= CAMBRIDGE GB CAMBRIDGE Brains (ene nea Peers Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Revision Guide Judith Potter and Peter Cann{—> smartnotes WB online.com Cambridge International AS and A level Chemistry Revision Guide Judith Potter and Peter Cann fe smartnotes WB“ online.com #2 CAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. University Pietng House, Cambridge CB2 885, United Kingdom (Cambrelge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge I furthers the Universi’ mission 2y diserinating knowledge in the pursuit of ‘education, learning and research athe highest international eves of excelence wrawcamoridgecrs Information on ths tide education cambridge.org (© Cambs Universty Press 2015 Tis putea in capi seis te ain Bea 306 t0the provers of alent colectveleeangagesments 19 reproduction of any par may ake place without te wren Demon of Camtrage Unvarsty Poss Fest pubis 2015, Printed in the Unt Kegdom by Later Tend A catlogue recor tis ubleatn i eoleble fom tre Brith Liery ISBN 978-I-107-51665.3 Paperback ‘Canbvige Universi Pes has no resporsibiy forthe persitence or accuracy of URLS for eternal o- ‘cepa erat wetstes refered to ns publeaion. and cows not guarantee tht any cones on sch vests or wi remain accurate or aporoprae information regering pes Yas retabieg and che” ‘actal information gen inthis werk is corre a the time of first rnting but Camerigge Unive'sty Press does ot guarantee the accuracy 2 such information treater NOTICE TO TEACHERS IN THE UK ti ilegal to reproduce ary part o this wore in material form (cluding photocopying and electronic storage) except under the following creumstances: (where you are abiding by aicence grated to your school orinsution by the Copyignt Licensing Agency: (i) where no such cence exits 2° where you wish to exceed the terms ofa cence, and yeu have gered the wrtien permission of Cambrigpe Urwersty Pras: (i) where you are allowed to renroduce without permitsion under the provisions ‘of Chapter 3 ofthe Copyright. 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Acimonladgements Proto credts 1201 Peter Cann 302 GeonhotoeAlany | 303 Cordla Moloy/Since Photo Livery, !401 iStod/ Thinkstock 1501 Pau RapseaSPL 1601 NASAISP: 180), 1802, 2501, 2701 Andrew LarberiSP.: 2801 MoomTopicuShunesode a smartnotes online.com & smartnotes online.comsmartnotes om Table of Content | How to use this book:a guided tour v ba Unit I: Moles and equations \ ~ Unit 2: Atomic structure 8 Unit 3: Electrons in atoms 12 Unit 4: Chemical bonding 18 Unit 5: States of matter %6 Unit 6: Energy changes 33 Unit 7: Redox reactions 42 Unit 8: Equilibria 46 Unie 9: Rates of reaction 83 Unit 10: Periodicity 59 Unie 11: Group 2 64 Unit 12: Group 17 68 Unie 13: Nitrogen and sulfur "4 Unit I4: Introduction to organic chemistry 79 Unie 15. Hydrocarbons 88 Unit 16: Halogenoalkanes 10! Unit 17: Alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids 108 Unit 18: Carbonyl compounds 7 Unit 19: Lattice energy 123 Unie 20: Electrochemistry 129 Unie 21: Further aspects of equilibria 137 Unie 22: Reaction kinetics 145 Unit 23: Entropy and Gibbs free energy 153 Unit 24: Transition elements 157 Unit 25: Benzene and its compounds 16 Unit 26: Carboxylic acids and their derivatives 174 Unit 27: Organic nitrogen compounds 179 Unit 28: Polymerisation 187 Unie 29: Analytical chemistry 197 Unie 30: Organic synthesis 209 Practical Skills | 216 Practical Skills 2 219 Answers to Progress Check questions 21 Answers to Exam-style questions 240 Glossary 255 Index 266 GH martnotes B online.comLearning outcomes Progress check — check your own knowledge and see how well you are getting on by answering regular questions Tip — quick suggestions to remind you about key facts and highlight important peints. Worked example ~a step by ——— step approach to answering questions, guiding you through from start to finish | Progress check 2.01 {=> smartnotes (QB online.com smartnotes online com Learning Outcomes — set the scene of each unit help with navigation through the book and give a reminder of what is important about each topic& Sample answer 4 Question 2 Wiatis we emp foruia ofa hysrocabon covering 827% arbor?) > inet = 86 unt tne moveuse formule ofthe reeearbon [2] fat tera [tea expt orm = C| MICH] =43 (tm SS 2 mare “uo erp orm its fam the meer formula. HE! mark Examstyle questions Sten aerth smartnotes online.com tee enigntin sl & smartnotes online.com Sample answer — an example of a question with an excellent answer that would score high marks Revision checklist — at the end of each unit so you can check off the topics as you revise them Exam-style questions — prepare for ‘examinations by completing the exam- style questions and checking your answers ‘which are provided at the back of the bookEe smartnotes online.com ce smartnotes online.comIe Tal ay MoU CxoNUT=y Se ne eae fee ee tees eat rene This unit gathers together the basic chemistry calculations You may need to refer to it as you revise other topics in later units An atom is the smallest part of an element exist and stil retain the identity of the element. molecule is a group of atoms bonded together and the smallest portion of an element or compound that can exist alone. simple ion is an atom which has lost or gained one or more electrons. Atoms, molecules and ions are so small that their masses are far too smal measure directly on a balance, For most purposes, chemists use relative masses, which are the number of times heavier a particle is than (1/12) of the mass of ‘one atom of carbon-|2. Carbon-12 is the standard, average mass of one atom of an element (1712) of the mass of one atom of °C molecule erage mass 12) of the mass of one atom of "C ne relative molecular mass is the sum of all the relative atomic masses of the atoms making up the molecule. compounds are ionic, then used instead of ‘relative molecular mass’ Atoms of an element always have the same number of, protons in the nucleus but may have different numbers neutrons. These atoms are call 1e same atomic number but a different mass number, {=> smartnotes online.com (f= smartnotes online com Lay ete yo to find ther Pe een ane ec mass of one atom of the isotope (1/12) of the mass of one atom of "C Relative masses are a ratio of two masses and have no units, To give an easy measurement of mass, a number of atoms is chosen so that their combined mass is equal to the relative atomic mass in grams. This number of atoms is called the The relative atomic mass is the weighted average of relative isotopic masses and may not be a whole number; relative isotopic masses are whole numbers. a 120) I mol of carbon| mol of magnesium: 60gMg Bona = 0247 mol The number of atoms in | mole of carbon atoms ‘equals the number of ators in | mole of any other type of particle. The number of atoms in | mole is called the Avogadro constant. The Avogadro constant, L, = 6022 x 10%mol"!. | mol of carbon weighs 12.9g and contains 6.022 x 10” atoms 0.65 mol of carbon weighs 12.0 0.65g and contains 0.65 x 6022 x 10” atoms 1.03 Mass spectra and relative atomic mass calculations ‘A mass spectrometer is used to find the masses of atoms of individual isotopes; it produces a trace like the ‘one for boron shown in Figure |.01 100 05, Percentage abundance 6 8 wm oN PR Isotopic mass jectrum for boron.The sum of indances = 100%, Figure 1,01 The mi the two percentage al Figure 1.01 shows two boron isotopes with relative isotopic masses of 10 and || The relative atomic mass for boron is the average of these values taking account of the percentage abundances of each fe smartnotes ns online.com {=> smartnotes online.com relative mass of 100 atoms of boron = 5 (relative isotopic mass X percentage abundance) = (195% 10) + (G05 1!) = 1081 (4 sig figs) Progress check 1.01 Be = 9.0; Mg = 243; Cr = 520: = 509; Sc = 450;0 = 160, Fe = 558 | How many atoms are in the following: 230g of beryliium atoms? b 347g of magnesium atoms? © 371g of chromium atoms? 2 What is the mass of the following 2 6022 10 atoms of vanadium? b 3011 x 10 atoms of scandium? © 035mol of O atoms? 4 0018mol of iron? 3. The fourisotopes of chromium and their abundancies are given in the table. so | 2 | 53 | %4 431 | 8376 | 955 | 238 a Sketch the mass spectrum for chromium and label the axes. b Work out A, [chromium] to 3 sig figs from these values. 4 The mass spectrum for palladium is shown in Figure 1,02. 5 Percentage abundance 102 105 104 105 106 107 108 109 Ho Isotopic mass Figure 1.02