Cells Exercise 5 1. Recognize cells and basic cellular structures. 2. Relate the functions of the major organelles of cells. 3, Identify common unicellular and colonial organisms: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Spirogyra. 4, Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Introduction “This exercise is intended to introduce you to cells. The English scientist, Robert Hooke, first reported cells in the middle 1600s while examining cork under the microscope. By the 1840s, the cell was recognized as the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms. This idea ‘was summarized by biologists Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow in the now famous cell theory, which states: + Accellis the basic unit of life. + Allcells come from pre-existing cells. + Allorganisms are made up of cells.EXERCISE 5 + CELLS. ‘There are two basic types of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other organelles. An organelle is a subcellular membrane-bounded structure that performs specific function(s) for the cell. Cells can be used to construct living organisms in one of three basic ways. Living organisms can be “built” of a single cell. These are called single or unicellular organisms. At the other end of the spectrum we find living organisms constructed from large numbers of highly interdependent cells, ‘These forms of life are called multicellular. Occupying the middle ground are organisms formed from numerous cells, though the cells lead a highly independent existence. Biologists describe these forms of life as colonial organisms. This exercise will introduce you to cells from all three different forms of life. Materials 1. Microslide 58: “Cell Structure” 8, Toothpicks 2. Microslide viewer 9. Detain 3. Animal cell model 10. Stain 4, Plant cell model 11. Onion epidermal tissue 5. Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena models 12. Human epidermal tissue 6. Living cultures: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Spirogyra, aquatic plant 7 Prepared slides: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Spirogyra Part A: Animal and Plant Cell Structure 1, View the Cell Structure microslide, and complete Part A of your data sheet. 2. Identify the following structures/organelles on the plant and/or animal cell models. Then label Figures 5.1 and 5.2. Plasma or cell membrane Nucleus Ribosome Nuclear pores Golgi apparatus Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Chromatin Vesicle (lysosome, peroxisome, vacuole, etc.) Nucleolus Chloroplast Endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles ‘Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Central vacuole Your instructor may point out additional structures.CELLS + EXERCISES Figure 5.1. Animal cell Label all the parts on this figure of a typical animal cell. Parts on this figure of a typical plant cell.EXERCISE 5 « CELLS Human Cheek Cells ‘The human cheek cell is a good example of a typical animal cell, 1. Prepare awet mount of cheek cells: Place a drop of stain on a clean slide. Gently scrape the inside of your cheek using a toothpick. Dissolve the cheek cell culture in the stain. lmmediately dispose of the toothpick. 2. Using the low-power (10x) objective of your microscope, locate a specimen. 3. Draw and label a representative specimen on your data sheet using the high-power (40x) objec- tive, Indicate the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm, Note: Clean your own slide of the cheek cell preparation, Onion Cells ‘The onion cell is an example of a simple plant cell. 1. Following the procedure just outlined, prepare a wet mount (in iodine solution) of onion cells. 2. Use the low-power (10x) objective of your microscope to locate the cells, 3. Draw and label a representative specimen on your data sheet using the high-power (40x) objec- tive. Indicate the cell wall and nucleus. 4. In the future, you will be held responsible for ident mentioned. ing the onion cell as well as the structures Aquatic Plant Leaf The aquatic plant leaf cells that you will observe are part of a multicellular organism. 1. Secure a small fragment of a leaf and mount it in the form of a wet mount. 2. Examine this fragment under the low-power (10x) objective of your microscope. Locate an in- dividual cell. Now, examine this cell under the high-power (40x) objective of your microscope. 3. Observe the small, green, football-like objects within the cell. These are the chloroplasts. Note: Unlike the chloroplasts in the Spirogyra cell, which are few in number and quite large, these are very numerous and quite small. These chloroplasts are typical of plants. 4. Sketch one cell as it appears under the high-power (40x) objective of your microscope, in your date sheet. Label the chloroplasts and the cell wall of this cell. 5, In the future, you will be held responsible for recognizing plant cells and identifying the struc- tures mentioned. and Your instructor may have you view additional microslides: Microslide 51 Microslide 66: “The Ultra-Structure of Animals Cells.”CELLS + EXERCISES Part B: Cells Amoeba. ‘The Amoeba is a good example of a unicellular organism. Amoeba is a common inhabitant of fresh- water lakes and ponds, found at the bottom of ponds or near vegetation in search of food. These organisms have a constantly changing body shape and are relatively large protozoa. Review the fol- lowing structures on Figure 5.3, photograph, models, and textbook: Nucleus: Pseudopodia Contractile vacuole Food vacuole 1. Observe a prepared slide of Amoeba. Locate the structures listed above. 2, Draw and label a representative specimen on your data sheet. 3, Prepare a wet mount using the live culture of Amoeba. Remember to take your sample from the bottom of the jar, and be sure to include some of the white, fuzz-like debris in the sample. 4. Using the low-power (10>) objective of your microscope, locate a specimen. Identify the nucleus, _ pseudopodia and observe cytoplasmic streaming. You may have to utilize the high-power (40x) ‘objective of your microscope. Note: Most students use too high of a light intensity; adjust theEXERCISE 5 + CELLS Paramecium ‘The Paramecium is another common unicellular freshwater protozoan. This organism is capable of rapid motion due to the coordinated beating of thousands of hairlike cilia that cover its surface. Review the following structures on Figure 5.4, photograph, models, and textbook: Nucleus Cilia Contractile vacuole Food vacuole Oral groove 1. Observe a prepared slide of Paramecium. Locate the structures listed above. Draw and label a specimen on your data sheet. repare a wet mount using the live culture of Paramecium. Add a drop of culture to a drop of 1. Detain retards activity of mobile organisms, elow-power (10x) objective of your microscope, locate a specimen. You may have to use et (40x) objective of your microscope to see some of the structures. Observe the ment of cilia that propels the Paramecium. ill be held responsible for identifying the Paramecium as well as the structures eclein 1CELLS + EXERCISES Spirogyra Spirogyra is an example of colonial, green algae, his colony consists ofa series of rectangular cells arranged in a long chain or filament, The algae are normal inhabitants of freshwater lakes and ponds and are commonly found in Michigan, Review the following structures on Figure 5.5, photograph, and textbook: Nucleus Chloroplast Cell wall Pyrenoid Cytoplasm F Call wat i ytplasm Rea Voostatve cal Chloroplast ph Pyrenees Figure 5.5. Spirogyra ‘Observe a prepared slide of Spirogyra. Locate the structures listed above. B the scanning-power (4x) objective of your microscope, locate a specimen. You may have low-power (10x) objective of your microscope to see some of the structures, of a short section of Spirogyra filament on the data sheets. will be held responsible for identifying Spirogyra as well as the structures listedEuglena Euglenais an example ofa unicellular, motile, algal organism. This organism is also commonly found in freshwater environments in Michigan. Review the following structures on Figure 5.6, photograph, model, and textbook: Nucleus Pyrenoid Flagellum, Eyespot Cytoplasm Contractile vacuole the beating of the flagellum that propels the Euglena. |a representative specimen on your data sheet.Part A: Animal and Plant Cell Structure Microslide 58: Cell Structure Photograph Number 1 1, What type of cells are shown in the photograph? 2. Who viewed these cells for the first time? 3. Inwhat century were these cells first viewed? 4, Sketch several of these cells as they appear under the viewer in the space provided. we Mag. = xEXERCISE 5 + CELLS Photograph Number 2 1. What type of cell is shown in the photograph? 2, How many nuclei are there per cell? 3. Sketch one of these cells as it appears under the viewer in the space provided below. Indicate the cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Photograph Number 4 1. What type of cell is shown in the photograph? 2. What is indicated by the arrow?, 3. Sketch one of these cells in the space provided below. Indicate the nuclear and cytoplasmicCELLS + EXERCISE 5 Photograph Number 5 1. The cells shown here have come from human —_ 2, There are three different subtypes of cells shown here. What are they? b. cs 3. Which of the above cell types has a nucleus? 4, Sketch and label cell types A, B, C, and D. Cell Models Figure 5.1: Label the structures in the cross section of a typical animal cell. "Figure 5.2: Label the structures in the cross section ofa typical plant cell. "1. Cite three major differences between plant and animal cells.ners Onion cells—plant epidermal cell Cheek cells—animal epithelial cell Stai Stain: Mag. Mag. x Aquatic plant leaf cell Specimen: Mag. = x ‘Amoeba (protozoan)CELLS + EXERCISE § Paramecium (protozoan) prepared slide Paramecium (protozoan) Mag. = x Mag, = s Spirogyra (alge) Mag. = x Euglena (alga) Mag. = x