Fair Trade USA

Capture Fisheries Standard

Draft Version 1.0

www.FairTradeUSA.org

© 2014 Fair Trade USA. All rights reserved.

Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3

1. Structural Requirements (STR).............................................................................................................. 8

1.1. The Market Access Partner (MAP)................................................................................................ 8

1.2. The Fisher Association(s) (FA)....................................................................................................... 9
1.3. The Fair Trade Committee (FTC) ................................................................................................. 10
2. Empowerment (EM)............................................................................................................................ 11

2.1. Development and Management of the Fair Trade Plan (DM) .................................................... 11
2.2. Inclusive Participation, Transparency and Financial Accountability (PTA) ................................. 11
3. Economic Development (ED) .............................................................................................................. 14

3.1. Fair Trade Payments and Premium (FTP) ................................................................................... 14

3.2. Conditions of Employment (CE) .................................................................................................. 14
4. Social Responsibility (SR) .................................................................................................................... 16

4.1. Non-Discrimination (ND) ............................................................................................................ 16

4.2. Freedom from Forced Labor and Human Trafficking (FL) .......................................................... 17
4.3. Protection of Children and Young Persons (PC) ......................................................................... 17
4.4. Freedom of Association (FA) ...................................................................................................... 18
4.5. Occupational Health and Safety (OH) ......................................................................................... 18
5. Resource Management (RM) .............................................................................................................. 20

5.1. Information to Support Resource Management (IN) ................................................................. 20

5.2. Overfished Status (OF) ................................................................................................................ 20
5.3. Biodiversity Protection (BD) ....................................................................................................... 21
5.4. Fisheries Management (FM) ....................................................................................................... 21
5.5. Waste Management (WM) ......................................................................................................... 22
6. Trade Requirements (TR) .................................................................................................................... 22

6.1. Basic Requirements (BR)............................................................................................................. 22

6.2. Product Sourcing (PS) ................................................................................................................. 22
6.3. Physical Product Traceability (PT)............................................................................................... 22
6.4. Traceability through documentation (TD) .................................................................................. 23

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 6.5. Agreements (AG) ........................................................................................................................ 23
6.6. Contract Suspension (CS)............................................................................................................ 24
6.7. Decertification (DC) .................................................................................................................... 25
6.8. Use of Fair Trade Trademark (FTT) ............................................................................................. 25
Appendix: Definitions of key terms............................................................................................................ 26

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Introduction

Purpose and Structure

This Fair Trade USA Capture Fishery Standard contains the requirements for participation of small-scale
fishers in Fair Trade certification as members of a cooperative or through their partnership with an
aggregator, exporter, processor, or supporting organization. For simplicity we refer henceforth to those
cooperatives or partner organizations as Market Access Partners, or MAPs.

The MAP is the Fair Trade certificate holder. It is a legally constituted body that:

 Keeps a register of fishers participating in the Fair Trade program and on whose behalf it
holds the certificate.
 Ensures that registered fishers or cooperative members adhere to the requirements of the
Fair Trade standards.
 Assists fishers to access Fair Trade markets via the certification process.
 Facilitates the empowerment of fishers via capacity building and the transfer of
responsibility for meeting certification requirements over time.

At the time of certification, fishers not already in cooperatives partner with the MAP to form one or
several democratically-run “Fisher Associations”. The Fisher Association represents the views of fishers
on any matters affecting their fishery, including:

 The requirements of the Fair Trade Standards

 Any laws and regulations controlling the fishery
 General welfare of the fishers and dependents
 Fishery-related infrastructure

The fishers must also form an inclusive and participatory Fair Trade Committee. This Committee is
responsible for deciding on the use of the Fair Trade Premium, which is an extra payment made by one
supply chain actor (usually an importer or retailer) to be used to improve the livelihoods of fishers, their
workers, and their communities. If the Fisher Association is already democratically controlled by small-
scale fishers, then it may serve as the Fair Trade Committee.

Goal and Objective

The Fair Trade Capture Fisheries Standard was developed in order to provide access to the Fair Trade
market for the many small-scale fishers and their communities that rely on fishing for livelihoods. Fair
Trade USA aims to provide the opportunity for fishers to demonstrate the core elements of Fair Trade in
their practices, while helping them to partner with a Fair Trade Certified Market Access Partner to
commercialize their product. The standard is structured along the core Fair Trade USA principles that
represent the main organizational objectives of:

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 1. Empowerment: Our vision is that by implementing this standard, fishers are able to build
individual and collective assets and effectively represent themselves. We see this as occurring in
two primary ways:
 Through the process of electing a Fair Trade Committee, developing a Fair Trade Plan and
making decisions on how to spend the Fair Trade Premium, fishers develop skills necessary
to effectively negotiate with those (such as the Market Access Partner) who have an
influence on the processing and marketing of their products.
 By creating a Fisher Association to represent fishers, they can then participate in a co-
management approach to fisheries. Co-management is a highly participatory approach that
shares responsibility for the management of fishery resources between government and
other key stakeholders.
2. Economic Development: The Fair Trade Capture Fisheries Standard aims to increase the income
of fishers by ensuring a transparent and stable trading relationship with the Market Access
Partner and by requiring payment of Fair Trade Premium on every Fair Trade certified product
sale. The standard establishes wage requirements for workers employed by the MAP or the
fishers, in order to increase their income.
3. Social Responsibility: The standard protects the rights of those involved in the fishery. Fishers
may choose to use Fair Trade Premiums to provide greater access to, or improved quality of,
healthcare and education. For fishers and their employees, health and safety measures are
established in order to avoid work-related injuries.
4. Environmental Stewardship: Independent fishers adopt responsible fishing practices and
protect biodiversity. The Market Access Partner or cooperative supports fish harvesters, through
their representative body, to work with government and other stakeholders to improve fishery
management. Community Development premiums can be used to provide better information on
the state of fish resources and mitigate the impacts of fishing.

Standard Scope

The unit of certification for the standard is defined as:

1. Groups of mainly small-scale fishers. The fishers belong to a Fisher Association and have
organized and elected a Fair Trade Committee of fisher representatives.
2. The practices of individual fishers when they are fishing for those species (stock) covered by the
certificate, including the vessels and gear that they use, the fishing grounds (habitat and
associated species) and legal management framework.
3. The operations of the Market Access Partner as they relate to the species (stock) taken by the
fishers covered by the certificate, including workers in processing facilities if the MAP is a
processor.
4. Workers on boats employed by the Market Access Partner and/or the individual registered
fishers.
5. Fisheries which do not pose an imminent threat to any Endangered, Threatened, or Protected
Species and which do not use gear that causes severe harm to benthic habitat. (Key terms are
defined in the Appendix to this standard and also the Compliance Criteria).

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Continuous Improvement

The Fair Trade USA Capture Fisheries Standard takes a continuous improvement approach to
development through the standard, by differentiating between minimum criteria and progress criteria.
Minimum criteria are assessed during the first certification audit and represent minimum practices in
empowerment, social responsibility, economic development, and environmental responsibility. These
criteria are met prior to initial certification. Progress criteria are fulfilled after the first, third, or sixth
year of certification and represent continuous development towards increased social empowerment and
economic development as well as best practices in environmental stewardship. Details on which year
requirements must be met are listed in the compliance criteria. An annual onsite audit will be conducted
to ensure compliance and progress.

Implementation

In addition to this standard document, we have developed compliance criteria. Certification decisions
for Fair Trade are made by third party certifiers approved by Fair Trade USA, based on compliance with
these criteria as established in onsite audits. Some criteria are identified as “major” requirements.
Non‐compliance with a major requirement may result in a decision to suspend the certification contract
until compliance has been ensured, or even deny certification in the program, depending on the severity
and extent of the Non‐Conformity.

Fair Trade certification requires supply chain traceability. In order to use the Fair Trade logo and claim,
all entities involved in the production, processing, manufacturing, and handling of the product need to
be certified by or registered with Fair Trade USA. Individual fishers are required to keep trip logs, and
landing sites must record detailed information about catch and payments.

Finally, in recognition of the fact that most fisheries are publicly-owned resources (even if the right to
harvest may be privately or communally held), the Resource Management section of the fishery
assessment and related elements of both the Corrective Action Plan and the annual audits are made
publicly accessible for the scrutiny of interested parties. Any such public reports shall be modified to
protect the identity of any indentify individual workers or fishers who participated in the audit.

Additional information on implementation, e.g. program prerequisites, a step-by-step description of the

certification process, information on certification fees, and a procedure for complaints, appeals and
disputes can be found in the Fair Trade USA Certification Manual on the Fair Trade USA website.

Standards Development

Fair Trade USA began researching the feasibility of certifying wild capture fisheries in 2011, and has
developed the Draft Capture Fishery Standard based on consultation with experts and review of other
standards and their compliance criteria, including the Marine Stewardship Council, Fair Fish, Friend of
the Sea and two standards created by Global Trust. Additionally, this standard follows the FAO Code of

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Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, the FAO Guidelines for the Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products
from Marine Capture Fisheries, and the following International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions:

29 – Forced Labor
87 – Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize
98 – Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining
100 – Equal Remuneration
103 – Maternity Protection
105 – Abolition of Forced Labor
111 – Discrimination
138 – Minimum Age
155 – Occupational Safety and Health Convention
158 – Termination of Employment
169 – Indigenous and Tribal Peoples
182 – Worst forms of child labor
188 – Work in Fishing

This standard requires legal compliance with national law and local legislation as a minimum, but not
necessarily sufficient, baseline requirement.

This Fair Trade USA Capture Fisheries Standard Draft Version 1.0 is available for public comment and
stakeholder review between March 28th and May 28th, 2014. Stakeholder comments should be sent to:
fisheries@fairtradeusa.org. Fair Trade USA is actively reaching out to fishers, industry partners, NGOs
and advocacy groups to seek their input. Fair Trade USA will review and incorporate feedback into the
standard, with the help of technical experts. If necessary, further rounds of feedback may be necessary
before a final version can be approved. A list of stakeholders providing feedback, a summary of the
feedback, and how it was addressed in the final version will be made public on the Fair Trade USA
Standards website.

Certificates will be valid for three years, with renewal of certificates occurring in the fourth year of the
audit cycle provided that annual audit criteria are met. Certificates are effective from the date of the
certification decision. Entities that were audited against the Draft Version 1.0 of the Standard will be
audited against the final Version 1.0 of the Standard at the next audit.

Premium Requirements

In addition to the requirements in this standard, a Fair Trade Premium will also be set by Fair Trade USA.
The exact amount remains to be determined, but 30% of the Fair Trade Premium must be allocated to
projects intended to help the fishery comply with the Resource Management section of this standard.

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Terminology

For definitions of terms used in this and other Fair Trade USA Standards please see the Fair Trade USA
Standards Glossary, available on the Fair Trade USA Standards Website. Some key terms are also defined
in the Appendix to this standard.

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1. Structural Requirements (STR)

1.1. The Market Access Partner (MAP)

STR-MAP 1
Corporate social responsibility and the empowerment of the registered fishers is an integral part
of the MAP’s written mission or policy statement(s). The MAP can demonstrate its
implementation with concrete evidence.

STR-MAP 2
At least half of the registered fishers are small-scale fishers. The Market Access Partner keeps a
record of the registered fishers.

STR-MAP 3
If the Market Access Partner is dependent on outside project-based funding for the Fair Trade
project, then it has a clear strategy to ensure continuity of the project once the funding has
ended.

STR-MAP 4
The Market Access Partner identifies requirements at risk of non-compliance within the
Conditions of Employment and Social Responsibility sections of this standard.

STR-MAP 5
An Internal Control System (ICS) has been designed and implemented. The ICS monitors the
implementation of practices mandated by the Conditions of Employment and Social
Responsibility sections of this Standard, and incorporates the risk assessment described in STR-
MAP 4.

STR- MAP 6
The registered fishers have basic knowledge of the Fair Trade concept and have indicated their
commitment to participating in Fair Trade and to cooperating with the Market Access Partner.

STR-MAP 7
The Market Access Partner, the registered fishers, and subcontracted entities facilitate both
announced and/or unannounced Fair Trade audits carried out by Fair Trade USA approved
certifiers.

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 STR-MAP 8
The Market Access Partner has appointed a contact person for all certification matters. This
person ensures that the certification body is kept up to date on the scope of the certificate, the
list of registered fishers, and important information such as all locations where Fair Trade
product is handled.

STR-MAP 9
The Market Access Partner has appointed a Fair Trade Officer responsible for all measures
directed at social empowerment and economic development of the registered fishers, as well as
the implementation of training and activities required by Fair Trade Standards and the necessary
communication among all parties.

STR-MAP 10
The Market Access Partner has conducted or financed a written needs assessment using
surveys/input from fishers as the primary data, and identifying the social, economic and
environmental development needs of the registered fishers, workers, fishing community and
the environment, as expressed by those fishers. The needs assessment analyzes how Fair Trade
may help to address those needs.

STR-MAP 11
The Market Access Partner ensures that any existing fisher-run organization with a
demonstrable record of active involvement in the welfare of the registered fishers and the
fishery is invited to any major discussions about Fair Trade certification.

STR-MAP 12
The Market Access Partner involves the Fisher Association in any response to Corrective Actions
required by the Certification Body that relate to the management of the fishery.

STR-MAP 13
The Market Access Partner presents knowledge of how international conventions and relevant
laws pertain to vessels used by registered fishers.

1.2. The Fisher Association(s) (FA)

Note: Where the MAP is already a fisher-managed organization, for instance a cooperative, the
MAP is considered the Fisher Association and must also follow the requirements in this section.

STR-FA 1
The registered fishers form one or more Fisher Associations prior to initial certification in order
to ensure fisher input into decision-making about changes in the management of the fishery.

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 STR-FA 2
Fisher Associations are represented by a leadership team (i.e. board of directors), which is
chosen in free, fair and transparent elections.

STR-FA 3
The Fisher Association keeps a record of its members, and has written rules that determine who
can become a member.

STR-FA 4
The Fisher Association holds a General Assembly at least once a year.

STR-FA 5
All major decisions of the Fisher Association(s) are discussed and approved by the General
Assembly according to a free, fair and transparent voting procedure.

1.3. The Fair Trade Committee (FTC)

Note: If the Fisher Association is democratically controlled and a majority of its members are
registered fishers, the Fisher Association can directly perform all of the functions of the Fair
Trade Committee.

STR-FTC 1
The registered fishers establish one or more Fair Trade Committee(s) prior to initial certification
in order to make democratic and transparent decisions about Fair Trade issues, including use of
the Fair Trade Premium.

STR-FTC 2
The Fair Trade Committee is chosen in free, fair and transparent elections. The composition of
the Fair Trade Committee reflects the composition of the registered fishers.

STR-FTC 3
The Fair Trade Committee holds a General Assembly at least once a year.

STR-FTC 4
All major decisions of the Fair Trade Committee are discussed and approved by the General
Assembly according to a free, fair and transparent voting procedure.

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2. Empowerment (EM)
2.1. Development and Management of the Fair Trade Plan (DM)

EM-DM 1
The Market Access Partner and the Fair Trade Committee together develop a written Fair Trade
Plan, based on the needs assessment described in STR-MAP 10, with the objective of meeting
the needs of the registered fishers, workers, community and/or environment. The Fair Trade
Plan includes activities, objectives, timelines, and budget, as well as training and capacity-
building measures for the registered fishers to take on responsibility for premium receipt and
accounting. All of the registered fishers are able to make suggestions for the Fair Trade Plan.

EM-DM 2
Where there are workers employed by the registered fishers or the MAP, the Fair Trade Plan
includes at least one project or activity intended to benefit workers.

EM-DM 3
The Fair Trade Plan is approved by the General Assembly of the Fair Trade Committee before it
is implemented, and is updated annually. There is documentation tracking the progress of the
Fair Trade Plan and updates.

EM-DM 4
The Fair Trade Committee takes over responsibility for the Fair Trade Plan progress reports.

EM-DM 5
The Market Access Partner supports the Fair Trade Committee and registered fishers in
implementation of the Fair Trade Plan. If the timelines and objectives in the Fair Trade Plan are
not met, the Market Access Partner is responsible for contracting a third party to support the
Fair Trade Committee.

EM-DM 6
If the Fisher Association wants to take on additional responsibilities for the production and
commercialization of the product (i.e. compliance with requirements within this Standard,
Internal Control System administration, product sales on behalf of their members) and wants to
become directly certified against the Capture Fisheries Standard independent of the Market
Access Partner, the Market Access Partner does not prevent this development.

2.2. Inclusive Participation, Transparency and Financial Accountability (PTA)

EM-PTA 1
The Fair Trade Committee makes decisions on use of the Fair Trade Premium in an independent
manner. The Market Access Partner commits to this in writing.

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EM-PTA 2
There is an established communication and feedback system in place among the Market Access
Partner, the Fisher Association, the Fair Trade Committee, and the registered fishers. The
communication system should include information on:
 Fair Trade Sales
 Fair Trade Premium
 Issues and concerns of the registered fishers
 Planned and implemented responses to any Corrective Action Requests

EM-PTA 3
Where a significant number of permanent workers are employed by the registered fishers or the
MAP, workers are invited to the General Assembly of the Fair Trade Committee in order to
observe and participate in the discussion of topics that relate to them.

EM-PTA 4
The minutes of the Fair Trade Committee meetings clearly record all decisions made, as well as
the consultation with registered fishers that took place prior to decision-making. The minutes of
the meeting are signed by all members of the Fair Trade Committee.

EM-PTA 5
The minutes of the General Assembly of the Fair Trade Committee clearly record all decisions
made. The minutes are signed by the leadership of the Fair Trade Committee and at least one of
the registered fishers. There is a list of participants in the General Assembly included in the
minutes.

EM-PTA 6
In addition to the premium account and Fair Trade Plan, the Fair Trade Committee presents any
other annual reports, budgets and accounts to the General Assembly of the Fisher Association
for approval.

EM-PTA 7
Within the Fisher Association, at least one person or committee is responsible for managing the
administration and book keeping.

EM-PTA 8
The MAP, in collaboration with the Fair Trade Committee, develops a Premium Use Report
annually. This report and audited accounts of the use of premium funds are provided to the Fair
Trade Committee, registered fishers and their permanent workers, and the Fisher Association(s)
annually or upon request at any time.

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EM-PTA 9
Fair Trade plans and reports are accessible to registered fishers, their permanent workers, and
any Fisher Association(s).

EM-PTA 10
All Fisher Association records, books, and documentation are accessible to its members.

EM-PTA 11
If the Fair Trade Committee does not have capacity to open its own bank account and manage
the Fair Trade Premium in a democratic and transparent manner:
• The Fair Trade Committee appoints a trustee (the Market Access Partner, a bank, credit
union or NGO) of the Fair Trade Premium funds.
• The trustee sets up a separate bank account so that it can receive the Fair Trade
Premium on behalf of the registered fishers.
• At least one member of the Fair Trade Committee is a joint signatory of the Fair Trade
Premium account.

EM-PTA 12
An external financial audit shall be conducted in years when high Fair Trade Premium volumes
are generated or spent.

EM-PTA 13
Regular administrative and organizational capacity-building trainings are carried out with the
Fair Trade Committee representatives. This ensures that they are able to take over management
of the Fair Trade Premium in a democratic and transparent manner.

EM-PTA 14
The Fair Trade Committee has a bank account with more than one signatory.

EM-PTA 15
The Market Access Partner/Fisher Association takes measures to improve the registered fishers’
understanding of the annual reports and accounts, and to increase knowledge of financial
management, pricing and international market mechanisms.

EM-PTA 16
The Market Access Partner, in collaboration with the Fair Trade Committee, creates an
accounting system that accurately tracks the expenses and budget in the Fair Trade Plan, and
identifies the distribution of Fair Trade Premiums in a transparent manner.

EM-PTA 17
The Market Access Partner provides training to the Fair Trade Committee on the management
of the Fair Trade Premium accounting system.

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 EM-PTA 18
The Fair Trade Committee takes on responsibility for maintaining the accounting system.

3. Economic Development (ED)

3.1. Fair Trade Payments and Premium (FTP)

ED-FTP 1
The correct amount of Fair Trade Premium is paid to the Fair Trade Committee.

ED-FTP 2
New Fair Trade Premiums apply from the date of their announcement. However, existing
contracts must be honored at the existing Fair Trade Premium already agreed on.

ED-FTP 3
If the registered fishers are paid as a share of the catch, the share system and working
conditions on board are agreed to in writing among all parties involved. The agreed working
conditions are in line with national legislation as well as the 'Conditions of Employment' and
'Social Responsibility' sections of this standard.

ED-FTP 4
If the registered fishers are charged for inputs or services, they are only charged a normal
market price. These prices are declared in a transparent manner.

3.2. Conditions of Employment (CE)

(This section is applicable to all workers employed by the registered fishers and by the MAP. As
defined in the Fair Trade Glossary, ‘workers’ include all permanent, temporary, and part-time
employees and are distinct from fishers in that they are earning a wage rather than a share of
the catch.

Some exemptions are included for fishers and operations that do not employ a significant
number of workers. The certification body will define what constitutes a significant number of
workers depending on various factors.)

ED-CE 1
Conditions of employment, and in particular salaries, are in line with or exceeding the highest
of: sector regulations, Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBAs) which are in place for an
employer, the regional average minimum wage, and legal minimum wages for similar
occupations. The employer specifies wages for all functions.

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ED-CE 2
Payments are made to workers directly and on time, according to an appropriate payment
schedule that is monthly or bi-weekly. The payment schedule has been communicated to
workers. In-kind payments are not allowed, except in regions where they are legally permissible
and agreed to by workers. Where the agreed in-kind payment is in fish, species used as payment
may not be overfished as defined in the 'Resource Management' section of this standard.

ED-CE 3
The employer complies with local law regarding the provision of health insurance and social
security benefits, including pension and disability insurance, maternity leave and vacation time
to workers. In cases where permanent workers are not entitled to health insurance benefits, the
employer provides the equivalent benefits in the form of private health insurance or
comparable health services.

ED-CE 4
Where an elected workers’ organization exists, management has made best efforts to negotiate
the conditions of work with the workers’ organization.

ED-CE 5
Where a significant number of workers are employed, all permanent workers have a legally
binding written contract of employment describing conditions of employment and including a
job description. The contract is signed by the worker and employer.

ED-CE 6
All positions that are of a regular nature are staffed with permanent workers, and legal
obligations are not avoided through the excessive use of time-limited employment contracts.

ED-CE 7
The employer and worker representatives meet to discuss how they can improve wages and
productivity in mutually beneficial ways, including generating ideas for how to move towards
“living wages” over time.

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4. Social Responsibility (SR)

4.1. Non-Discrimination (ND)

This section is applicable to registered fishers and workers employed by the registered fishers
and the MAP.

SR-ND 1
There is no discrimination against registered fishers or potential new program participants,
particularly on the basis of race, color, sex, gender, sexual orientation, disability, marital status,
family obligations, age, religion, political opinion, language, property, nationality, ethnicity or
social origin, or any other condition that could give rise to discrimination in relation to:
participation, rules for program participation, voting rights, the right to be elected, access to
markets, access to training, technical support or any other benefits that the program offers.

There is no discrimination against workers, particularly on the basis of race, color, sex, gender,
sexual orientation, disability, marital status, family obligations, age, religion, political opinion,
membership of unions or other workers’ representative bodies, national extraction or social
origin, or any other condition that could give rise to discrimination in: recruitment, promotion,
access to training, remuneration, allocation of work, termination of employment, retirement or
other activities.

SR-ND 2
The Market Access Partner identifies registered fishers who come from disadvantaged/minority
groups according to, for example, gender, age, or income.

SR-ND 3
The Market Access Partner has developed a program to improve the social and economic
position of registered fishers who come from disadvantaged/minority groups.

SR-ND 4
The Market Access Partner, or employer, and the registered fishers do not engage in, support or
tolerate the use of corporal punishment, mental or physical coercion, or verbal abuse, or any
other form of harassment.

SR-ND 5
The Market Access Partner, or employer, does not engage in, support, or tolerate behavior,
including gestures, language, and physical contact, that is sexually intimidating, abusive or
exploitative.

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4.2. Freedom from Forced Labor and Human Trafficking (FL)
This section is applicable to registered fishers and workers employed by the registered fishers
and the MAP.

SR-FL 1
Forced labor, including bonded or involuntary prison labor and human trafficking, does not
occur.

SR-FL 2
A worker's employment is not conditional on the employment of his or her spouse. Spouses are
not required to work.

4.3. Protection of Children and Young Persons (PC)

This section is applicable to registered fishers and workers employed by the registered fishers
and the MAP.

SR-PC 1
Children below the age of 15 (or below the working age defined by national law, if higher) are
not employed. Children aged 15 or over (or of the working age defined by national law, if higher)
may be employed for work in production facilities and light work during school holidays. The
minimum age for employment on fishing vessels is 16 or as defined in law, if higher.

SR-PC 2
The children of registered fishers below the age of 15 (or below the working age defined by
national law, if higher) may work with their relatives provided that:

 The work does not jeopardize schooling and is within reasonable time limits after school
or during holidays.
 The work does not jeopardize the child’s social, moral or physical development and does
not constitute a hazard to the child’s health. The minimum age for a child helping his or
her family on fishing vessels is 12.
 Their relatives provide supervision and guidance.

SR-PC 3
Workers under the age of 18 have working conditions that are modified in consideration of their
age and physiological needs.

SR-PC 4
The minimum age of admission to any type of work which by its nature or the circumstances
under which it is carried out is likely to jeopardize the health, safety, or morals of young people,

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 is 18 years (or the age of legal adulthood as defined by national law, if higher). This includes
night work.

4.4. Freedom of Association (FA)

This section is applicable to workers employed by the MAP and by registered fishers. Registered
fishers who employ a significant workforce on their boats must comply with all of these criteria,
while fishers and operations that do not employ a significant number of workers are exempt
from these criteria. The certification body will define what constitutes a significant number of
workers depending on various factors.

SR-FA 1
The employer recognizes in writing and in practice the right of all workers to establish and join
workers’ organizations of their own choosing, and to collectively negotiate their working
conditions.

SR-FA 2
The employer does not interfere with the right to freedom of association by attempting to
influence or obstruct workers’ organizations.

SR-FA 3
Neither workers nor their representatives are discriminated against or suffer other
repercussions because of freely exercising their right to organize or because of their
membership or participation in legal activities in their workers’ organization.

SR-FA 4
The employer ensures that all workers are provided with information from an independent
source on their right to freedom of association and the options available for workers to
organize.

4.5. Occupational Health and Safety (OH)

This section is applicable to:
 Registered fishers,
 Workers employed by the registered fishers, and
 Workers employed by the MAP as they relate to the species (stock) taken by the fishers
covered under the certificate, including workers in processing facilities if the MAP is a
processor.

Note: some exemptions are included for fishers and operations that do not employ a significant
number of workers. The certification body will define what constitutes a significant number of
workers depending on various factors, including any legal regulations.

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SR-OH 1
Work processes, workplaces (including fishing vessels), machinery and equipment as well as
worker transportation are as safe as possible and any inherent risk to health is minimized by
adequate control.

SR-OH 2
A written Health and Safety policy is in place and covers all of the items mentioned above.

SR-OH 3
The following persons are not allowed to be engaged in any potentially hazardous work: persons
younger than 18 years, pregnant or nursing women, persons with incapacitating mental
conditions, persons with chronic, hepatic or renal diseases, and persons with respiratory
diseases.

SR-OH 4
The employer ensures alternative work for employees in the case that a change of work is
necessary to comply with requirement SR-OH 3.

SR-OH 5
Fishers and workers have access to adequate emergency first aid equipment and appropriately
trained first aid staff to meet all reasonably foreseeable emergency first aid situations.

SR-OH 6
The employer provides medical care for all workplace injuries and illnesses and pays for
recovery to any work-related illnesses or injuries.

SR-OH 7
All workers must have access to potable water and clean sanitary facilities.

SR-OH 8
A Health and Safety Officer is nominated to be in charge of occupational health and safety
matters.

SR-OH 9
Workers and fishers engaged in any potentially hazardous work are adequately trained and
informed of the specific risks to mental, reproductive and/or neurological health.

SR-OH 10
Workers are provided with adequate personal protective equipment of good quality and in good
condition at the employer’s expense. Workers must always use such equipment and never take
it to their homes without approval.

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5. Resource Management (RM)

5.1. Information to Support Resource Management (IN)

RM-IN 1
The Market Access Partner (MAP) has developed communication tools relevant to all annual
Retained Species (landings) and Bycatch Species (discarded species), habitat, and other
necessary topics to facilitate common understanding among the MAP, registered fishers, and
other stakeholders.

RM-IN 2
The registered fishers have a system in place (for example, a logbook) to collect data necessary
to comply with this standard, including information on fishing trips and catch (Retained and
Bycatch species).

RM-IN 3
There are landings data which reflect the composition of Retained Species.

RM-IN 4
Systems are in place to control the quality of catch, landings, and fishing trip information.

RM-IN 5
The MAP and Fisher Association have developed and implemented a plan for meeting the
Resource Management section of this standard, including progress requirements over time.

5.2. Overfished Status (OF)

RM-OF 1
All Retained species are assessed. Major Main Retained and Main Retained species are not
overfished, as defined by a peer-reviewed and tested stock assessment method. If a species is at
risk of being overfished, a rebuilding strategy must be in place.

RM-OF 2
All Bycatch Species are assessed. The fishery does not pose a high overfishing risk to any species
that fall under the Main Bycatch category.

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
5.3. Biodiversity Protection (BD)

RM-BD 1
The Major Main Retained, Main Retained, and Main Bycatch species categories do not include
any Endangered, Threatened, or Protected (ETP) species.

RM-BD 2
The fishing gear used does not cause severe harm to benthic habitat.

RM-BD 3
The Fisher Association has considered conducting ecosystem modeling by identifying metrics
that can be used as warning signs of changes occurring in the ecosystem (even if the reason for
such changes is not known).

RM-BD 4
The Fisher Association has developed a plan for monitoring the local ecosystems.

5.4. Fisheries Management (FM)

RM-FM 1
The fishery has a functional Fishery Management Plan in place that includes appropriate
reference points and management actions.

RM-FM 2
Vessels used by registered fishers are legally registered and licensed.

RM-FM 3
The MAP and Fisher Association support the monitoring and reporting of illegal fishing activity
to the relevant authorities. Registered fishers do not participate in illegal fishing in any form.

RM-FM 4
The Fisher Association is actively involved in the management of the fishery, according to a co-
management agreement.

RM-FM 5
There is a procedure for resolving conflicts among fisher groups, the Fisher Association, and the
legally responsible agency over the management of the fishery and the use of the fish resources.

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
5.5. Waste Management (WM)
(This section is applicable only for processing, and only when the MAP is processing the fish)

ES-WM 1
Hazardous waste is handled safely as per applicable laws and regulations.

ES-WM 2
Where there is major risk of harm or contamination to humans and/or the environment from
waste while processing, the MAP, and if applicable the Fisher Association, implement(s) a Waste
Management Plan to minimize or eliminate the risk.

6. Trade Requirements (TR)

6.1. Basic Requirements (BR)

TR-BR 1
The Market Access Partner reports to Fair Trade USA on its Fair Trade transactions, according to
the frequency determined by Fair Trade USA.

6.2. Product Sourcing (PS)

TR-PS 1
When fishers first become certified through the Market Access Partner, the Market Access
Partner can sell the fish that it has in stock as Fair Trade, but product that was fished before the
date of initial audit may not be sold as Fair Trade.

TR-PS 2
At least half of the volume of certified fish must come from small-scale fishers as defined in the
Fair Trade USA Standards Glossary.

6.3. Physical Product Traceability (PT)

TR-PT 1
Only products sourced from registered fishers are sold as Fair Trade, and products that were
produced by registered fishers are not mixed with products that were not.

TR-PT 2

Fair Trade products are marked clearly so that they can be identified as Fair Trade certified at all
stages (i.e. storage, transport, processing, packaging, labeling, handling and sale).

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
6.4. Traceability through documentation (TD)

TR-TD 1
The Market Access Partner puts in writing the product flow from the registered fishermen to the
buyer.

TR-TD 2
The Market Access Partner keeps records of products sourced from the registered fishers as part
of the Fair Trade Plan. Records indicate the name of the individual fisher, date of purchase,
product name, volume and the price received by the member. Records include the signature of
the registered fisher, verifying accuracy; the registered fishers receive a copy of the record.

TR-TD 3
The Market Access Partner supports the Fisher Association in creating and maintaining this
record-keeping system.

TR-TD 4
When product is sold as Fair Trade, it is clearly indicated in the sales documents (e.g. invoices,
contracts, bill of lading, and delivery notes) that the product is Fair Trade Certified.

TR-TD 5
The Market Access Partner keeps records of all Fair Trade sales. These records include:
• The volume sold.
• The name of the buyer.
• The date of the transaction.
• A reference to Fair Trade
• A reference to purchase documentation that allows the certification body to link these
records with the corresponding sales documentation.

TR-TD 6
If Fair Trade products are processed, there are records that specify the amount of product
before and after processing.

6.5. Agreements (AG)

TR-AG 1
The Market Access Partner signs registration agreements with each individual registered fisher.
The registration agreement defines the responsibilities of the fisher and the Market Access
Partner in the Fair Trade program and the general terms of trade, including any share-catch
arrangements.

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
 TR-AG 2
The registration agreement is written in a language that the registered fishers understand.

TR-AG 3
The Market Access Partner ensures that the registered fishers know and understand the terms
of the registration agreement and the Fair Trade conditions.

TR-AG 4
The registration agreement between the Market Access Partner and the registered fishers does
not restrict any registered fisher from selling to other buyers. The purchase of certified products
is not dependent on the purchase of non-certified products.

TR-AG 5
A sourcing plan summarizing expectations regarding volumes to be sourced in the next 6 to 12
months is shared with the Fair Trade Committee and Fisher Association.

TR-AG 6
Where legally permissible, the Fisher Association negotiates an agreement on terms of trade for
the duration of one harvest period on behalf of all registered fishers.

TR-AG 7
When the Market Access Partner provides credit or pre-finance, the interest rate and conditions
attached to the offer are agreed upon in advance with the registered fishers. In cases where an
interest rate is charged, it is not higher than the cost of borrowing.

TR-AG 8
All elements of contracts with Fair Trade buyers are fulfilled at the conditions agreed in the
contract, unless changes to the contract are mutually agreed upon between the seller and the
buyer in writing.

6.6. Contract Suspension (CS)

TR-CS 1
When a producer or its buyer is suspended: within 6 months, the contracts that have already
been signed are fulfilled, and new contracts are only signed with the organization’s existing
trade partners (those who have entered into commercial transactions in the previous 12
months).

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
6.7. Decertification (DC)

TR-DC 1
An organization must stop selling Fair Trade products from the date of its decertification, even if
it has signed Fair Trade contracts that are yet to be fulfilled.

TR-DC 2
Fair Trade Certified products may not be sold to decertified operators from the date of
decertification. In such cases, contracts that have not yet been shipped shall not be classified as
Fair Trade contracts.

6.8. Use of Fair Trade Trademark (FTT)

TR-FTT 1

Finished products: Only licensed partners of Fair Trade USA may use the Fair Trade Certified
certification mark on finished products. Organizations that are certified to sell Fair Trade
certified products may use the Fair Trade certification mark in promotional materials (such as
brochures, websites or wholesale packaging). Use of the certification mark is in accordance with
the Fair Trade USA Label Use Guide, and all finished products have prior approval by Fair Trade
USA.

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
Appendix: Definitions of key terms

Note: many important terms, for instance “Needs Assessment” and “General Assembly”, are already
defined in the FTUSA Standards Glossary, available here:
http://fairtradeusa.org/sites/all/files/wysiwyg/filemanager/FTUSA_Glossary_102412.pdf. The following
definitions will be included in the FTUSA Standards Glossary once the feedback and comment period for
the Capture Fisheries Standard is complete and the final definitions have been decided.

Bycatch Species
Organisms that have been taken incidentally and are not retained (usually because they have no
commercial value) (MSC, 2013).

Catch-Per-Unit-Effort (CPUE)
The quantity of fish caught (in number or in weight) with one standard unit of fishing effort; e.g.
number of fish taken per 1,000 hooks per day, or weight of fish, in tons, taken per hour of trawling.
CPUE is often considered an index of fish biomass (or abundance). Sometimes referred to as catch
rate. CPUE may be used as a measure of economic efficiency of fishing as well as an index of fish
abundance. Also called: catch per effort, fishing success, availability. (NOAA, 2006)

CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
http://www.cites.org/

Co-management
A partnership arrangement in which government, the community of fishers, external agents (non-
governmental organizations, research institutions), and sometimes other fisheries and coastal
resource stakeholders (boat owners, fish traders, credit agencies or money lenders, tourism
industry, etc.) share the responsibility and authority for decision-making over the management of a
fishery.

Co-management ideally results in power-sharing in the exercise of resource management between a

government and a community or organization of stakeholders, and can offer benefits of "more
appropriate, more efficient and more equitable management" than the conventional state-centered
approach. (Berkes et al., 2001)

Common Science
An approach based on common sense and simple fishery science that provides common ground for
all stakeholders to contribute in a meaningful way to fisheries co-management. Common science:
i) Addresses common property issues in fisheries management
ii) Uses common sense to guide practical action drives by objectives
iii) Uses scientific knowledge to compliment, not substitute, ordinary knowledge

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
 iv) Is based on situationally-appropriate fishery science, using simple methods
v) Uses common language rather than scientific jargon in communication
vi) Uses stakeholders’ common interests as the basis for negotiation or consensus
vii) Incorporates common or ordinary ecological and other fishery knowledge of fishers
viii) Aims for benefits to the common good of the public, rather than partisan interests
ix) Is accessible by the common person in order to inform participation
x) Applies analytical principles of science (social, ecological, political, economic, etc.)
(McConney, 1998)

Endangered, Threatened, and Protected (ETP) Species

Species recognized by national legislation and/or binding international agreements to which the
jurisdictions controlling the fishery under assessment are party. Species listed under Appendix I of
CITES shall be considered ETP species for the purposes of the MSC assessment, unless it can be
shown that the particular stock of the CITES listed species impacted by the fishery under assessment
is not endangered (MSC, 2013).

Enhanced Fishery
A fishery where there is human intervention in the lifecycle of the fish, including artificial spawning,
habitat enhancement, and/or feeding of fish prior to harvest.

Fish
Any species or sub species of aquatic (marine, freshwater and estuarine) animal but not including
mammals, seabirds or reptiles.

Fisher
A person (male or female) who takes part in fishing conducted from a fishing vessel, a floating or
fixed platform, or from shore. They are distinct from workers in that they are usually not paid a
wage, but rather a share of the catch. Does not include fish processors or traders (FAO, 1998).

Fishery (Synonym: Capture Fishery)

A unit determined by an authority or other entity that is engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish.
Typically, the unit is defined in terms of some or all of the following: people involved, species or type
of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats and purpose of the activities (MSC,
2013).

Fishery Improvement Project (FIP)

A fishery improvement project is a multi-stakeholder effort to improve a fishery. The projects utilize
the power of the private sector to incentivize positive changes toward sustainability in the fishery.
Participants may vary depending on the nature of the fishery and the improvement project, and may
include stakeholders such as producers, nongovernmental organizations, fishery managers,
government and members of the fishery’s supply chain. The ultimate goal of a fishery improvement

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
 project is to perform at a level consistent with an unconditional pass of the MSC standard.
(Conservation Alliance, 2013).

Fishery Management Plan

An integrated process of information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making,
allocation of resources and formulation and implementation, with enforcement as necessary, of
regulations or rules which govern fisheries activities in order to ensure the continued productivity of
the resources and the accomplishment of other fisheries objectives (FAO, 2002).

Fishing
Any activity, other than scientific research conducted by a scientific research vessel, that involves
the catching, taking, or harvesting of fish; or any attempt to do so; or any activity that can
reasonably be expected to result in the catching, taking, or harvesting of fish and any operations at
sea in support of it (NOAA, 2006).

Fishing Effort
The amount of fishing gear of a specific type used on the fishing grounds over a given unit of time
(for example, hours trawled per day, number of hooks set per day, or number of hauls of a beach
seine per day) (NOAA, 2006).

Fishing Vessel (or Vessel)

Any ship or boat, of any nature whatsoever, irrespective of the form of ownership, used or intended
to be used for the purpose of commercial fishing.

Fish Stock
The living resources in the community or population from which catches are taken in a fishery. Use
of the term fish stock implies that the particular population is a biological distinct unit. In a particular
fishery, the fish stock may be one or several species of finfish or other aquatic organisms (MSC,
2013).

Grey Literature
Information produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in electronic
and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing i.e. cannot be found easily through
conventional channels such as publishers. It is frequently original and usually recent. (MSC, 2013)

Habitat
The chemical and bio-physical environment, including biogenic structures, where a species normally
lives or occurs.

Harvest Control Rules

A set of well-defined rules that can be used for determining annual fish catch quotas or effort
regulations. Harvest Control Rules describe how harvest is intended to be controlled by

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
 management in relation to the state of some indicator of stock status. For example, a harvest
control rule can describe the various values of fishing mortality that will be aimed at for various
values of the stock abundance. It formalizes and summarizes a management strategy. Constant
catch and constant fishing mortality are two types of simple harvest control rules. (NOAA, 2006).

Juvenile (fish)
A young fish or animal that has not reached sexual maturity (NOAA, 2006).

Limit Reference Point

The point beyond which the state of a fishery and/or a resource is not considered desirable and
which management is aiming to avoid (MSC, 2013).

Market Access Partner (MAP)

The legal entity forming a partnership with the fishers it contracts and supports. The Market Access
Partner holds the Fair Trade certificate.

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

The highest theoretical equilibrium yield that can be continuously taken (on average) from a stock
under existing (average) environmental conditions without affecting significantly the reproduction
process (MSC, 2013).

Overfished
A stock is considered “overfished” when exploited beyond an explicit limit beyond which its
abundance is considered "too low" to ensure recruitment is not impaired.

The stock may remain overfished (i.e., with a biomass well below the agreed limit) for some time
even though fishing pressure might be reduced or suppressed (MSC, 2013).

Precautionary Approach to Fisheries (PAF)

Set of measures taken to implement the precautionary principle. A set of agreed cost-effective
measures and actions, including future courses of action, which ensures prudent foresight, reduces
or avoids risk to the resource, the environment, and the people, to the extent possible, taking
explicitly into account existing uncertainties and the potential consequences of being wrong (FAO,
1996).

Productivity and Susceptibility Analysis (PSA)

An approach to assess the risk of overfishing for any species based on predetermined attributes,
even in data-poor situations. The Fair Trade USA PSA incorporates (1) a “Productivity Attributes and
Scores” table from the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch Criteria for Fisheries, Criterion 1,

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
 Factor 1.1 Inherent Vulnerability (Version April 25, 2013, p.5)1, and (2) a “Susceptibility Attributes
and Scores” table taken from Marine Stewardship Council’s Certification Requirements, Annex CC:
Risk-Based Framework (Version 1.3 January 2013, p. C237).2

Protected Area (Includes Marine Protected Area, No-Take Zone)

A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other
effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem
services and cultural values (IUCN 2008). Protected areas can be public or private biological
conservation areas. Such areas include national parks, Nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural
monuments, archaeological reserves, forest reserves, and marine reserves (NOAA, 2006 and
Dudley/IUCN, 2008).

Retained Species
Species that are retained by the fishery (usually because they are commercially valuable or because
they are required to be retained by management rules) (MSC, 2013).

Risk Assessment
Component of risk management which comprises all processes concerned with identification,
estimation and qualitative and quantitative evaluation of risks. Risk assessment consists of hazard
identification, hazard assessment, risk estimation and risk reduction (from Choudry and Jansen,
1999).

Share System (Synonym: Share Agreement)

A system of remuneration in the fishing industry based on sharing of the catch. Crew and owner
must together cover certain operating expenses which are deducted from the gross proceeds
obtained from the sale of the catch. The net proceeds are then divided among the boat owner and
the members of the crew according to an agreed formula. The risk is shared by the fishing vessel
owners and the members of the crew. Members of the crew might receive different shares
depending on their role in the vessel (for instance, the captain might receive a higher share).

Small-scale fishers
Fishers who go to sea in small vessels catching for commercial trade with a few crew members, who
are typically their own friends or relatives. The technological sophistication of vessels, gear, and
equipment that they use is equal to or below the average of fishers harvesting the same species in
the region. Fishers who hand-harvest (i.e. by swimming or diving) individually and not as waged
workers are also considered small-scale.

1
http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_CaptureFisheriesMetho
dology.pdf
2
http://www.msc.org/documents/scheme-documents/msc-scheme-requirements/msc-certification-
requirements/view

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FT USA Capture Fisheries Standard
Spawning Potential Ratio
The number of eggs that could be produced by an average recruit in a fished stock divided by the
number of eggs that could be produced by an average recruit in an unfished stock. SPR can also be
expressed as the spawning stock biomass per recruit (SSBR) of a fished stock divided by the SSBR of
the stock before it was fished (NOAA, 2006).

Stock Assessment
An integrated analysis of information to estimate the status and trends of a population against
benchmarks such as reference points (MSC, 2013).

Target Reference Point

The point which corresponds to a state of a fishery and/or resource which is considered desirable
and which management is trying to achieve (MSC, 2013).

Total Allowable Catch

The TAC is the total catch allowed to be taken from a resource in a specified period (usually a year),
as defined in the management plan. The TAC may be allocated to the stakeholders in the form of
quotas as specific quantities or proportions (MSC, 2013).

Total Length
The length of a fish defined as the straight-line distance from the tip of the snout to the tip of the
tail (caudal fin) while the fish is lying on its side, normally extended (NOAA, 2006).

References used in the Glossary

Berkes, F., Mahon, R., McConney, P., Pollnac, R., and Pomeroy, R. (2001). “Managing Small-Scale
Fisheries: Alternative Directions and Methods.” International Development Research Centre, Ottawa.
Retrieved from
http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=186

Choudhury K. and L.J.M. Jansen (1999). “Terminology for Integrated Resources Planning and
Management.” Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Conservation Alliance for Seafood Solutions (2013). “Guidelines for Supporting Fishery Improvement
Projects.” Retrieved from http://www.solutionsforseafood.org/sites/default/files/documents/FIP-
Guidelines.pdf

Dudley, N. (ed.) (2008). “Guidelines for Appling Protected Areas Management Categories.” IUCN: Gland,
Switzerland, pages 8-9.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1996). “Precautionary Approach to
Capture Fisheries and Species Introductions.” FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, 2: 54.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1998). “Guidelines for the routine
collection of capture fishery data.” FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 382: 113. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x2465e/x2465e00.htm

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2002). A fishery manager’s guidebook:
management measures and their application. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 424. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y3427e/y3427e00.htm

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) (2013). “MSC Vocabulary.” Annex AA in MSC Certification
Requirements, Version 1.3, January 14, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.msc.org/documents/scheme-
documents/msc-scheme-requirements/msc-certification-requirements/view

McConney, P. (1998). “Using ‘common science’ in co-management.” Proceedings of the 50th Gulf and
Caribbean Fisheries Institute. Retrieved from http://procs.gcfi.org/pdf/gcfi_50-68.pdf

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2006). “NOAA Fisheries Glossary.” U.S.
Department of Commerce. Retrieved from
http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st4/documents/FishGlossary.pdf

United Nations (1997). “Glossary of Environment Statistics.” Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67.

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