Embedded Systems Architecture, Pragramming and Design Second Edition Raj KamalAcknowledgements um money grate my teaches: a the din Iu of Tesbneogy, Dei (1966-72) and the Univrsty of pps, Sweden (1978-79, 198), Tor eahing ne the impenance of searing and theese of Keep ‘rere techn. {would Fhe oth Pok MS Seb. FNA. for his support and blesings ioghoat my scaemic Ie ckoowedgr ny Inder coleaues -D: PC Sharma, Dr?K Chante, Dr Sajee Tolar, Mos Win Tek. Dr A “Snomt, De Maya ng. Dr Sanjay Tawar, Ms Prot Sakon, Ms Sada Masih Ms Apuma Dev, and Ms Vat G “Tearand eter nies seaman, Dr PS Grover Det). De Harvie Singh Sani (Hyderaba), De Radka SGutipauey Dr TV Gopl (Anna Uniersiy) and Dr KM Mea (Annu Univesity)—fr tc constant encourage oeiation of my efits. ar thal to heel ean t MeCeaw ill Edin nda Fortec eviews rd day tect, Lacon ne college Dr MK Sa, Hea. Conger Cre of the Universi. wh wi is ew etion she posed aay dig he as phase ofthe pregrain of his ook, Tool alo ike otha all those viewers who Took ou ie ogo tough the rit and give mete Fendbck, mame re itd belo Ramanaryan Rody sep of Computer Science ond Enginern. te Gandia of Technology He Delhi lita Folare findstan Clee of Sone end Tchelogs. Agra Akhil Kothart dep of Electonics and Conmatiation Engineering ahaa Sin Des Tait of Te: Gar priya Kear ins Isat of Engincerag and eral, imi Adina dep of Ceci oe) Commute and Ergineein ‘uta instina of Engivering we Monee Kola Pipankar Ghosh dep of Elec nd Commanicaton Engineering “Sal Ist of Teta. Roan ehashish De dep af Elecrnnics end Cominco Engineering eahnad Saha ning of Tecate: Kote Finally, F acknowledge my wife, Sisil Mtl and my Family merbecs—Shalin Mita, Necdbi Mital, De At ‘ondskar Dr hip! Konasar and Me Anh Kondaskar—for thee immense love, understanding and sopping Je wong ofthis eee eden P Kabisapathy Dep of Eleconics cn Inaramenaion Engineering, College of Enginering and Tecnology. Bhubaneswar KK Mohapatra Dept of Elecinnic. Neti nttatofTetnolos, Rowe JK Meadiratta Dept ef Electrics and Communication ond Engineering RY. Cale of Eninering.Bangaine la B Das ‘ep of Electronics Engineering National Insite of Tecan Calicut ‘Santa Kumari Dept Feces and Canvnonicaton Engineering “anv Universi, Vb V Mortidharen Dept Commuter Sconce ond Bnei. MS Rone hotioneof Toole, Banglore Josephine P Kumar Dept of Computer Science and Brine. MUI Coleg of Enginecring. Bangalore Stanley Johnson Invense Ina Pt. Lid. Cheoma ro with K Contents Prec tothe Second Edition Prac othe Fist Edition 1. Intraductin to Embedded Systems THE Embedded Systems 12 Presi Eade in 2 System 5 13 Embedded Hardware Units and Devices in Spc 10 14 Embed Soma in a Sytem 19 15 Examples of Emedod Sysem 27 16 Embed Steno chip (Se) and Use of VESI Cit Design Texhaology 29 17 Compler yes Desig al Process 12 [LF Design Process in Entel Spey 17 19 omalzaion of System Design 42 1.10 Design Proves nd Design Examples 43 LIF Clasifiton of Embeoled Systeme 52 12 Skis Reqbired orn bedded Systm Desisner 38 2. $051 and Advanced Proceso Architectures, Memory Organization and Real-world Intrtacing 2I BSI Accent 62 22 Real World nertaing 72 2.3 Inradcton to Adve Archean 214 Procesor and Memory Orpnizaian 25 racion-Level Plea 10 26 Perormance Mees 106, 2.7 Memory Types, Memory-Maps and Adress 105 2.8 Proceuor Slostion 12! 29 Memory Seen 118 5, Device and Communication Bases for Devices Network RI 1O Types and Bam 120 42 Sor Communion Devices 1 43 Parl Device Pons 14 1A SopbistsedItrtacng Fetus in Device ns 150 35. Wels Devies 15! 36 Timer nd Counting Devies 152 47 Welcog Tiree 157 38 Rel Time Cook 139 519 Networked Embed Syoms 139 310 Saial Bus Communion Protea 160 2LI Paral Bs Device role Parallel Communication Network Using ISA. PC, POLX a Advanced Buses (66 412 Inert Enabled Syren Network Prtacls 170 413. Wireless nd Motil Sytem Protocols 175 Device Drivers and Interrupts Service Mechanism ‘$1 Prgms 0 Busywcit Apeeach witout Inert Service Mechanism 189 a roxiv 42 ISR Concene 192 5 ncrpt Sources 200 413 nrg Servicing (Huang) Mechanim 203 415. Moliple Incr 209 “6 Comex and the Periads for Cote! Switching, Inter Latency and Deane 211 449 Clasiticaton of Process lnterrupt Service Mechanism frm Content Saving Angle 27 444 Drea Memory Aeces 218 49 Device Driver Programming 220 Programming Concepts and Erabeded Programming in C, + and Java 5.1 Sofware Programing in Assembly Language (ALP) sad in High-Level Lingwage “C235 5.2 C Program Elements: Header and Source File and PeporesorDietves 237 53. Program Elements: Macros and Functions 259, 514 Program Element: Data Types, Duta Stucures, Motes Sttemens Lops and Poiners 247 55 Object.Orented Programming 262 56 Embedded Programming in Cr 265, 57 Embosded Progamming in fava 261 (Program Medelinn Concepts 6.1 Progr Models 274 62 DEG Moses 277 3. Ste Machine Programming Models for Event conralled Popa Flow 282 {64 Modeling of Multiprocessor Systems 258 65 UML Modeling 295 2. Interprocess Commnication and Synchronization of Processes, Threads and Tasks LL Muliple Preset an Appicaion 05 72. Maliple Teas in am Applicaton 306 73 Tasks 308 14 Tank Sates 08 15 Tank and Data 310 “16. Cleareut Distinction teoween Farsi, ISRS and Tanks y ther Characterisies 377 17 Concept of Semaphore 314 18 Shared Dats 325 118 Inerpacese Commusicaion 230 1140 Signal Fanction 332 TN Semaphoce Functions 324 LAD Message Queue Fares 35 7113. Mailbox Functions 337 ZLIA Pipe Functions. 339 LAS Sooke: Furctions 347 716, RPC Functions 45 8. Real-Time Operating Systems 8:1 OS Services 351 82 Process Management 355 83 Timer Functions 356 8 Event Funcions 258 85 Memory Management 258 Contents ms 380 contents ‘56 Devic. Fle and 10 Subyysems Management 67 17 loterspt Roane n RTOS Environment eu Handling of reap Sas Call 1 Keattime Oporating Spwens 70 9 Basie Design Using an RTOS 372 10 Rugs Tas Scheduling Modes, tterap Latency and Resp of the Tasks Perfomance Metics 385 LIL OS Seouiy Funes OP 9. Realtime Operating System Progeamming-1: MicrogOS.I and VaWorks 91 Basic Fusions and Types of RTOSES. 408 92 RTOS mcOs-t #10 93 RTOS VaWorks 453 10. Reals Operitng System Programming: Windows CE, OSEK and Rea time ux Functions 11 Windows CE 78 102 OSEK 494 103 Linws 26.cand RTLnox 496 1H. Design Examples and Case Studies of Program Modeling and Programming with RTOS 11.1 Case Study of Embed System Design ad Cocing fo an Amati 5/2 (Chole Verding Machine (ACVM) Using Mocs RTOS 1.2 Case Stay of Digial Camers Harbrre at Solvare Arciecre 531 113 Case Sua of Coin fr Seating Appicaion Layer Byte Sueur on 3 TTCHMP Nevwork Using RTOS Vawerks 57 12. Design Examples and Cae Stes of Program Modeling and P Rros2 12.1 Case Sudy of Conmuication Betwarn Ochoa Reiss 567 123 nba Syste ia Autre 374 12.3 Cave Stay of am Embedded Stem oe an Adie Case Cantol (ACC) Sytem in Cor 377 12.4 Cae Sty ofa Embed Sytem ora Stat Cand S48 25. Cine Sly oa Mable Phone Sta or Key Iga vgramming with 13, imbedded Softare Development Process und Tuo 1.1 Insoducsion Enid Sotware Develapent Press and Tals 620, 132 Most and Target Maines 62! 15.3 Linking and Locating Solware 626 138 Going Embedded Soware ino the Target System 630 18S sues im Hrdvane-Software Design and Co-deign 34 1H. Testing, Simulation and Debugging Teetiques and Tools 1 Testing oo Hest Mashine 649 142 Simolsters 650 143 Laboratory Toole 655 Anpends I Roadmap for VariltCoe Sates Agpex2: Selec Bibigriphy Indes e 406 ” ts oss 602 63- Walkthrough TEAL ge aapveoh (| Simple way of point-wise presentation of the details by | | | ‘Summary, Keywords and thet Gelintions, review questions - and practice exercises in each chapter‘Waiktheough ‘Walkthrough l xi) x Explains modeling of programs and sokwareenginesing practices fr system design by Comprehensive explanation with coding exams for Case studies of systems fr automatic choclate vending mactine, ita camera, TOP! learn he dey used ATOSeS. mCOS, Vator, IP stack creation, abot orcosta, automatic use contol, smart caréand mobile phone ts enlace emai manteai{ opendis2: select Bil Detailed selected biography of books, journal references and important web tnks at end ofthe book ofacitate bling a startup Ivar for references and further studies in Embedded Systems Wiatktraugh Introduction to Embedded Syste a £ A R NN I N G HRRRANRS BO Sia wee OF TEeNN@LOGY UmRARY EANGALONE - S00 60, ACN, Ho. Section 1 Deftions of system and embedded system Section 1.2 The processing unit of an embeded system consists of 1. A processor 2 Canmonly used microprocessors 3. Applicationspecific intrction set processors (ASTPst ‘nicraconrllers, DSPs ard others Single purpose processors Section 1.3 The hardieare it of an embeded stem consists of 1 An embedded ‘sem poser source with esate peace ddssipaion 2 Aclack oscillator circuited clocking unit hat eta processor 3. Timers and areal me clock (RTC) or various timing needs ofthe stem 4. Rese circuit nd watchdog timer 5. System and external memories 6, System input ouput (10) ports, sera, parallel and wireless communication, serial Univeral Asynchronous Receiverand Transmiter (UART) and other port protcols ad buses 7, Devices such as Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) using Pulse With Modulation PWM), Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Ligit Emiting Diode (LED) and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) units, keypad and keyboard, touch screen, pulse dialer, madem and transeiver 8 Muliplexers, deruliplerers, decoder for interfacing of he devices and busesL £ A R N I 22 ° a mes & 9 trig conor (aer Seaton Ls 1 Languages tha are sed develop embeded software fora stem 2. Program modes 4, Matting using on operating sytem (08), tom device driver, device sunagemen and real tne operating stem (RTOS) 4 Sofmre tos for em design Seton 15 vaples of epplicion: of embedded sytem Seton U6 Designing on embedded stem ona VLSI chip 1 Embed SC (Sytem on Chip) and eampls of ts eplicatons 2. Uses of Application Specie Ison Set Pres (ASIP) ad Inelecual Property TP) coe 4. Fld Pregraoable Gate Array (FEGA coe wth single or maple pocesar ants onan ASIC chip section 17 The comes tem consis of 1. Embedded microprocessors or GPPs i complex ses 2 Ebeling ASIP mcrconrlers, DSPs. med an ner processors 1. Bnei appcatiom specie sem processor (ASSP 4 Enbedng ralipteprocesors in ytens section 18 The devon process has 1 Changes In embeded stem design 2 Design mers opiniation 43. Code of harvard sofware componens Section 19 The sate design forma defined Seton 110 The design of embeded harvard sofare in an awomatc chocolate vending machine smartcard dsacanera able phone. mobile compe ar ar five as examples Section Lt Classification of embeded sens ino thre res Section 112 Sls needed to dsgn an embedded sem Invoducton o Embedded Systems f J 1.1 “EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1.4.1 System ‘Asystem is « way of working organizing or doing one or many tasks acconling oa fixed plan, program. or exof rales A system salsoan arrangement in which lls units ssemble and work together according tothe plan or program ‘Consider a watch. Iti atime-splay system. Is pars ate its hardware, needles and batery with the beautiful dial, chasis and sap. These pars organize Zo show the real ime every second and cominvously tpdate the ime every second, Te system program updates the display using three needles afer each second, follows ast of rales. Some ofthese rule area follows: () All needles move only clockwise. i A thin and Tong needle rotates every second such that it earns to same positon ater a minut. (i) A Tong needle rotates very minute such that it returns to same position after an hour, (i) A short nee ote every hour sch that ftretums to same position after twelve ours. (¥) All thee needles etum tothe same inctnation ater twelve hours each day ‘Consider a washing machine, It isan automatic clothes-vashing sytem, The important hardware parts include ils status display pane, the switches and dials for user-defined programming, 2 motor to rotate or ‘pin, its power supply and contol unit sn inner water-level sensor a solenoid valve for ling water in and nother valve fr keting water Uain out, These parts organize to wash clothes automatically according 10 & program preset by a uset. The system-program is activated to wash the diy clothes placed ina tank, which fotales oF spins in preprogrammed steps and stages. follows a set of rules. Some of these rules are as follows: ( Follow the steps strictly in the following sequence. Step I: Wash ay spinning the motor according to programmed peiod. Step I: Rinse in Fesh water after draining out the dity wate, and rinse @ second time ifthe system snot programmed in water-saving mde, Sep II: After daining out the water completely spin the motor fs fora progranimed period for ding by eentuging out water from the clothes. Sep TV: ‘Show the wash-over status bya blinking display. Sound the alam for 2 miwe to signal thatthe wash cycle is compete. (i) At each step, display the process stage ofthe system. i) In ease of an interuption, execute only the remaining part of the program, starting fom the postion when the process was interupted, There fan Beno repetition from Step Lunlss the wer resets the system by inserting anoer se of clothes ad resets the progra 4.1.2 Embedded System Definition One of the definitions of embeidd system is a follows “An embedded system isa system that has embedded sofware and conputerhardware, which wakes it «system dedicaied for an applications) or specie part of an application or product ora part ofa larger Embedded systems have been dened in books published recently in several ways. Given below isa eres of definitions fom others in the eld ‘Wayne Wolf author of Computers as Components ~ Principles of Embedded Computing System Design: “what is an embedded computing sytem? Loosely defined, iis any device that includes a programmable ‘computer bus not itself intended to be a general-purpose computer” nd “a fax machine or aclock bil rom mieroprocessor is an embedded computing system"i ex Embedded Systems. EAS: " BM author of Bnbeed Mirocontles “Embedded Sytem se eectonc sens ta aa microprocessor or microcontoller, tut we do aot think of them as computersthe compote hidden or embedded in the system.” David E. Simon author of Ar Embedded Safoware Primer: ‘any computer system hidden in ny ofthese products InP tear a an eodction tothe Design of Smal cole Embedded Stems with examples Freeney CRHCOS8 miroconroles: (I “An embedded system ks sytem whose rp function is not compu “People use the term embeded sytem to mean system, hidden from view, forming an integral pat of microconiroller-base, software driven, rela {teractve, operating on diverse physical vai and cost-conscious market" the greater whole". (2) “An embedded system is a real time control system, autonomous, or human- or network ls and in diverse environments, and sold into a competitive ‘computerisation conpnents 1" Amisepeesor 2 Auge memay eth loin to ks (Prima mean mond eis Rado Acs Mey (RAM, Rely Nee (ROM) and fast accessible caches) ae mane aes (© Sesinary meno innermost nhs, tes an cade pes ope Imeony in CD-ROMs or memory sks (in mobile compute] ising ohh dee Pans con eed ne mayen 3. vodissch sachsen meen tc 4 lp ois chase nce dias eae 5: Outpt ans sich aan LCD ses, es ra eee 6, Networking unis uch ners et, fr end aces ed set bs ive, ex 1 Av oping system (0S) th hs pene use wer sa pss a tay non ‘Anemone syst is sym ht as te min components nbd tit "Kendriya Snr aconpute Fg hw hoist eat fan embed {aiem Asta niente KOM orathmeme, teal one hadi oed CD menor as nts 2. Renbet min epteaon ts er proceso eae 3. Hembeds a realtime operating sytem (RTOS) that sp vare. The application software may concurrently perform a series of ervises the application software running on to the procties of tasks in the system, It Perea saomectanism tole the processor una process as sched and contextswich berocee he cet ae ee, Ti cone of process, tread and ask explained ner in Sections 71 te 3g Ste les rng te exestion ofthe appleaonotvae TA aac oi to ‘not embed the RTOS.) a ° Irroducton to Embedded Systoms reaones | verte Omer Crt Pons [outputs intertocinge | | | 1 _} L_Baergecse : 3 i : i Fig. 1.1 The components of embedded system hardware and evens have different rates and time istinet rates. For example, audio, vdeo, data, network steam and ie constrains (2) Complex algorithms. (3) Complex graphic user interfaces (GUIs) and other user inter (4) Dedicated functions. Constraints An embed system design ping in vw the costs: (1 arise system reno, ie peso sp) dt sitive re en Conia ee of wat Tor ven ra Op wake ad lp "he system dein or an embed ye has cnsins with ear fo perfomance power ie and (Gi) # include mah > (i) woid main (vty { (iv) in if, 2,13. a float ress (v) T= 127 (2 = 29513 = AD; a m iF + 2 + 18: ces = wort (a): (¥) pri (resul):) generates the object codes. It assembles the codes ictal || Fiat eluding ct seairg Sekar | | ecahng Sch C, Ce, Java, Visual C++ ar the languages used for software development. A C program has various layers: processor commands, main function, tsk and library funesions, nterrup service routines and kere (Gcheduler). The compiter generates an object fil. Using linker and locator, the file for the ROM image is created forthe targeted hardware, Initoducon to Embedded Systems 1 | acne A Cotesia A oc Fa z ‘Compiier | Obed Fae. | £ way | 2 i Mastin [Linker | Progam oses al |_Goses ‘Slaps an ¢ town in Fire 18 Embodied System] ROM Merry Fig. 1.8 The process of converting 2 C program into the file for ROM image 1.4.5. Program Models for Software Designing “The program desige ask i simplified if «program is modeled, “Thedfferent models tha ae employed during the design processes othe embed software areas follows 1. Sequetal Program Mode! 2 Object Oriented Program Model 3. Control and Data lw graph or Synchroncus Data Flow (SDF Grapor Muli Thread Graph (MTG) Moet 4. Finite State Machine for datapath 5. Multithreaded Model for concurrent processing of processes ar tread or asks UML. (Universal Modeling language) isa modeling language lor object oriented programming. “These models ae explained Chapter 6 1.4 Software for Concurrent Processing and Scheduling of Multiple ‘Tasks and ISRs Using an RTOS ‘An embuilded system program is most often designed using multiple processes or multitasks or 3 tmultitheads. [Refer to Sections 7.1 to 7.3 for definitions and understanding of the processes, threads and tasks | “The molipl tusks ae processed most often by the OS na sequentially bt concurently. Concurent processing tasks ean be interrupted for running the ISRs, snd higher priority tsk preempt the running of lower priority tasks. 'An OS provides for process, memory, devices, 10s and file system management. A filesystem specifies the ways in which a file is erated, called, named, used, copied, saved of deleted, opened and closed, File system i the software fr using to files ona disk, ash memory, memory card or memory tek. (0S software have scheduling functions forall the processes (asks, ISRS and device drivers) inthe system. Since the runing of the tasks and ISRs may have realtime consrsnis and deans or nishing the tasks, an RTOS is required in an embedded system. The RTOS provides the OS functiogs for coding the system, provides interpocess communication funetiqas anyacontols the passing of messages and signals to task [RTOS funetions ae highly complex. There ae a numberof popular and rea Chapters # to 12 desribes the RTOS functions and examples of applications available RTOSS, the embedded syste,[2] Embedded Systems eg RTOS is wed in most embedded systems and the system dees concurrent processing of multiple ‘when he tess have eal ime constrains and deaine 1.4.7 Software for Device Drivers and Device Management in an Operating System Am embse system is designed to perform muitpie functions snd has to control mutiple physical end ‘nul devices. nan embeddedsystem, here may be numer of phsicul devices, Exemplary physical devices ae timer, keyboarus, display, ash meme, parallel por nd wetwuek cards ‘A program is ako be developed using the concept of virtual devices. Examples of veal deviees areas Fallows 1. A ile (of revords opened, ead, written and closed, and saved as a siceam of bytes or words) 2. A pie for sending nd recevirg a seeam of bytes fom a sauce Wo destination) 3. A socket (for sending and receiving a stream of bytes belwoen the client and server software and between souce and destination computing systems) 4. A RAM sk for sing the RAM in a way simile t files the disk) A fileisa data structure (or vital device) which sends the econ characters or words) ta daa sink (Kor ‘example. prmgram neon and which tees the data From the data source fi example. program Function Alena computer may also be stoce in the hard disk ain Mash memory in embeded system, ‘Theterm vitual device fllows from the analogy tha usta keyboard zives an input to the processor for 4 read, a le aso gives an input to the processe. The peacessor gives an output 10 a printer for a write Similar, the procesr writes an output the ile A device fr the purpase of conto. handling. eating and writing three components) A contol registro word thal stores the bits that, on setting or resting by a device ‘diver, conta device ations. Gi A status register worl hat prvi the flags (its) to sy the device situs othe device diver (i) A deviee mechani that controls the deve ations. There my be input an ‘utp data bles ina device, which may be writen or read by device driver Deviee driver aeons are to J, input data balers, utp data buffers and status setions ean be taken as consisting of 25 inp oF send pas fom the conte er f the devin ‘A devie ever is sftware for opening, connecting or binding eaing, writing and cling or controlling sections ofthe device Is software writen in high level language. Ht contas functions for device open (configure), connet bin listen, read or write or else. The device driver executes ltr the program the con regiter (or we) of peripheral or viral device. The programming i called device initialisation (registration or attachment. The diver rads the status regis, ets the imps and writes the outputs. I ‘executes onan interrupt oor from te device. A driver controls tee functions. ()Intalining, which is sctivated by placing appropiate bts atthe control register or word. (i) Calling an ISR on interupt or on sting status fag in the status register a unig (riving) the I (nterupt Handler Routine). i) Reseting the stats ia aller an interrupt service. ‘diver may be designed for asyctwonous operations (multiple use by task one after smother) or synchronous ‘operations (concurrent use by the tsk). Using’heifltion ofthe OS, a device diver coding ear be made sch that the underyng hardware ix hidden as much as possible. An API then defines the hardware separately. This makes the driver usable when the device hardware changes in a system, eee fs A device driver aeceses a parallel or serial port, keyboard, mice, disk. nctwork display. ile, pipe and sweket at specific addrewes. An OS als provides device driver cok for ystem-port arses and for hardware acess mechanisms, ‘A device manager software provide codes fr deleting the presence of devices for niialring these and for testing the devices tha are present. The manager includes software For allocating and registering pet (in Fac it may be a register ar memory) addreses for te various devices at distin diferent adresses, neloing, tenes for detecting any collision between these i any. I ensures tha any device acesses to ome task oly it rn instant I takes into account that virtual devices may also ave akreses tht are alocated by the manager. ‘An OS alo provides and executes movil for managing devices that associate with an embedded system. ‘The underlying principe is tha at an instant, only one physical or viral device should get accesso oF from cone tsk only Sections $24 and 8.6.1 will describe device drivers and device management in detail. The OS alo provides and manages viwal device such as pipes and sockets. Sections 7.14 and 7.15 deveibe these in deuil For designing embedded-softwar, two types of devices are considered: physical and virwal. Physical eviews include Keypad, printer ce display unit. A vial device could bea leo pipe or socket oc RAM tisk, Device drivers and device manage software ae needed inthe system, The RTOS includes devic- drivers and a device manager to contol and facilitates the use ofthe number of physical and viral ] li | | PROGRAM | ! bata | (CONTROLLER L AND PORT i i | | Fig. 1.10 ASoC embeded system andits common bus withinternal ASPs, internal processors, IPs, shared memories and peripheral interfaces Introduction to Embedded Systems 31 1.6.1 Application Specific IC (ASIC) ‘ASICs designed using the VLSI design tots with he processor GPP or ASIP and analog circuits embedded jm the design, The designing is done using the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) too. [For design of an [ASIC, a High-level Design Language (HDL) i wed, 1.6.2 IP Core (On 2 VLSI chip, there may be integration of high-level components. These components possess sate-level sophistication in cteuits above that ofthe counter, register, multiplies, floating point operation unit tnd ALU. A standard souce solution for syathesizing a higher-level component by configuring an FPGA ‘ore or a core of VLSI circuit may be available as an Intellectual Propery. called (IP). The designer or the ‘esigning company hols the copyright forthe symthesized design ofa higher-level component fo gatelevel implementation of an IP. One might have to pay royalty fr every chip shipped. An embedded system may inconporate several IP. + Am IP may provide hardwired implementable design of a ansform, an encryption algorithm or 3 decinhering algorithm, + Am IP may provide a design For adprive filtering ofa signal + Am IP may provide a design foc implementing Hyper Test Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or Bluetooth protocol to transmit a web page ora file on the Internet + Am IP may be designed fora USB or PCI bus controller. [Sections 3.103 and 3.12.2] 1.6.3 FPGA Core with Single or Multiple Processors ‘Suppose an embedded system is designed with @ view to enhancing functionalities in future. An FPGA ‘cores then used inthe circuits. Kt consists of large numberof programmable gates on a VLSI chip. There is ‘asetof gates ineach FPGA cel called mero cl. Esch cell as several inputs and outputs. All cells iteconnect, Tike an aray (matrix). Each interconnection is programmable through the associated RAM in an FPGA ‘programming tool. An FPGA core can be used with single or multiple proceso. Consider the algorithms for the following: Fourier transform (FT) and its inverse (IFT), DFT or Laplace ‘transform and itsinverse, compression or decompression, eneryptingo: deciphering specific pater recognition {or recognizing a signature o finger print or DNA sequence). We can configure a algorithm int the logic fates of FPGA. It gives hardwired implementation or a processing unit I is specific © the need ofthe embedded system. An algorithm ofthe embedded software can implement in one ofthe FPGA sections and another algorithm in its other section. FPGA cores witha single or muliple processor units n chip are used. One example of such core is Xiling Vinex-ll Pro FPGA XC2VPI25. XC2VPI25 from Xilinx has 125136 Topi cells in he FPGA core ‘with four IBM PowerPCS. Ic has been used as a data security solation with encryption engine and data rate (of 1.5 Gbps. Other examples of embedded systems integrated with logic FPGA. arays are DSP-enabled, realtime video processing systems and line echo eliminators for the Public Switched Teleeommnication [Networks (PSTN) and packet switched networks, [A packet is @ nit of a message or a flowing data such that t can follow a programmable route among the number of optional open routes available at an instance.)