o Defitnitions — @ : Pole Strength a. strength of a magnet may be— | expresseol in ferme of a unit pole A unit pole may be Acfined as ome Hat wepels or athacts o similar poles placed [em awag, with o force of 4 dyne- @ Intensify of & Magnetic Field - A 4 etd 36 sola fe hove unt Snfensidy ob ow point af de exerts’ o force of one ayne on a unit pole Placed ot Hest pair | Trtensihy 36 also expressed fn dorms of HE number of ‘gees So a mmagnelte Fete i §ovce. Per square ems ae ‘ nik Srdensthy Jf one unk Bre of force passes as prrough 2 seer’ © Trfensthy of magnelenting > She frtensitey of magnetionlin (2) se aeRinent as te pote cvength fncluceel Per unl aner (A). Jrduced 01 Of m = pole strenaik iriver’ OT as te He gis of magnetic Aipole : ver an ana A ama Lt’ @ Magnote- Tnduction + When o- body fe swbjected ios Stad Ff chong CH) [te 4 Quine of force acting por oa tte fotal Lines of Sorex: coring oot Pen wit fe ae pedy J gee ba Sum of H “ ; eit oe ia At cue to te Finclucesl magne hiections se a ae ba pole shromgts Prducer| Pe Unik nes, Since T Hee pe = ay =H+4nL B Genagnelie fnducin) = H+ ‘Scanned wih CemScannerLL _ Wwe can nile P (magnetic. permeability) = Be Hage H ef Ppa iet Anz =14+ 47K Whine fs called magnetic susceptibely Pet unth volume + Rherefone We odio of He olensidg- @QMagnelic Permeability we meer Vacuums of Lines of Fosee within O body and Hot ut @ Magnetic suseephibitity s— she vedio Ga) ow IS de ta, magmas. moment POT nik volume pew uni magnetic Fterd and Koon ao edie cusceph bay (ic) of Ae boy * of A compouna . substance tk ok e | Trtensity oF magnetisedion- tduced fre proportion te shrengis oF te applies! Fiera H xr co, 7 TON «~ T=e4 245 @ m S pitty: Ot ds given by * % -&,,& ee ene is te density om Kor X js Be volume, amagnede auseaphibility ° Ability $— | @ Mosan _Sus as Oh is exprassert pete Xq%*™ ‘yw de bee rmolecwian weight of Be substanee - where — @ Xi (sz wth) = Xm Cae enh) 4x10" 2 “ne ‘i > Xn = Le (Gossow) xX bbe (st wu) | x ~ ite x, ate _ NE” ns > vw 02 BE MS where C= ZI " = ad ‘Scanned wih CemScanner@ Magnelic Moment When a Field “W-acts om a magnetic Atpote "N=S) of Lengtr Yo ane pole shrengts Sm’, Ue ‘Ni amt ‘6 pole will experience Oo Force of +mH ond — mH" respechvely: Shese tao ear bit opposite forces constihule. o couple » He Aurning moment of which is given: by product of forse and dlelores- an x PN = mi x 1S = Gol) He = MH £8 she quantity Mm = wh ctefines BS _ moet a nencure Of IE Surning eSfed- anA guscop tivity OF O sample, Hs expertoentalig oe : 0 oa te tke Thagnate mement, dckermined 0 : . a fe ig Mem campareo| wikk The she OO east prediches oment values and lmparkant- oes ane with vegan Ao Valenes, Stuchise bancling of te conte) moto) Am fr o compamy. eg moment = @) when O= Jory teeming rremerd = MHS FO" =. BH hus UH dk a messure of wemK done by arogelic Heid tre Thain ME magnet Aipele. by 10- a ems a position. perpervenlan, Sz HOF ome power ke ‘Scanned wih CamScanner@ Determinakion of Magnehi. SuscepHibtl Zhe several Feehniques one widely ‘ane — Ae Gouy method, BE Faraday meld, and tke NMR mobbed Joy determining He mmagnekie suscephibitity of complex Compound + She Gouy meted Jn the Stmplest of @ Govy’s Metro Sr a Grou method) a tube Filled up fo a corkairn- Fetght with Be magnetic sample is suspertect Axor are | come of a Sensitive balance Such thab the bobtore pat of He sample is Pe & shorg magnehic GFretd amd tre | top pant Js fr a eer Herd: She whole set-up te houses i fnstde ar enclosure such Eat whene te 10 vibration, ama ain disturbance © Usually, Or lect magnet aiving Oo eomstont magnetic Field fro tre Tomas BOT — 20 ov | qause used =U | pmhe weight of tte sample ls deformed accurctelyi)in absence of ony magnetic Piet ame (il) in presence of A & Bs ee = yy magnatic field © wp presence of magmatic feta, sac BRA Cp ane. peo ‘Scanned wih CamScannerFerds magnokic eld ane shoe fnerense. tr Weight ® Caleuledion 5 A smatt volume of Ma sampfe , av, of volume mag nehic Gusceplibilily KO will experfenee a force AF given bye AF= HxKav (du /ax) Where (AH/dx) is Hee gradient Tazing Aas tke cross sechional anea ane dx a6 the gmat Potght of te sample » ar = Hx kxAdx (Anja) o AP = HXKXAAR fed between H ant Ho Ore of tke magnefiz ftetd« we have Considering te magneke Unteguoding » we act pe jar A fucexadn Ho : [we ve 9 =e “ F= axed LYE Het] dl i = AK YyX CS {wwe | [here 0 oe ste) = Arm (es) 5 Lee = 4 G)4 Le Whane “wh ama wepresert ME mass aml the Jengis of BRE sample ryespectvely » { oF Yo i made neguigible, ere ee Xe | ~ OK | _ 2s | X= | Bhe Fovee expertencedl by He couple is measured by Ae | change fr DE weight. Thus, oe | vps | ym = BE = 29x AWxX98l Econ) 4 THe —— Canass of Ma Sample) X Ho aan - e aracily \ ‘Scanned wih CamScannershane: Al = change fr mass due fof foe. Pmposttion of the roagnetic. x, = 4 (rem) x an Gm d) KIS H> Cn qu) xm (ind) ae xq MWh M = molecular weight | — nD pence te force ooking ne Field te Change bX neight of Oe sample @woxa) Xq dn Atrechly availalae + @@ the quently (25 ty called Ha Publee- conskint: Sha Tube constant is Fersk— r measurement on shenctorl Gi) sulphate ere ote Cabirodion Deharmines boy Fema Substance, such %, (Xq 232 15 Sears units) 5 Hg lco(nesy | Og i644 x4) cas wri, suseephibility « She same tube + ber fg Oleterenive, The ty of Ke Usiden Investigation - @® for paramagnetic substanee He above My & Comrectet | for Atamegnatene of Me NBA Rascals constond, [en Gmats) = Min Gove — Chr p et Xrte = ZS Xaton T SK masdipte bares - (iamogralte |rsP> “pampetnfunn. fndapsndend peveonngnelie © she corveted Ma te He Used ro colentokeTemperature. _clepenclent Teramagne it @B Cutie Lay - Me Magnelic. manent = 2K Yo. V, a N a) (> T) ~ Ke Bol2anam Consloah N = Avogactao N° = Bolne Me BM: (ia Mayned ic. a MS 284 4 Xu T « We (2.4) eT eo x — BE x ww Xn = (2 84)> T a Rare 2D Cue Convdoot | x, Xn = CX \ Cunte * jest BRE parenagymedic. suscophi bitty of- rte yadoue pene ak differnet Jempevedure- and obhainesl ~~ genes welodion stp © Xn fee oT Avsoude Bron pee orev keoms at Gunle Cortart of He potramagnedic aubosfaree - Cate Ge Gi, tra charechonelie showch Fore Om pantiowlon aubstanee bod differerd eubsianee’ ph a NAPE = contand = Se bo According 25 Cante Lara (¢ She-_pareonagnels gusce phy depend _invens one HE obsolute: Rewnp® ubetanee” ‘Scanned wih CamScannerA plot of aa Values against 7’ wit gie a ofiaight Aine wits a slope. passing Hoough— the ovigth 4 K a =yCunte Plot & — TC) Dh reg be nofed that If He anagnelic suscaphilitity. obeys He Curie law, them the magnetic moment independent of temperoture- @ Cunie— Weiss Law - Shere ane many paramagnetic substance for Which the plok of VXin versus T, Inshead af passing thaough— the, origin » leaves a Finife. fritenceph on the temperodure axis » Fer such substances A modified Jaw Knom as Curie-Weiss u re by aro has beer suggested amd is expressed by in } Xm = =Le ‘Scanned with CemScannerseu posite , te sulishamce is cattea! Semomagnelte. and if @ -is negative , tka Substance is Called antifesra magnetic LD she magnilude and sig of 8 cam be obfatred Porm a plot of “WXn Vs New Uke magnetic manent (ites) value for tte subeteree: hich obey Curie - Weiss for cam be giver by Mey = 2°84 [mC 8) )* BM or, Mey = 2°84 4 Xe Ge) MS Mang pararnegnete coorebinadion complexes Q value elose. 5 27) ana hence megtecting elenlaling YE magnetic Tremert wd - aoe @ For simple porarnagnedi c epecies HE magnate. susceptibility vontes invensely tg tke Remmparedure * She— tot “Xu Ve ie shown belo For paromagnelic, | i ™ wd anbifersomagnete substances: ferromagnohc & — & Th Te TK) —>? ‘Scanned with CamScanner@ A Aiomagmolie substance has iF magnetic suscephbitity “invariant fg fempernfire, Whee as the magnetic Sce pl y af a paromagret Botloos an Enverse relation wits teonp’ A fersormagnetic gubstanee. has a Chanackerishes Cunie Remperodure (Te) above which Ue behaves Lipe ae Simple paramagnotte but belno whic magnetic evscoptisty (XG) treveases wopilly Ave antferxomagnetic subshanee as a characteristics Necl temperature Cae) above whieh Uk behaves Uke poramagnet » but belno Hri's themp™ » TUS magnetic guscopibilihy, decrenses tae decreasing Aempevature.- @NBH A good Curie h amagnehe guseephibility arises erkinely and there ane 7° thermally aceessi| Eke mmagnehe dipoles ane complehely Pndeperstent of oat) 230 Seal Curie Pawamagnets — K CrG0g)* 12420 Chrome alir) (Nia) 9 MngO4)o * 6 ¥a9 amet GrAg(SO5)5"FH20 * tz Cunte Jars Wil not be obeyed Hf Or tke other” hana , @) were ts some Cooperative: frberoctin behseem— RE meightoawing magnetic dpeles ov WO) Greve one eneray Aevels ubose population changes wis changing temp® + CC) Zhe applied magnetic Held fnctwccs Sone Semper frdepencdert poraumagmetiem . @ ye Xun oF both diamagnetion ond TIP fo l= ame independant of Pemp but eal oe ua it Ove amt Xyap is Ove - Diemagnotic. ‘Scanned with CamScanner§@ classification of subshinces based on magnehic P ee We kano P= 1+4xrk [r= ¥] : fc Susceph bits Reve P= Hi meabilify ond IC = ee ee ves whem paa ve K=0, B=H Go Unes of force pass Ureugh A Vacuum - whan Wor Xb negative we have PO amd tke Substance ls catlerl dlamagnotic - When VR er Kis postfite . we have P>] ont ®E eubstamee is coder! powamagnonic ° Fervomagnehe substances hove bein permenbsiity: (Pm Veg nnvch greater do uailyG@)- PDI . tras KD values mueh_ Arkifes << Siubshances hove ferromagnet of tk sued Vowmmngrais (Kun tw) Loo doe, rose aoa pKt ® Diamnagmetisrns oT uty (D for dlamagnelte. Substance Zhe magnetic ee (pet) Dp ie te radio of He densify: : a nl . ds less w vate an eel (Placed free magnokie Fete . wi of Meet itn Lines fm vacuums So Mamagnetic density oF joa allows & gmalier Tumber of Lines of feree wWeelance ih pase “ik (finale. body) ama Lb moves fo ee region of ike ervres® magnette. field shremgth « So oa nreswelin of Lines of force. of we applted fied HW oceuss inside. such a Atamagnetic body - Dior: agqnedism— ‘Scanned wih CemScannerPiamaymetic substances ane yepetled fr a external magnetic Fretd. Shig property te very common of subsfances which. howe o& closed she elechms: Tr such closet sheuls Ue spi amet ovbital moments of individual eleckens Ete, me another , leaving no nel magnetic moment. Tr an exdewmal magnetic fretd, these atoms or molecules gan orn induced moment preporkimel te te strength of the Pret A Law in physics Called Lena’s Sow states that such. umdueced Pfetls wilh always oppose be parent fietd- So tke tncduced moment does not Prfuence BE spins of te ele hone which ane pabredt) 4 Aa ae” Sim Sei onee tiwag nol i ope substan ane wepelled ft ™ Be etc» When arg? Substance P. mo magnette fi ae agnele substance Ls placed ra magnelic field, Lk gets cfentest ot wight | ® Ream Ai YOrIAmagnenisrn 2 males to the fetd be tence to tithehows fhm the fietd Bhe Permeability of pavamagnehte substance (P) te greedey Mow undly (D1): P51 1 Such @ substanee allnce mone Lines of foree Jo pass tineugh Uf amd moves to the wegton- of ike highs’ magnetic fieta When pormmagnetie substance ie chew trio a sPremg magnetic fies , doges up o position Pareles fe te freti te: aligns itserp fetal + “ee a Raramagneticm lenives a Prem UE Spf anal orbital angular momenta of aes electyons- il ———— ——— Kexamagnet ison Foxomagnodtem te tke properly of subetances WRich ane atrneted in aw magneMe field: When au te elelsons fre ao molecule ane paired UP, thet spin ane orbital angular momenta cance} each other: Henee paramagnetism oceuns only fr Subsfances wis unpairest electyons. Anothen Kind of Weak Parermag notism wag occur in certain Substances Wikeut any Unpatrest clechme ‘Scanned wih CamScanner et otoi keh chsow Rich ie Kn ae femperfiere independemP parumagnedism Crtp): Panamagneliom varies Fnvensely voit Remperahvo- ONE Magneticaty clilute Tae mosh Poramagnetica substances , ie mmagnelc properties originate erbirely from He molividuot magnate combres + When te frtividual Poramagmetic cenbys fr a Stbefanee One sufficiently apart so thot bkere ts no Secondary rmagnelre. Interachion behseem reighbowwing magnulic Combes, Lhe Substances tb Colles magnalicaty Aitule: [NiGaoj] elo X an example of a magnetically Ailute substanes- Here Poramagmelic cenbres (yi )ore separated finn cre another by Aiamagnele species Ho molceutes - and concentrated swbsfanes *— Substances where ta Pndividual magnelic cenhes ane close. > 21) Cirdy Used Tr maynelte Ropes (Te = 36 k) Ferro magnetic « aaIAN lA Aria)e eit Poramagmelic * ferromagnelte igrmerd of sregrietic. ipofed) © Antifessomagnet ism. — Andiferaor Of antses when te magnetic. moments, ab neighbouring centres ate aligned fr opposihe Aiveelim » Unat ls Bey one antiparallel lefne a certain femperaline (eoMed Nest Aempershorn) > MnO ts antiferxe magnetic _belmo 118 K+ Aniifermagnetice hove these M values much lower tran those [nfl T of Ha Usual paramagnetes - antifenomagnetic Catlignment of magnebic pole) | @ Feotmagnetiom Femimagnetion Uis Shem by Substances fr Which the tke Aindivicuol rmagnelte mements ane Syshemabiaotiy— aligner| $0 a6 ke oppose others but Ging mise to s Sinite wesuitant magnette moment- Examples Fe,04 1s Fowrimagnetic » Ot has the Anvense spinef Shuchure — hotf of tke Fei) occupying tchmhechral stfes amol IKE Fe (i) wits heh of Fei) cceupying octahechal stdes- Ore Re magnetically olenee| phase, magnetic moments of a octahechal sites ane aUignect ir one Atrection— gma Boose on Ike Aebralneshsm Sites ud De opposite sthus Ue arsmert of Fed fr ochahedal sihes camect prvce of Fe AD fr Rekiohechso cites: She obSenvedt Mel eect cormecponss to thak fron Fe) my. “Fe [fe Fe 1% RENEE, Fevatmmagnelic + ‘Scanned wih CamScannerMagnetic amoment *— sphming moeltim of tka elects abat ie orm. uu tk eancivalond hy Ae Movement af a change Amd qenemfes oH magnedic Ffotel- She medio of Ux ovbifel magnetic manont ( 22¥™ oud tke anki amgular moments (mw?) we Ss) 77 . For Ba sptriving of elector, Ha yodin of the Spin magnelic rasment cmel Xe spi angwan momenfum— ts (EL) Se, we write, gpm magnetic mamerdl (Ate) = spr anenton x ce 7 My = 156-4 ¥ 22 MG Fe As ~ Aten: & [P= Bote Megnetal X 6 = Sf Yrerturm Number + ~—_ | @® yy = % AACHD P° \ao | aolottel mrtmenh ae pis = A NEGAY: P |e] tor ser moment” Whines “pf vepresends the gyromegmetie ae ‘ 4 magrokie. manent (tis)-to we fe wohio of BE pre a anemerdine sf SSA CoTTESpA 2 gyi ample ae Co (gt as celled BE 30" Ba yadte of ve appropinte magnetic memento ee oppropiate amgrlan mamerdum— » ; = agnctic. Yakio @ Mey = 9 VSG) BM e acai Sn) 2sG—LOs) |= Lande Spilling facts) Wheg qg= 4 —sa iy Sea with cs“Two Sources of Fanamagnolion ‘— Orbital ana Spin Effects — Ane lectin has two molims astocinted te Ub One 16 Jie geing oncund the mwelens BL ar orbit, She ober motim is Uke spiming of th elec abmt Us om acts @ Onbitat Magnet Moment. "= Orbifel mofior 2s eapcivalent te Eke movement of a change Alay a Loop of wire , which generates a magnetic $ieid perpendicular to Ha plane of tka orbit Leb us assume a Single elects of change amd man'm’ Js moving abet a eo) udeus O with an angular velocity (B )- She number of yevelutims per secors is (Ww), E i Sremsth of UL sho Rent ak connies pen seema (ex )esu = 2) eam Whine C= velocity of Mstd- 2m 3 he m4 te Ammpere?s teorem , oxtited moment = Current strengts XK area of UE en _ obtd— Wt) SK FE [ihe FE mem ~~ ore Serne Todas of BE ALM , 2 x he were VAgH): My= once Ame eh. = Ak ayeme = Pras: & —20 ; here (2 Ls Boke Magnaton jy 01927%10 Inge” Cie 6Ag atte) Breugh— her OF psermal enecey - ® wis-@e pplne dnidcrganhyhzas) cabatk @) TA provides another example of such. spin- ahidr eqpiibriem: She chars Mex EO BM ak BOK Which Nowy inowaces te oe BM ok BBE Cota att » Lae spin IngSeg’ changes & is walsed: +o bash: sph fagheg™ ap eon vaniodion Khe matic. Ques Explain Use ekune_of ynoments OF Fe (Phono X Qe nes, Nes) c FO EIAE aap bekacen Nighy Spin. spins wap an evares F fie? 5 a eS ae pa) te- Ans Ab zoom. Aomeper S+, qeund shale '- Fe > hale, Desf found te be mare on spre Pour(d) unpaired clectoer- anbg velue ef 249 BT” But Mess waldo, as the emp? iz lowered — » Fo (phen) NES) \ Shore a ¥ jug <2 ™ ea K 1 ©. g\\ 4 co Os charges Fe ad #\ld : é\s at ue a Spm Sted te eo ‘Aad Cmose- molecules ane. present in bnaspn-) Gm fesering Remp™ joo 2oo 30, Joo. 5D “Temp (K) —> ‘Scanned with CemScanner