to the curve at the point Solution: x = sin yst?-2 Let b = Ve gy a= 2t-2 =2(t-1) x = sin“ b is ina standard form where ae ab Vi-o and (Chain rule) Cen ibe oe (Chain rule) ax ~ ae “ax =2(¢—1)x——— a5 = 2(t-1)x2yt—9) =4(t-Dvt—t? (This is the gradient of the tangent in terms of ¢) 102Gi) 2012 UNIT 2 PAPER 2 a Required To Find: The equation of the tangent at the poing Where equire’ Solution: Gradient of tangent at ¢ Recall the equation of a straight line is: Y~Y =m — x1) The equation of the tangent is -D=C(e-8 ytisx+2