Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Architectural Engineering

Study of enabling factors affecting the adoption of ICT in the Indian built
environment sector
Saurav Dixit a,⇑, Anna Stefańska b, Adam Musiuk c, Priyanka Singh a
a
Director of Research, Poineer Research and Consultancy Service, Uttar Pradesh, India
b
Department of Structure Design, Construction and Technical Infrastructure, Faculty of Architecture Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
c
Technical Design Support Laboratory Faculty of Architecture Białystok University of Technology, Poland

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Management of construction projects requires effective and well-organized communication and coordi-
Received 7 February 2020 nation between all stakeholders as a vital aspect of the successful project. The objective of the study is to
Revised 20 September 2020 analyses the main factors of information and communication technologies incorporation and adoption
Accepted 30 September 2020
into the Indian built environment sector. The methodology adopted is to use the primary data collection
Available online xxxx
using the questionnaire survey technique through the structured questionnaire survey. The findings of
the study identified potential advantages and improvements thanks to such technologies management
Keywords:
in the construction industry. The various barriers affecting the use of ICT in the management of construc-
ICT
Built environment
tion projects have also been addressed. The conclusion of the study indicates and identifies the steps in
Supply chain management which undertaking improves the adoption of information and communication technology in the manage-
Construction management ment of construction projects.
Project management Ó 2020 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
A strong need to meet the rising needs of an emerging economy
has resulted in a better-adapted and sustainable built environ-
ment. Rapid population growth has led to the need for new infras-
tructure [1]. Reliable infrastructure is the pillar of any developed
and emerging economy. Globally, the building industry has had
an ineffective track record in the implementation of modern tech-
nical developments, resulting in delays in the execution of projects
and overrun costs [2–4]. Research is limited to the construction
industry in India. In particular, over the last two decades, the con-
struction industry in India has seen a rise in the speed of construc-
tion and a slowdown in new legislation, GST, RERA, and the
demonetization scheme, which put extra pressure on the industry
[5–7]. A project, whether related to the construction industry or
not, is unique and can never be completed efficiently and success-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sauravarambol@gmail.com (S. Dixit).
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
fully without a team effort, particularly if the project is large and
requires a large number of stakeholders. Coordination, together
with coordination, is of the utmost importance among team mem-
bers to complete any given project on schedule and at the neces-
sary cost. No matter how good the individual team participants
are and possess great technical and managerial qualities, the best
results obtained by the construction industry in the active con-
struction project community, the level of cooperation and inter-
industry support is a key factor in improving the pace of task exe-
cution. The lack of coordination between the members of the team
is the key reason for failures in the construction sector [8–10].
2. Literature review
Various barriers have an effect on the use of information, com-
munication and technology in the building and development
industry. Several researchers have identified the initial cost of ICT
equipment, the cost of maintaining ICT resources and technologies,
and their training and growth as a major barrier to ICT adoption
[1,11]. Inter-industry management in construction projects is
limited, but ICT communication technologies will boost collabora-
tion [12]. The lack of strategic decisions of the organisation leads to
a lack of investment in ICT technology [11]. Ref. [13] ICT is a strong
technology that enhances the exchange of information and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.09.020
2090-4479/Ó 2020 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: S. Dixit, A. Stefańska, A. Musiuk et al., Study of enabling factors affecting the adoption of ICT in the Indian built environment
sector, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.09.020
S. Dixit, A. Stefańska, A. Musiuk et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Methodology analysis flowchart (author’s compilations).

Fig. 2. Position/Designation of the respondents.

Fig. 3. Years of respondents ’ experience.

2
S. Dixit, A. Stefańska, A. Musiuk et al.
definitely enhances successful decision-making. The management
of various resources, including human resources, is made more
available by the use of information communication and technology
as described in [14–16]. Web-based resources are very reliable in
terms of efficient and future communication, as can be seen in
the increased pace of communication or in the virtually effortless
storage of a significant amount of data [17]. New technologies such
as BIM (Building Information Modeling) have fully changed the
perception of architecture in the global market. BIM-related soft-
ware, such as Revit, offers features that prevent collision design
and allow multiple designers to solve tasks quickly and efficiently.
Thanks to the successful use of these technologies [18–20], the
team participant cooperates with other group participants. The
Internet is being used globally and thus has many advantages, such
as additional consulting with world-famous experts. The major
benefit of web technology and ICT methods in the construction
sector is the very effective management and availability of the sup-
ply chain. The major effect on improved efficiency, as well as the
reduction of time and cost constraints of a particular project, is
addressed. ICT also has several incentives that may help to prosper
on construction-related companies and extend the reach of the
projects. However, a specified approach is required at all levels to
ensure the efficient adoption of information and communication
technologies [21–24].
2.1. Information communication technologies (ICT)
ICT is a technology that can be used to facilitate contact
between all stakeholders involved in project work, including
designers, architects, managers and owners. IT-based technology
has many resources and technologies that have an immense poten-
tial to ease work related to the flow of information or data storage.
It is an important and effective tool for both current and future
users [25–27]. Insufficient communication efficiency and the
resulting weaknesses and design defects have often been over-
looked as a source of delays in the industry. The magnitude of
the communication barriers could not be seen as a significant fac-
tor affecting the execution of the project, especially in terms of
time and price or overall project cost. However, some organisations
have pointed out that this aspect is a key factor that impacts pro-
jects on an enormous scale [28–30].
2.2. Construction project management and ICT
Large-scale projects, such as infrastructure-related projects or
large real estate-related projects, require detailed information
details that are very difficult to store for potential projects. ICT is
capable of gathering the most complex data available to all team
participants at any time. The building community in India is very
diverse. It therefore adopts, with a significant delay, advanced
technologies which could enhance the execution of the building.
As mentioned in the introduction, each project has a specific and
different level of complexity and needs the cooperation of the dif-
ferent teams and stakeholders within the organisation.
In most cases, the team conducting a particular role consists of a
particular number of high-level professionals. The need for a med-
ium of excellent and efficient communication therefore occurs in
any project [28–34]. Information Communication technology
improves a very seamless communication channel to link all par-
ticipants working on a project. Management programmes are mak-
ing an attempt to incorporate the project ’s best qualified experts
in order to accomplish the goal. The main objective of the business
or organisation is to manage these individual professionals and to
set up a stable and matched team to capture the milestones that
are needed [35–38].
3
Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
The following tables present the data obtained through the lit-
erature review. Table 1 describes the perceived advantages of ICT /
Web-based technologies for building project management.
Table 2 presents characteristic data on barriers to the imple-
mentation of ICT/Web-based technology in the management of
construction projects.
Table 3 presents the various Perceived Enablers of the adoption
of ICT/Web-based technology in construction project management
in Table 3.
3. Research methodology
The implementation of ICT in the construction industry
increases the speed and efficiency of the project. However, the
use of these technologies is not well known. The research method-
ology was focused on data collection by the Indian construction
industry on ICT enhancement. Primary data collection was used
because there is a small amount of research data available on ICT
uptake in the Indian construction industry [55–60]. The attributes
of perceived advantages, enablers and obstacles to ICT uptake in
the Indian construction industry have been described through an
external literature review as well as an expert opinion survey.
The factors found were used to prepare a questionnaire survey.
The survey was introduced to consultants, clients, investors, con-
tractors, government officials, architects and other important
stakeholders associated with the Indian construction industry.
The first phase was aimed at analysis and the compilation of a large
number of key factors and data on construction management tech-
nologies. The questionnaire prepared on the basis of the question-
naire was sent to members of the Indian environmental sector. The
answers were given by the experts working on these ventures. The
Likert five-point scale is used to capture respondent responses
where one is the least impact and five is the most important
impact. The aim was to get the response from top managers or
senior executives. Approximately 550 questionnaires have been
floated out of which 140 absolutely valid answers have been
returned. Revived reactions were analysed using a reliability model
and a relative importance index for the ranking of variables based
on the relative value [61–63] Fig. 1.
4. Data analysis
4.1. Respondents profile
4.1.1. Position/Designation of the respondents
The most significant group of the respondent were the opera-
tional level (which were 35% of all who took part in a survey),
followed by middle management, top management, others
(academicians, NGOs, and other groups) and advisors/consultants
having a share of 27%, 19%, 11% and 8%, respectively. The top
Table 1
Attributes (Perceived Benefits).
Attributes (Perceived Benefits) References
ICT provide excel communication among team members [11,19,20]
Effective Management control is superior using ICT [14,16,39]
There are more unity and partnership among members of the
team
ICT will enhance decision making [1,12,13]
The project will be completed in given time and cost [40]
Rework errors are less [41,42]
Data available through ICT is more reliable [43]
Management of contracts are enhanced [44,45]
Project information is stored precisely in a better way [38,41]
ICT refines the productivity of an organization [46,47]
S. Dixit, A. Stefańska, A. Musiuk et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2 4.3. Relative importance index (RII) of the attributes in the study
Attributes (Perceived Barriers).

Attributes (Perceived Barriers) References The relative significance index determines the contribution of
Every construction project is unique [48] each variable to the overall significant attributes of the adoption
Cost of installation of ICT infrastructure [42] of ICT in the Indian Construction Industry. It is measured by the
Cost of maintenance and development of ICT software and [38,41] respondent using the criticality equation, and the qualitative
hardware effects are shown in the tables below). To assess the chart of differ-
Unavailability of trained staff and cost of training the staff [36,37]
Lack of knowledge about ICT and other software in the [35]
ent attributes for the contractor, developer, and consultant, the RII
construction industry was used [56].
Fear of data security on ICT platforms [30] The received questionnaires were evaluated with the use of the
Poor management of the supply chain [24,25] SPSS23 package. The RII was carried out to define the importance
Bigger construction organizations are not adopting ICT and [38,41]
of essential attributes and was accompanied by a reliability test
smaller organizations are following their footsteps
Lack of regulations by the government in the adoption of ICT [49] to validate the accuracy of the results obtained (Table 0.84).
Unwillingness to change by senior construction professionals [50] P5
r¼1 rnr
Lack of awareness of ICT [51] RII ¼ ð1Þ
5N
where RII-Relative Importance Index, r’ is the rating on a Likert
Table 3 scale (1–5) as for the impact on ICT adoption in the built environ-
Attributes (Perceived Enablers).
ment, ‘n’ is the number of respondents providing a specific Likert
Attributes (Perceived Enablers) References scale rating r, ‘N’ is the aggregate number of respondents to a speci-
IT support to be improved for construction projects and [52] fic question.
processes
All the project members should use the same IT platform for the [53] 4.4. Attributes
project
Providing education to the construction professionals regarding [17]
ICT and software
Tables 5–7 presents the various Perceived Barriers, Perceived
Education at the construction school level [43] Enablers, and Perceived Benefits in the adoption of ICT. The attri-
Regulations and Standards made by government bodies [54] butes were based on the literature review and expert opinion sur-
The software should be more user-friendly [47] vey. The questionnaire given to professionals from the built
Top management should act as a role model for the entire [39]
environment sector was analyzed on a five-point scale and further
organization in the adoption of ICT
Project cost should include the cost of ICT software/hardware [16] developed with the use of the Relative Importance Index (RII). The
ICT tools should be more reliable and risk-free [15] rank was established based on the responses on the Perceived Bar-
riers. Professionals rated each Attribute on a scale of one (equal to
the least important) to five (the most important).
management and middle management represents 46% of all the
respondents (see Fig. 2). 4.5. Perceived barriers

’The absence of government legislation on the implementation

4.1.2. Respondents’ experience
The experience in the construction field may evaluate the
respondent’s knowledge and understanding of the execution of
the tasks regarding different technologies of communication.
Almost half of the respondents- 47%- have a substantial at least
ten years period of experience. The experience provides a clear
and accurate description of the characteristics that influence the
adoption of ICT and show the reliability and quality of the data col-
lected (for the current study, Cronbach’s alpha value is 0.87) Fig. 3.
of ICT’ and ’the absence of desire on the part of senior construction
professionals to reform’ are the most important obstacles to the
implementation of communication technologies in the Indian con-
struction sector. ’Poor management of the supply chain’ is often
known to have an impact on the application of ICT. When compar-
ing the survey results and the literature review, the results are con-
current in the Indian construction scenario. Supply chain
management in the Indian construction sector needs to be sub-
stantially strengthened in order to increase the overall construc-
tion cycle. The distribution of materials during the building
process is also a critical part of the supply chain. All the factors

4.2. Reliability analysis of the sample Table 5

Perceived Barriers.
The Cronbach alpha test is carried out to assess the internal con- Attributes (Perceived Barriers) RII Rank
sistency of the survey instrument. The research focuses on the Lack of regulations by the government in the adoption of ICT 0.732 1
accuracy and quality of the selection of specimens. As a rule, the Unwillingness to change by senior construction professionals 0.732 1
precision and quality of the data collected are calculated at a min- Poor management of the supply chain 0.727 3
imum of 0.5. The experiment showed a value of Cronbach’s alpha Cost of installation of ICT infrastructure 0.717 4
Lack of awareness of ICT 0.712 5
of 0.84 in the current study, making the results accurate for analy-
Lack of knowledge about ICT and other software in the 0.707 6
sis Table 4. construction industry
Fear of data security on ICT platforms 0.698 7
More prominent construction organizations are not adopting 0.698 7
Table 4 ICT, and smaller organizations are following their
reliability analysis of the attributes footsteps
selected for the study. Every construction project is unique 0.693 9
Unavailability of trained staff and cost of training the staff 0.678 10
Cronbach’s Alpha No. of Items
Cost of maintenance and development of ICT software and 0.639 11
0.84 32 hardware

4
S. Dixit, A. Stefańska, A. Musiuk et al.
Table 6
Perceived Enablers.
Attributes (Perceived Enablers) RII
Top management should act as a role model for the entire 0.790
organization in the adoption of ICT
Regulations and Standards made by government bodies 0.780
Providing education to the construction professionals 0.756
regarding ICT and software
All the project members should use the same IT platform for 0.746
the project
Education at the construction school level 0.746
The software should be more user-friendly 0.737
IT support to be improved for construction projects and 0.732
processes
Project cost should include the cost of ICT software/hardware 0.727
ICT tools should be more reliable and risk-free 0.722
Table 7
Perceived Benefits.
Attributes (Perceived Benefits) RII
Easy to procure and management of supply chain 0.771
Project information is stored precisely in a better way 0.766
Effective Management control is superior using ICT 0.756
Rework errors are less 0.746
The project will be completed in given time and cost 0.746
Data availability through ICT is reliable 0.741
ICT provide excel communication among team members 0.737
Management control is better by using ICT 0.727
There are more unity and partnership among members of the 0.712
team
ICT will enhance decision making 0.702
ICT refines the productivity of the organization 0.693
Management of contracts are enhanced 0.678
listed in Table 5 present a major obstacle to the adoption of com-
munication technologies Table 5.
However, the factor ’cost of implementation or initial cost of
implementation of ICT infrastructure’ is at the bottom of the table;
it has a high barrier effect. Most practitioners agree that the cost of
applying ICT as a method is a costly investment. However, as
shown by the literature review and interviews with the experts,
it has been pointed out that larger organisations have no issue with
the initial costs. Other characteristics of ’lack of ICT understanding,’
’lack of expertise’ and ’fear of data protection on these sites’ pro-
vide the most neutral technical responses. Some companies, due
to lack of information about resources and applications, do not
integrate ICT into their businesses. As discussed in the report,
mixed reviews of these factors were conducted [16,47,64]. Other
perceived obstacles such as ’More influential building companies
are not implementing ICT, and smaller organisations are following
in their footsteps’ integrating emerging technology should be tai-
lored to the unique needs of a specific project. The respondents
did not consider these factors to be major obstacles to the adoption
of ICT technology in the construction industry. Barriers such as ’the
unavailability of qualified personnel’ and ’the expense of sustain-
ing and upgrading ICT software and hardware’ have reached the
lowest rating. In the construction industry, the initial approval of
workers is based on their technical expertise rather than on their
ICT knowledge. The maintenance barrier is also considered to be
of the least importance to major organisations operating in the
Indian construction sector [37,42,49].
4.6. Perceived enablers
Enabling factors such as ’top management should serve as a role
model for the whole company in the adoption of ICT’ and ’regula-
tions and standards developed by government bodies’ are
Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
considered to be the most important enablers for the adoption of
communication technologies. According to previous studies in
Rank the literature review and the findings of the questionnaire, the gov-
1 ernment and top management need to develop and support ICT in
this specific field. Governmental regulations can direct and enforce
2 better adoption of this software and technology, because each
3 organisation will be obliged to use it in its projects [25,26,34,65].
4
The other enabler ’providing training to construction professionals
on this software and equipment’ is also considered to be important.
4 However, in-depth studies and expert surveys have shown that
6 there is ample education and demonstration of such innovations
7
and their advantages. ’All team participants should use the same
8 IT platform’ and ’software should be more user-friendly’ have neu-
9 tral responses. The companies are now employing experts to work
on a common collaboration channel when planning a complex mis-
sion. The ’IT help to be improved for construction projects and pro-
cesses’ attribute indicates that the cost of ICT software should be
included in the task price as well as ’ICT tools should be more effi-
Rank
cient and risk-free.’ However, these enablers are the least relevant
among the other enablers discussed [18–20] Table 6.
1
2
3 4.7. Perceived benefits
4
4
6 The advantages, including ’simple procurement and supply
7 chain management,’ were the most significant factors in the survey
8 and were considered to be the most significant advantage of the
9 use of ICT technology and resources in the Indian built environ-
10
ment. The highest number of respondents found this to be the
11 most significant advantage to all and had a RII of 0.771. Bad control
12 of the supply chain was also one of the main obstacles to the adop-
tion of these communications technologies. The ease of supply
enhances every building project rapidly and efficiently. By follow-
ing ICT in construction projects, the benefits of the technical
response in this section are visible [38,41,42]. Certain advantages,
such as data and information storage, are more effective and man-
agement control is more available with the use of ICT. Further-
more, the use of ICT eliminates errors and addresses corrections
which are deemed to be of fundamental benefit. The use of these
ICT tools helps to arrange data correctly and to keep it secure
and to plan for potential use in the construction industry. Other
considerations, including ’completing the project in terms of time
and expense,’ ’reliability of data’ and ’more unity and cooperation
between team members,’ are considered to be neutral factors in
the survey. Responses to the questionnaire in Perceived Benefits
were at most varied, as most respondents took these benefits for
granted. According to the results of the study, the income of the
business depend on the budget, time of execution and data reliabil-
ity Table 7.
Other advantages of ICT technology in the construction indus-
try, including ’co-operation and coordination between team mem-
bers’ and ’the decision-making process is better and contract
management is more efficient,’ were less critical than those men-
tioned above [28,29,66]. These reasons ’contract management is
improved’ and ’ICT enhances the efficiency of the enterprise’ are
the least important for the respondent.
5. Discussion
Proper project execution depends on many factors, excellent
communication skills and a forum of understanding between all
participants and stakeholders involved in the project are also key
factors for success. In the construction sector, projects need reli-
able management between all parties that can be accomplished
through the integration of information and communication
technology or ICT-based technology. The study describes the many
5
S. Dixit, A. Stefańska, A. Musiuk et al.
perceived barriers to the implementation of ICT in the built envi-
ronment. Research presents the different ICT inhibitors, enablers
and benefits and their advantages in construction projects. The
Indian industry is taking on new and improved technology very
slowly for different reasons, as discussed in the report. Significant
organisations and government agencies need to take care of the
preparation of legal guidance and regulations to incorporate these
technologies, which will undoubtedly help services, organisations
and companies as well. Government support is required to boost
ICT benefits for both large-scale companies and small organisa-
tions. New prospects and innovations should be adopted by indus-
try in order to achieve better country-wide development [23–25].
The most important element of the study was the introduction and
encouragement of scholarly research into the market realities of
the Indian construction industry. This study focuses on the reason-
ing behind the implementation of communication technologies or
methods in the Indian construction and technology market.
The importance of the questionnaire was to carry out the first
step on the basis of a literature review and to discuss the answer
with industry professionals. ICT provides solutions to all the prob-
lems of modern multi-tasking design and implementation faced by
organisations. As the management process requires a variety of
experts, ICT strengthens communication-related problems in the
industry [48–51]. In recent years, many scholars and practitioners
have addressed the question of enhancing collaboration within
organisations. Most of these professionals have concluded that
one of the crucial reasons for failing to produce positive results
in this region is that the Indian industry is rather unbridled or hesi-
tant to implement this technology. High management should not
impact the working climate of subordinates, which has been work-
ing insufficiently for decades [17].
6. Conclusion
Adequate use of ICT in infrastructure, as well as other
construction-related activities, can benefit from a variety of plat-
forms for business operations. ICT increases project efficiency in
terms of time and expense. The effect on the proper use of ICT in
the Indian industry can be seen at all levels and will certainly sup-
port the scenarios and outlook for the forthcoming building [40]. It
is argued that there is a lack of knowledge in these technologies
and that construction industry professionals find it difficult. ICT-
based technologies can only be used in the construction sector if
these methods are adopted by large and mid-scale organizations
around the country and set a benchmark for other organisations.
6.1. Limitations and the future scope of a study
The lack of efforts taken by the organisations is a significant
obstacle to ICT applications. Technology awareness and user edu-
cation in the sector are critical to the far-reaching progress of ICT
adoption in the sector [43,51,52]. Middle and lower management
executions should be conscious of and use these innovations
appropriately to increase the efficiency of tasks. The costs of ICT
software and equipment available to construction firms are also
obstacles. It is also not well documented if the use of ICT software
offers adequate protection when storing data in clouds. Informa-
tion and communication technology has many uses and is used
in many ways to support the construction industry [19,21,22,24].
According to the various categories of BIM-based ICT, applications
that enhance data sharing platforms: mobile, wireless and web-
based, virtual-based, project-based, simulation-based,
knowledge-based, computer-based, model-based. ICT systems
can be used in Data Processing, Electronic Record Management
Systems, Software Service Providers, Web and Smartphone,
6
Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
Construction Information Standardization, Virtual Reality in Con-
struction, and E-Business in Construction [30,32,33].
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Saurav Dixit PhD, is a creative person with passion for
research and technology upgradation and works dedi-
catedly to achieve his goals, led to a good number of
publications in peer reviewed Scopus indexed journals.
He is having an excellent publication record (15 publi-
cations and 198 number of citations on Scopus data-
base, and having a Research gate (total research interest
of 200, with more than 16,500 publication reads). Sau-
rav is contributing to the knowledge of research by
serving as an active reviewer for several scientific
journals that include: Journal of Cleaner Production
(Elsevier), International Journal of Construction Man-
agement (Taylor & Francis), Smart and sustainable built environment (Emerald),
and Ain Shams Engineering Journal (Elsevier). He received award for Outstanding
Contribution in Reviewing in 2018 from Ain Shams Engineering Journal (Elsevier).
He also served as the member of Editorial Advisory Board for IGI Global, Engi-
neering Science Reference. His area of expertise is, Construction project manage-
ment, Building Economics, Research Methodology, Construction Productivity,
Construction management, Construction delays, Built environment studies, Sus-
tainability studies, Lean construction, Sustainable construction, Economic devel-
opment, and Project management studies.