PDF NO.

4 • Treated wastewater flows into secondary

clarifier
• Bacterial cells settle, removed from
Pre-treatment – provide protection to the
clarifier as sludge
wastewater
• Part of sludge is recycled back to activated
treatment plant equipment that follows
sludge tank,
• Primary Treatment- remove from
to maintain bacteria population
wastewater those
• Remainder of sludge is wasted
pollutants that will either settle or float
– typically remove about 60% of the
Activated Sludge Process
suspended solids and
Advantages versus Disadvantages
35% of the BOD5 - soluble pollutants are
Advantages
not removed
• Diverse; can be used for one household
• Secondary Treatment- remove soluble
up a huge
BOD5 and provide
plant
added removal of suspended solids
• Removes organics
- does not remove significant amounts of
• Oxidation and Nitrification achieved
nitrogen ,
• Biological nitrification without adding
phosporous, heavy metals, pathogenic
chemicals
bacteria and
• Capable of removing ~ 97% of suspended
viruses
solids
• Tertiary Treatment – done when
• The most widely used wastewater
secondary treatment is not
treatment
enough
process
• Sludge handling and disposal.
Activated Sludge Process
Screening
Disadvantages
• Remove large objects
• Does not remove color from industrial
• Prevent damage to pumps
wastes and may increase the color through
and other equipment
formation of highly colored intermediates
• should be promptly
through oxidation
disposed off
• Does not remove nutrients, tertiary
• disposal in a sanitary
treatment is necessary
landfill, grinding and
• Problem of getting well settled sludge
returning to wastewater
flow, incineration are the Activated Sludge Process
most common disposal Food to microorganism ratio (F/M)
practices • Represents the daily mass of food
supplied to the
Activated Sludge Process
microbial biomass, X, in the mixed liquor
Activated Sludge Principles
suspended
• Wastewater is aerated in a tank
solids, MLSS
• Bacteria are encouraged to grow by
• Units are Kg BOD5/Kg MLSS/day
providing
• Since the hydraulic retention time, θ =
Oxygen
V/Qo, then
Food (BOD)
Activated Sludge
Correct temperature
State of bacteria controls nature of flocs
Time
F/M ratio dictates character of bacteria and
• As bacteria consume BOD, they grow and
floc
multiply
At high F/M ratio:
There is excess food
Bacteria are growing fast, slime layer is thin
Favors motile bacteria
Excess food carries into effluent
Activated Sludge Treatment
At low F/M ratio
Cells are starved – undergoing endogenous
respiration
Cells uncergoing relatively high death
(lysis),
predation, respiration (Ke increased)
Nearly all substrate is consumed
Cells are mostly attached to flocs
Cell slime layers are thickest
PDF NO.5
On-site Waste Water
Treatment
SEPTIC TANKS
• buried, watertight receptacles designed
and constructed to receive wastewater
from the structure to be served
• separates solids from the liquid, provides
limited digestion of organic matter, stores
solids, allows the clarified liquid to disc
Products of Septic Tanks
• SCUM: Substances lighter than water (oil,
grease,
fats) float to the top, where they form a
scum layer.
• SLUDGE: The "sinkable" solids (soil, grit,
bones,
unconsumed food particles)settle to the
bottom of the
tank and form a sludge layer. Anaerobic
bacteria
works
• EFFLUENT: The clarified wastewater left
over after
the scum has floated to the top and the
sludge has
settled to the bottom. It flows through the
septic tank
outlet into the drain field.
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
• artificially created water bodies
• typically long, narrow trenches or channels
to
promote the occurrence of plug flow
conditions
• typically a 1-m deep basin which is sealed
with
clay or some other form of lining to prevent
percolation into groundwater
• filled with soil in which reeds are then
planted.
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
• can significantly remove BOD, TSS,
nitrogen
and phosphorus, as well as metals, trace
organics and pathogens
• mosquito control and plant harvesting are
the
two main operational considerations
• septic tank, a primary settling basin or an
anaerobic reactor commonly precedes
constructed wetlands for sewage treatment.
LAGOON
• Oxygen is supplied by natural reaeration
from the
atmosphere and algal photosynthesis
• Degradation by bacteria releases carbon
dioxide and
nutrients used by algae
• Higher life forms such as rotifers and
protozoa primarily
as polishers of the effluent.
• Temperature has a significant effect on
aerobic pond
operation.
• Organic loading, pH, nutrients, sunlight,
and degree of
mixing are major factors
PDF NO.3
Water Treatment
The types of treatment depends on the
quality of the water source.
Source:
- Groundwater and spring water fairly free
from contamination. coagulation and flocculation
Groundwater with chemicals, • Will reduce the load on the coagulation/

minerals and gases flocculation basin and on the sedimentation

- Lakes, surface water reservoirs with less chamber, as well as reducing the volume of
amount of pollution coagulant chemicals required required to
treat the water
- Other surface waters such as rivers,
canals and impounded reservoirs with a
considerable amount of pollution (AERATION)
• removes odor and tastes due to volatile
Level of Treatment
gases like hydrogen sulphide and due to
- No treatment or Chlorination
algae and related organisms.
- Aeration, coagulation (if necessary,
• oxidize iron and manganese, increases
filtration and disinfection)
dissolved oxygen content in water, removes
- Disinfection
CO2 and reduces corrosion and removes
- Complete treatment
methane and other flammable gases.
Unit treatment
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
- Aeration, chemical use
• a colorless, flammable, extremely
- Screening
hazardous gas with a “rotten egg” smell.
- Chemical methods
• It occurs naturally in crude petroleum and
- Softening
natural gas, and can be produced by the
- Sedimentation
breakdown of organic matter and human/
- Coagulation
animal wastes (e.g., sewage)
- Filtration
- Disinfection
TYPES OF AERATORS
Function (removal)
-Color, odor, taste  Gravity aerators
 Fountain aerators
-Floating matter
 Diffused aerators
-Iron, Manganese, etc.
 Mechanical aerators
-Hardness
-Suspended matter GRAVITY AERATOR
-Suspended matter, a part of colloidal -Water is allowed to fall by gravity such that
matter and bacteria a large
-Remaining colloidal dissolved matter, area of water is exposed to the atmosphere,
bacteria sometimes aided by turbulence.
-Pathogenic bacteria, organic matter and - also known as spray aerators
- with special nozzles to produce a
reducing substances
fine spray.
PRE-SEDIMENTATION
DIFFUSED AERATOR
-To settle out sand, grit, and gravel which consists of a tank with perforated pipes,
will settle rapidly out of the water without tubes or
addition of chemicals at the beginning of the diffuser plates, fixed at the bottom to
treatment process release fine
-Depends on gravity and includes no air bubbles from compressor unit

MECHANICAL AERATOR
• Mixing paddles as in flocculation are used.
• Paddles may be either submerged or at
the surface.
(SETTLING)
Solid liquid separation process in which a
suspension is separated into two phases:
Clarified supernatant - leaving the top of
the sedimentation tank (overflow)
Concentrated sludge - leaving the bottom
of the sedimentation tank (underflow)
-MEANING OF SETTLING-
• To remove coarse dispersed phase
• To remove coagulated and flocculated
impurities
• To remove precipitated impurities after
chemical treatment
• To settle the sludge (biomass) after
activated
sludge process / tricking filters
• Suspended solids present in water having
specific gravity greater than that of water
tend to settle down by gravity as soon as
the turbulence is retarded by offering
storage.
• The basin in which the flow is retarded is
called settling tank.
• The theoretical average time for which the
water is detained in the settling tank is
called the detention period.
HIGH DENSITY
SEDIMENTS
(PRE
SEDIMENTATION
Discrete particle settling
- Particles settle individually without
interaction with neighboring particles
COLLOIDAL
PARTICLES
(COAGULATION
FLOCCULATION)
Flocculent Particles settling
- Flocculation causes the particles to
increase in mass and settle at a faster
rate.
(COAGULATIONFLOCCULATION)
• Colloidal particles are difficult to separate
from water because they do not settle by
gravity and are so small that they pass
through the pores of filtration media.
• To be removed, the individual colloids
must aggregate and grow in size.
• The aggregation of colloidal particles can
be
considered as involving two separate and
distinct steps:
– Particle transport to effect interparticle
collision.
– Particle destabilization to permit
attachment when
contact occurs.
• Transport step is known as flocculation
whereas coagulation is the overall process
involving destabilization and transport.
(SEDIMENTATION)
• A typical long rectangular tank have length
ranging from 2 to 4 times their width.
• The bottom is slightly sloped to facilitate
sludge scraping.
• A slow moving mechanical sludge scraper
continuously pulls the settled material into a
sludge hopper from where it is pumped out
periodically.
Inlet zone: Region in which the flow is
uniformly distributed over the cross section
such that the flow through settling zone
follows horizontal path.
Settling zone: Settling occurs under
quiescent conditions
Outlet zone: Clarified effluent is collected (DISINFECTION)
and discharge through outlet weir. • The filtered water may normally contain
Sludge zone: For collection of sludge some harmful disease producing bacteria in
below settling zone it. These bacteria must be killed in order

to make the water safe for drinking.

(FILTRATION) • The process of killing these bacteria is
• The resultant water after sedimentation known as disinfection or sterilization.
will
not be pure, and may contain some very
COMMON METHODS FOR
fine
suspended particles and bacteria in it. DISINFECTION:
• To remove or to reduce the remaining
impurities still further, the water is filtered -Boiling
through the beds of fine granular material, -Chlorination
such as sand, etc. -Ozonation
• The process of passing the water through -UV radiation
the
beds of such granular materials is known as
filtration. BOILING
• The bacteria present in water can be
TYPES OF FILTERS destroyed by boiling it for a long time
• consist of fine sand, • Continuous-flow pasteurization has been
supported by gravel. used successfully on small-scale systems
• capture particles near
• Impractical on a large scale
the surface of the bed
and are usually • Provides no residual protection
cleaned by scraping
away the top layer of CHLORINATION
- The germicidal action of chlorine is
sand that contains the
particles explained by the recent theory of Enzymatic
hypothesis, according to which the chlorine
TYPES OF FILTERS enters the cell walls of bacteria and kill the
Rapid-sand filter enzymes which are essential for the
• consist of larger sand grains supported by metabolic processes of living organisms.
gravel and capture particles throughout
the bed
• cleaned by backwashing water through the OZONATION
bed to 'lift out' the particles. • Ozone readily breaks down into normal
oxygen, and releases nascent oxygen.
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY • The nascent oxygen is a powerful
• Microfiltration (0.1 – 10 µm) oxidizing agent and removes the organic
• Ultrafiltration (0.001 – 0.1 µm) matter as well as the bacteria from the
• Nanofiltration water.
• Reverse Osmosis • Reactive oxygen directly attacks the
• To prevent plugging or damaging of surface of microorganisms and destroys
membranes by hard and sharp particles their cell walls. The cells thus loose their
from the feed water, water needs to be pre-
cytoplasm and can no longer reactivate
filtered
UV PURIFICATION
• Ultraviolet or “UV” is a type of energy
found in the electromagnetic spectrum, lying
between x-rays and visible light themselves.
In fact, UV light is responsible for causing
sunburns.
• UV Water Purification systems use special
lamps that emit UV light of a particular
wavelength that have the ability, based on
their length, to disrupt the DNA of
microorganisms.
• These UV light waves are also referred to
as the Germicidal Spectrum or Frequency.
The frequency used in killing micro-
organisms is 254 nanometers (nm).
PDF NO.2
Water Hardness
• due to presence of multivalent cations of
Magnesium Mg2+, Iron Fe3+, Manganese
Mn2+, Calcium Ca2+
Effects of Hardness
• Causes soap scum and water spots
• Causes scaling in swamp coolers, cooling
towers, boilers and pipes
Nutrients
(Nitrogen and Phosphorous)
• problem when they become excessive
(eutrophication)
• Sources can be phosporous based
reagents, fertilizers and food-processing
wastes
Blue Baby Syndrome – An illness that
begins when large amounts of nitrates in
water are ingested by an infant and
converted to nitrate by the digestive.
The nitrite then reacts with ox hemoglobin
(the oxygen-carrying blood protein to
perform metheglobin, which cannot be carry
oxygen
Metals
• can be either beneficial or harmful,
depending on chemical properties
• some metals needed in trace amounts as
nutrients
• high concentration can cause health
problems, such as
– Nerve damage
– Kidney damage
– Birth defects
Pathogenic Organisms
• include bacteria, viruses and protozoa
excreted by diseased persons and animals
• shellfish can concentrate pathogenic
organisms in their tissues
• illnesses from wastewater-related sources
include gastroenteritis , hepatitis A, typhoid,
polio, cholera, and dysentery
• Coliform group used as indicator organism
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Surface waters standards (DAO 34):
establish the
desirable quality in flowing and impounded
waters
Effluent standards (DAO 35):
• specify the quality to be achieved in
treatment of
municipal and industrial wastewater
Drinking water standards:
• established for the protection of public
health
PDF NO.1
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
- is a specific kind of civil engineering that
involves the design of new systems and
equipment that help manage human water
resources
“Agriculture uses approximately 70% of
the water withdrawn from our streams
and rivers”
7 REASONS WE’RE FACING A GLOBAL
WATER CRISIS:
1) We're Changing the Climate, Making Dry
Areas Drier and Precipitation More Variable
and Extreme.
2) More People + More Money = More
Water Demand.
3) Groundwater Is Being Depleted.
4) Water Infrastructure Is in a Dismal State
of Disrepair.
5) And Natural Infrastructure Is Being
Ignored.
6) Water Is Wasted.
7) The Price Is Wrong.
“About 80% of the world's wastewater
is discharged back into nature
without further treatment or reuse.”
“Change in land use also changes
permeability”
Integrated Approaches for Sustainable
Development Goals Planning:
(The Case of Goal 6 on Water and
Sanitation)
1. Build dams and reservoirs
2. Transfer water to places it is needed
3. Withdraw groundwater
4. Desalinization
5. Reduce water waste
6. Import food from regions where irrigation
is not needed
Using Dams and Reservoirs
-Large dams can produce cheap electrivity
reduce downstream flooding and provide a
year round source of water, but they
completely alter the river
Tapping Groundwater : Benefits
• Little Water Loss: there is no loss of water
due to evaporation
• Often Cheaper: groundwater is often
cheap to extract
Tapping Groundwater : Costs
• Water table lowering
• Depletion
• Subsidence
• Saltwater intrusion
• Chemical contamination
• Reduced stream flows
Land Subsidence - As groundwater is
pumped out of the ground, the ground may
subside.
Salt Water Intrusion- As water is pumped
out of ground, saltwater can move inland to
“pollute” the well.
Increasing Water Supplies
• Distillation desalination – removing salt
from seawater by evaporation of water
leaving salt behind
Reverse osmosis desalination –Pumping
saltwater under high pressure through a
membrane to take out salt
• Desalination is very expensive: only
several oil-rich and water poor
countries use large-scale
desalinization.
• Takes tremendous amount of energy
• Cloud seeding: releasing tiny particles
into air to produce rain clouds
• Towing Icebergs: moving ice around the
world • Using Oil Tankers filled with water
Using Water More Efficiently
• Reduce losses due to leakage: we waste
about 2/3 of the water we use, but simple
steps could reduce that to 15%
Improve irrigation efficiency: 60% of
water applied to land does not reach crops
due to
• Evaporation
• Seepage
• Runoff
• Water efficient appliances:
– Low Flow Toilets
– Washers that useless water

• Reusing water:
– Using “brownwater”
for non-drinking water
usages.