PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK Twelfth Edition with foreword by Paul Buthod Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma Eugene F. Megyesy PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC. P.O. Box 35365 + Tulsa, Oklahoma 74153Copyright © by Eugene F. Megyesy Copyright 1972, 1973 by Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems —- without permission of the publisher, Library of Congress Control ‘Number: 2001 130059 TSBN0-914458-21-3 copyRiGHT®: 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1989, necessary by the revision of Codes, Standards, Specifications, ete FOREWORD Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry ‘are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating jee for anyone who has not kept up field of code requirements and design equations. First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the applicable code, Then he must search the literature for techniques, used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material ties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company catalogs for use in the design equations. Mr. Megyesy has recognized this ‘problem, For several years he has been accumulating data on code requirements and cale methods, He has been presenting this information of his “Calculation Form Sheets” and now has put cone place in the Pressure Vestel Handbook. 1 believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry and that readers will find it extremely useful. Paul ButhodPREFACE This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas, ign and construction methods readily available forthe men and ters dealing with penis vee above material under one cover and present it in @ convenient form. ‘The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII Division T have been utilized as well as those generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice In order to provide the greatest serviceability wit rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reas xdbook deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding, since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category. ‘Allarge part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged. ‘The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor ‘Séndor Kalinszky, Sénos Bodor, Lészl6 Félegyhézy and J6zsef Gyérfi for their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of ‘Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permitted the author to include material from their publications. ‘The author wishes also to thank all those who helped to improve this new edition by their suggestions and corrections. sand criticism conceming some errors which may remain in spite ofall precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute 0 the further improvement of this Handbook. Eugene F. MegyesyASME CODE vs. THIS HANDBOOK ‘The ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELCODE- 2001, Sect. VIN,Dis.1 The American Society of Mechanical Engi- nears set up a Commit in 1911 for te Purpose of formulating standard rules for Jheeonstuction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels that wil perform ina safe Sndrelablemanner. ‘The Code comprises these ules. ts seope includes vessels: 1. made ofnonferous materi, castiron, High alloy and carbon steel, 2. made by welding, forging, bracing, nd 5. applying awide variety of consiruction methods and dtl It includes all vessels where the question a sfey is concemed. PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK - 2001, Twelfth Edition ‘The Handbook covers design and con- struction methods of pressure vessels: 1 made of earbon steel, 2. made by welding 3. applying construction methods and details which are the most economical and practical, which arein accordance with the Code rules, and thus gener- ally followed by the industry. ‘The vast majority of the pressure vessels today fall into this category. For construction rules and details which are excluded from the scope of the Hand- bbook, references are made tothe applicable Code paragraphs to avoid neglecting them, “The Code - as itis stated in paragraph UG- 2. — "does not contain rules to cover all Getails of design and construction . .." "where details are not given, it is intended that the Manufacturer... shall provide de- tails of design and construction." Details of design and construction not covered by the Code are offered by the Handbook including: Design of tall cow- ers, wind load, earthquake, vibration, ec- centric load, clastic stability, deflection, combination of stresses, nozzle loads, re= action of supports, lugs, saddles, and rect- angular tanks. "The Code is not @ handbook." "It is not intended that this Section be used as a de- sign handbook’ as itis stated in the Fore- word of the Code. ‘The aim of this Handbook is to be easily handled and consulted, Tables, chars elimi nate the necessity of caleulations, Geom- etry, layout of vessels, piping codes, API storage tanks, standard appurtenances, painting of steel surfaces, weights, mea: Surements, conversion tables, literature, definitions, specification for vessels, de- sign of steel structures, center of gravity, design of welded joints, bolted connec- tions, boiler and pressure vessel laws, chemical resistance of metal, volumes, and surfaces of vessels, provide good service- ability. "The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals, Addenda, which also inchide revisions to the Code, are pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions ‘The Handbook is updated and revised in three years intervals, reflecting the changes ‘of Code rules, new developments in the de- sign and construction method, and in- become mandatory six(6)monthsafterthe | cludes the revisions ofits squress date of issuance, except for boilers and pres- ‘ure vessels contracted for prior tothe end of the 6 month period. (Code Foreword)CONTENTS | THE ASME CODE [ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 An internationally recognized Code published by ‘The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. PRESSURE VESSEL, -is containment of sold liquid or gaseous material under : , intemal or external pressure, capable of withstanding also varius ether load. | PARTI Designand Construction of Pressure Vessels. ings, BOILER - is a part of @ steam generator in which water is converte under pressure, RULES OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION - Boiler explosions around the turn 0 steam of the century made apparent the need for rules governing the design and con- struction of vessels. The first ASME Code was published in 1914 ISSUE TIME - The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals PARTIL Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels... eo (2001 and so on). Addenda, which also include revisions to the Code, are pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions become mandatory 6 months after the date of issuance, except for boilers and pressure vessels contracted for prior to the end ofthe 6 month period. (Code Foreword) SCOPE OF THE CODE - The rules of this Division have been formulated on the basis of design principles and construction practices applicable to vessels de- signed for pressures not exceeding 3000 psi. Code U-1(4) Vessels, which are ni 321 with the Code U Symbol sion, Code U-2(g) ‘THE DESIGN METHOD - The Code rules concerning design of pressure parts are based on the maximum stress theory, i.e. elastic failure in a ductile metal vessel occurs when the maximum tensile stress becomes equal tothe yield strength of the material. OTHER COUNTRIES’ Codes deviate from each other considerably, ; cause of differences in the basic allowable design stresses. The ASME Code's PARTIV Design of Steel Structures .. regulations may be considered to be at midway between conservative and unconservative design, luded in the scope of this Division, may be stamped | PART TIT Measures and Weights ... ‘they meet allthe applicable requirements of this Divi- 447 COMPUTER PROGRAMS - Designers and engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cautioned that they are responsible for all tech assumptions inherent in the programs they use and they are solely responsible for the application of these programs to their design. (Code, Foreword) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION NOT COVERED - This Division of the Code . does not contain rules to cover all details of design and construction, Where PART V — Miscellaneous complete details are not given, itis intended that the Manufacturer shall provide details which will be as safe as those provided by the rules ofthis Division, ° Code U-2(e) .. 465PART L DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF PRESSURE VESSEL 1 Vessels Under Internal Pressure ... ‘Stressesin Cylindrical Shell, Definitions, Formulas, Pres- sure of Fluid, Pressure-Temperature Ratings of American, Standard Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges. Vessels Under External Pressure ‘Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required Cylindrical Shell, Chart for Determining Thickness of ‘Cylindricaland Spherical Vessels under External Pressure when Constructed of Carbon Stee Design of Tall Towers ind Load, Weight of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Becentric Load, Elastic Stability Deflection, Combination, of Stresses, Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximate method), Design of Base Ring (ap- ‘proximatemethod), Design of AnchorBoltandBaseRing, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers, Vessel Supports. ‘Stresses in Large Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two ‘Saddles, Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in ‘Vessels Due to Lug Support, Lifting Attachments, Safe Loads for Ropes and Chains. Openings Inspection Openings, Openings witho Opening with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforcement of Openings, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openings to Vessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings. Nozzle Loads Reinforcement atthe Junction of Cone to Cylinder Welding of Pressure Vessels .. c ‘Welded Joints, Butt Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal ‘Thicknesses, Application of Welding Symbols Regulations; Specifications. Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related to Various Plate Thisknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Containing Flammable and Combustible Liq- tuids, Properties of Materials, Description of Materials, Specification forthe Design and Fabrication of Pressure \Vesels, Fabrication Tolerances. 15 31 153 159 170 181DESIGN R 10. Materials oFFosgn Gomis 4 1, Welded Tis. ra 12 Piping Codes. xe 1B, Rectangular Tanks a M. COtEH nse zi 15. Migeetameous Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe ana Engagement, Drill Sint for Pipe Tap, Bend Slog a a ing, Prefredoeton,CommonBorsanura 16, Painingof Stee Suracs 2 IN REFERENCES THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK "CODE" STANDS FOR A BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SE = BOILER, AND PRESSUR {CTION Vill, DIVISION | AN 2001 EDITION B STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS Pressure vessels are subject zo various loadings, which exert stresses of different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and con- struction of the vessel components. LOADINGS (Code UG-22) a. Internal or extemal pressure 'b. Weight of the vessel and contents ¢. Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation, 4. The attachment of internals, vessel supports, lugs, saddles, skirts, legs ©. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations £ Wind pressure and seismic forces {g. Impact reactions due to fluid shock hh, Temperature gradients and differential therinal expansion i. Abnormal pressures caused by deflagration. STRESSES (Code UG-23) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS 'S, = Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel Code Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See properties of materials page 186-190.) 4 Tensile stress ‘The smaller of S, or the value of factor B determined by the procedure described in Code UG 23 (6) (2) . Lingitudinal compressive stress ©. General primary membrane stress induced by any combination of Joadings. Primary membrane stress 155, plus primary bending stress induced Sie Gabor) by combination of loadings, except as provided ind. below. [& General primary membrane stress 1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b, induced by combination of earth- or c. This rule applicable to stresses, quake or wind pressure with other exerted by intemal or external pressure loadings. Seismic force and wind or axial compressive load on a cylinder. pressure need not be considered to | act simulta neously.4 STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL Uniform intemal or external pressure indvces i the longitudinal sara two times larger unit ‘stress than in tho eaeumferetial seam because of the geometry of the cylinder sel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, etc.) are not ling only. The Code jrement, When other joadings are and nes stress due to external pressure and tensile stress due to internal pressure shall be determined by the formulas: FORMULAS | ‘CIRCUMFERENTIAL LONGITUDINAL, JOINT | JOINT j 5-2 5B eee NOTATION Mean diameter of vessel, (hoop) stress, psi ‘corrosion allowance excluded, inches rye EXAMPLE Given D = 96inches PD P= isea se? = OpBinches 15 x 96 Teas * 140 psi 15 x96 Se PD w VE 2 2880 psi 2 2x 025 For towers under internal pressure and wind load the critical height above which compres- sive stress governs can be approximated by the formula: no where H = Critical gin of toner, Shere H = Coton ight « INTERNAL PRESSURE |. OPERATING PRESSURE ‘The pressure which is required forthe process, served by the vessel, at which the vessel is normally operated. 2. DESIGNPRESSURE ‘The pressure used in the design of a vessel. It is recommended to design a vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure, A operating pressure with 30 psior 10 percent, satisfy this requi ‘The pressure of the taken into consideration. See tables on page 3, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKINGPRESSURE The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be: cc (¢) in normal operating position (Gy under the effect of other loading static pressure, etc.) which are When calculations are not miade, the design pressure may be used as the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) code 3-2. Acommon practice followed by many users and menufacturers of pressure le working pressure by the head or 8 flanges, openings, ete. See tables on page 28 for massimum allowable pressure for flanges. See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes. isused very ofte of the vessel is loaded to (@) isnot corroded (new) () the temperature doos not affect is strength (room temperature) (cold) and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken into co 4, HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE At least 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure ar the design pressure fo be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to ne the maximum allowable working pressure. value of the vessel material atthe design temperature is less than ‘be increased Hydrostatic test shallIn this case, the test pressure shall be: Suess Value § At Test Temperature Max Allow. W. ros 15 X MS Data ee)” % Stee Val At Donan Temperate wximum allowable working pressure limited by the ata pressure shown in the table: Primary Service saute Rating | 15010] 3001] 4001] 6001] 90016] 1500 | 250015 yao 42s_| 1100 [1450 [2175 | 3250 | s400_ [9000 Hydrostatic test of multi-chamber vessels: Code UG-99 (e) ‘A Pneumatic test may be used in lieu of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100 Proof tests to establish maximum allowable working pressure when the strength of any part of the vessel cannot be computed with satisfactory assurance of safety, prescribed in Code UG-101. 5. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES ‘The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials are given in table on page 189. The maximum allowable comps to be used in the design of cylindrical shells subjected t 6, JOINT EFFICIENCY The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given 172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176+ ‘The following pages contain formulas used to compute the required wall thickness and the maximum allowable working pressure for the most frequently used types of shell and head. The formulas of cylindrical shell are sven for the longitudinal seam, since usually this governs, ‘The stress in the girth seam will govern only when the circumferential joint efficiency is less than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency, or when ternal pressure additional losdings (wind load, reaction of saddles) are causing longitudinal bending or tension. The reason for it is that the stress arising in the girth seam pound per square inch is one-half of longitudinal seam. for the girth seam accordingly: = 288 R-0n = PR ‘TSE + 04P See notation on page 22. NoTESINTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION, © Design pressure or max. allowable working pressure pl Sm Stress valve of materiel psi. page we EW 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD PP '"33E-02P a » EXAMPLES DESIGNDATA: = [0 jointticeney of eames P = 100 psi design pressure eas 'S = 20,000 psi stress value of R= 4Binches inside radius* SA 515-70 plate @ 50°F D = 96 inches inside diameter* E = 085, efficiency of spot-cxamined Joint of shell and Nomis head o Qn greater with the corrosion allowance, ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine tne required thickness, 100% 48.125 397600 X0.85 -0.6XI00 0284. a 0.125in, CA 2 Use 0.500 in. plate ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘he head farished without sraight lange. Determine the required thickness, ‘ofa hemispherical head, 10X48125 papi 'Txapoxoss-OTR TOF Sas +04 Use 0.3125iin, plate ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable ‘working pressure P for 0.500 in, thick shell when the vessel is in new condition, 20,900 085X0500 a 48+0.6%0500 —~ 795i ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE, 220,000 X 0.85 %03125 991 pj G 48+02X03125 221 ps SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the required thickness of a seamless ellipsoidal head, 9635 “TyCHI OOK 1.002100 Ot t 9.125in oe 0.366 in. {Use 0.375 in, mit thk, head ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE, Determine the maximum allowable condition, = 2X 20,000 X 1.0% 0.250 u 96.25 +0.2 X0.250 108 psi20 INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION D = Inside diameter, ‘a = One half of the CONE anv CONICAL SECTION PD “Tera sE-0eP)| P= 2SEt cos a D+i2cos a 1. The half apex angle, @ not greater than 30° When “ir = 16%. "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) 0.885PL '“SE-01P P= SEL OaaSL FOL When Wr ess than 167 PLM it EXAMPLES DESIGNDATA T= 96 inches inside P= 100 psidesign pressure D= 96 inches: ‘S = 20,000 psi stress value of = required SA515-70plate@ S00 a= 30°onehalf ofthe apex angle CA. = 0.125 inches corrosion allowance * incorroded condition greater with the corrosion allowance jeney of spot-examined ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE 0s 30°= 0,866 | Determine the required thickness, of acone 100 96.25 ‘FRUBG ,000 X08S-TXTD) 978 in. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P sca ODS (453i i Use0 500 plate {EE DESIGNDATA ABOVE the required thickness, of a ‘ASME Hanged and dished (0885100396125 9 s95in 199.000. 1.0=0.1 x 105 po 20,000 1005625 =132psi . P for a 0.5625 in. ‘when the vessel is e the required thickness ‘ofa ‘ASME flanged and dished 10096.125% 175 =oariin. | in corroded condition. KTH 00-02 X 100 220,000 x 1.005625, P96 125 x1.75+02 «04373 1 PS 6. CA, Use 0.5625in, min. thick head FNOTE: When the ratio of I> is greater than I63, fnon-Code construction) the values oFca re INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION x in elieny, page 12 P= Design pressure or max. allowable R= Outside radius working pressure psi $= Stress value of material psi, page CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM)! SE DESIGNDATA: P= 100 psi design pressure ‘5 = 20,000 psi stress value of iciency of spot-examined ell and hemis. head to EXAMPLES CA. = 0.125 inches corrosion allowance | SEEDESIGN DATA ABOVE | Derrmine the required thickness, jofed 10048 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD For ellipsoidal heads, where the ratio ofthe maior and ‘minor tri the than 2, See Code Append 1). ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable 5 in, thick | | Determine the required thickness rof.a seamless ellipsoidal head. } a —__ 10096 at '-D3eaq000x D+ Tsxi00 09 404 os, 0364in. ‘Use 0.375 in. min, thick head PR . working pressure, P for 0 t “SEL 0P Po RI Oh mmo %085-0a 5G O78 | shell When the vessels in new condi: . 0.125: SCA, Da0Bin, |p PDPOXOSS XIE 55 psi 1+ at the ste ine oust ove. et Toners 2. Whenthe wall thickness exceeds on al ofthe inside SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE 5 SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD Head furnished without straight flange. she required thickness, cof | Determine the maximum allowable - oft, pa ythy “cox SE + O8P R-0e | sscaaped toes oa Olin i 7 Haag, tte fc 404. o2sin | p.2X20000X085%03125 59 4: i! Pate ees 0266 48-08 X03125 rs Use:03125n. min hick head ores 0.256 Rox Pexeeds sven Inthe Code Append c ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0. head, when i isin new coi 2X 20,000% 1.9%9.375 a 96-18 X0.375 =157 psiroy ae INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION CONE ano CONICAL SECTION ‘Teese (SEFOAP) PD pa 2SEtcos a =D —O.8r cose t "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) Wheat ie= 16/3 _.0.885PL '“SE+08P pa SEE = TR8SE 0.8 When "Less Than 16% EXAMPLES ed | DESIGNDATA Tents = 100 pi dsign pressure Be 5 = 2000 sister valueot : SA "313 70plate 500°F iy = i onchalf ofthe apex ange 7 Bo oe meee ofsporsamined = Required wall thickness, inches E= 1.00, jointefficiency of seamless CA. = 0.125 inches corrosion allowance SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE 05 10°= 0.866 Determine the required thickness, ¢ ofa cone 100% 96, ROGEXENIOOXOSHOAKIO 7%. SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE, Determine the maximum allowable for 0,500 in thick cone in new condition, p-2X 20000208529 500 0866.55 96 (085 0.500% 0.866) 15° 4CA—— 0.125in, 045 in. ‘Use: 0,500 in thick plate SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE r= 165 termine the req seamless ASMI head, thickness, rofa langed and dished 0.885% 100X96_ *29,000x1.0+0:8x 100-9. 4CA,—0138in, 0548in. (Use: 0.5625 in. min. thick head ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE, Determine the maximum allowable 1=0,5625-0.125=04375 p=20000X 1004375 165 5 0885 96-08 X0.4375 E When the min of mat '“SEFP(M—0a)) PLM 2SEt P= ME M02) ‘VALUES OF FACTOR M. so] psa] :E DESIGN DATA ABOVE, Knuckle radius r= 6 in, L/r= M=1.15 from table, Determine the required thickness fof seamless ASME flanged and dished ead, 6 Ba 16 1OX96XI7S op. 4igin TKaHHIOX 1.0 Loo. 75-0) 1? $CA 125i OSatin: Use 0.5625 in, min. thickhead SEEDESGNDATA ABOVE Knuckleratias?= 6in. Ur= % = 16 Mer7S tomb Determine the maximum allowable ‘working pressure, P for a 0.5625 in thick seamless head when the vessel is in corroded condition. 220,000 1.0 X0.4375 P18 X86-0: 92) es GE, (mon-Code construction) the values oF M=4G3 4dr)INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES NOTATION ‘Minimum required thickness of head, excl 4, = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in, alue of material, psi Emjoint efficiency stress value of SA-515-60 plate seamless shell for pressure. = 0.3125 in. actual thickness of shell )ETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, ¢ required thickness CIRCULAR FLAT HEADS ted 0.13 PSE t= aVOSE C= 033,/1, C min. = 0.20 ot be greater than | ‘Non-circular, bolted flat heads, covers, lind flanges Code UG-34; other types of closures Code UG-35 r= d O13 PSE = 24 Use 1.25 in, head (0:13 x 30077,100x 1 = 1.146in Checking the limitation of ~*~ 125 . d pry = 0.052 The ratio of head thickness to the diameter ofthe shel is satisfactory SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Use 1.625 in. plate Using thicker plate for shell, lesser thickness will be satisfactory for the head, 1, = 0.375 in, 0.243 0375 = 0214 (nd [CE = 4 Use 1.635 in. plate thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2 «/di, from the inside face of the head 0.214 x 300/17,100x 1 = 1.471 in. 2 (20575 = 6 in.28 _ » PRESSURE - TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS PRESSURE OF FLUID American National Standard ANSI B16 5-1996/1998 ADDI sit STATIC HEAD ciass__[/15016.[ 300] 4001.| 6001] 900 16] 1,500 162,500 1 Hydrostatic test. | 450 | 1,125] 1,500] 2,225) 3,350] 5.575 | 9,275 in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wi : pressure wie th ‘all directions on thes brosrure, pig bf the Vessel and is due to the height of the fuid above the po ‘Temperature, F| MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRESSURE PSIG! =20t0 100 | 285 | 740 | 990 3,705 | 6,170 200 260 | 675 | 900 31375 | 5,625 300 230 | 635 | 875 31280 | 5.470 || The tables below when epplicuble shall be added to the design pressure of the 400 200 | 635 | 84s 5280 |p| water aad To find the pressure fr any oer ids than wate, the given nthe tables shal ‘multiplied with te specific gravity ofthe fluid in consideration. 500 170 | 600 2,995 | 4,990 |B | bP See an auneneama 600 140 | 550 2735 | 4560 Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch for Different Heads of Water roo | to | 35 ness fears RE og 1 a ses 7 | eae 0 ta os? 130 17) 216 26305346 350 0 4% 520 563 649 693 736 779 823 750 95 | sos 1,010 2,520 a 38 556 we ize ile oh se 800 so | 41 0 » Ba 1429 S15 1559 1602 sso | os | 20 3 10 2 Has 181 1862 1905 I9ae to92 mss 20m 2120 i 0 208 295 Sl 225 2468 211 2555 a oor iae - 860 o 2641 2128 2814 2858 2901 2944 2988 a 3074 3161 3247 91 3334 337 3421 0 3507 3534 3680 3724 3767 3810 3854 ion om leez sotto treet ascii cael rcane eee 3940 4027 4113_4137_ 2002434287 Ratings apply to NPS % trough NPS 24 and to materials: A105 (1) A350 Gr. LF2 (1) A350 Gr. LF6 Cl. 1 (4) A216 Gr. WCB (1) A515 Gr. 70 (1) A516 Gr. 70 (1) (2) A537 Cl. 1 (3) NOTES: (1) Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800 °F. Q) Not to be used over 850 °F. (3) Not to be used over 700 °F. (4) Not to be used over 500 °F, Flanges of ANSI B16.5 shall not be used for higher ratings except where it is justified by the design methods of the Code Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressed as gage pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated between temperatures shown. ‘Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of the flange. In general, it is the same as that of the contained material. Flanged fittings shall be hydrostatically tested, | NOTE: One foot of water at 62° Fahrenheit equals 433 pound pressure per square per square inch for any feet head not given inthe table mes 433. Heads of Water in Feet Corresponding to Certain Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch 1894 225 und of presque per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water . Therefor, to Find the feet head of water for aay pressure not Je above, multipy the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309.30 31 For quick comparison of required plate thickness and weight for various TABLES. materials and at a different degree of radiographic examination. A Stress values at temperature ~20° to $00 °F. SAS3B SA285C SA 515-60 SA 515~ SA 516-60 SA 516-70 BIE, 13,345, 14,535 17,000 100% J. E, 15,700 17,100 20,000. B Ratios of Stress Values 13,343_[14535_[ 15,700 [17,000 _[17,100_[20,000 i345 [ 1.09 118 127 | 1.28 | 1.49 14,535_[ 0.92 = 1.08 iy} das 7137 15,700__[ 0.85 0.92 = 108 [1.09 [1.27 17,000 | 0.79. 0.86 0.93 = 1.01 | 1.18 17,100 | 0.78 0.85 [0.92 0.99) = 17] 20,000 | “0.67 0.73 10.79) 0.85__| 0.86 = ‘Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head ‘materials. ‘Table B shows the ratios of these stress values. EXAMPLE: | 1. For a wessel using SA 515-70 plate, when spot radiographed, the required| thickness 0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 Ibs. 2, What plate thickenss will be required, and what will the weight of the vessel be using SAA 285-C plate and full radiographic examination: In case 1. The stress value of the material 17,000 In case 2. The stress value of the material 15,700 ‘The ratio of the two stress values from Table B=1.08 In this proportion the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel will be increased, 0.4426 « 1,08 = 0.4780 in. 12600 x 1.08 = 13608 Ib. EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN PRESSURE ‘When Code Symbol is to be applied, the vessel shall be designed and stamped with the maximum allowable external working pressure. It is recommended that a suitable margin is provided when establishing the ‘maximum allowable external pressure to allow for pressure variation in service. Code UG-28((). ‘Vessels intended for service under external working pressure of 15 psi and less may be stamped with the Code Symbol denoting compliance with the rules for external pressure provided all the applicable rules of this Division are also satisfied. Code UG-28(1). This shall not be applied if the vessel is operated at a temperature be- low minus 20°F, and the design pressure is determined by the Code UCS-66(c)(2) or Code UHA-51(b) to avoid the necessity of impact test. Vessels with lap joints: Code UG-28(g) Non-cylindrical vessel, jacket: Code UG-28(i). TEST PRESSURE Single-wall vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only, shall ‘be subjected to an internal hydrostatic test or when a hydrostatic test is not practicable, to a pneumatic test. Code UG-99(f). Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1% times the difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum design internal absolute pressure. Code UG-99(f). Pneumatic test: Code UG-100. The design method on the following pages conform to ASME Code for Pressure Vessels Section VII, Div. 1, The charts on pages 42-47 are excerpted from this Code.Cis 32 3B EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NOTATION ‘Extomal design pressure, pig. ‘Maximum allowable wordng pressure, ps Outside diameter, in. aioe ‘the lengthy in of vessel section between: 1." circumferential line ona head at one-third the depth ofthe 2, eaangent ne, & jackets '. cone-to-cylinder junction or knuckle-to-cylinder junction of a toriconical head or section, ie + = Minimum required fal tceress in nee: CYLINDRICAL SHELL. Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints is Peso of sci PRR epg mee "SREB Liar = Move horizontally to the line representing D,/1, From the point of intersection move ver= {ieally to determine the value of factor 4. 4, Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43.47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the applicable temperature line*. 5. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B. Compute the maximum allowable working pres- VESSEL 7 sure, Py If the maximum allowable working pressure is t smaller than the design the design ‘the ves. For values of A falling to the left of the applicable température line, the value of P an be calculated by the formula: DAE 3D.) When the value of Do/t is less than 10, the formulas given in the°Code UG-28(0\2) ‘shall be anplied, eed RIN Pe VESSEL WITH STIFFENING RING DESIGN DATA P = 1S pee. external design pressure D, = 96 in, outside diatmeter of the shell Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft. 0 in. = $76 in. Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material of shell SA - 285 C plate ‘Temperature 500° F E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi. @ $00 °F (see chart ‘on page 43) Determine the required shell thickness. [Assume a shell thickness: 1 = 0.50 in. (see page 49) Length £= $92 in, length of shell $76 in, and one third of the depth of heads 16 in.) L/D, = 592/96 = 6.17 D,/t= 96/0.5= 192 (00007 from chert (page 42) determined by the procedure described on the facing page. ince the value of is falling tothe left ofthe applicable temperature-line in Fig, CS-2 (pg. 43), P, = 2AE/S(D/1)= 2x 0.00007 x 27,000,000]3 x 192* 6.56 psi Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is smaller than the design pressure P stiffening rings shall be provided. Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads, Length of one vessel section, L= 200 in(Length of shell 192 in. plus one third of depth of head 8 in.) L/D,= 200/96 2.08 Do/t= 96/0.5= 192 ‘A= 0,00022 from chart (page 42) {B= 3000 from chart (page 43) determined by the procedure described on facing page. Py = 4B/3(D./1) = 4 x 3000/3 x 192* 20.8 psi. 48-0" Tan-Tan Since the maximum allowable pressure Pe is ageater than the design pressure P, the assumed thickness of shell using two stiffening rings, is satisfactory. See page 40 for design of stiffening rings. ey=eSHLEINpores 34 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NOTATION P= External design pressure psig P= Maximum allowable working pressure psig. D, = Outside diameter of the tead, in Ry = Outside radius of sphere or hemisphereical head, 0.9D, for ellipsoidal heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished head, in. ¢ = Minimum required wall thickness, inches. E__= Modulus of elasticity of material, rei, (page 43) ‘SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD ‘The maximum -—2_ allowable pressure: ”* ~ TR, 77) ‘The value of B shall be determined by the following pro- cedure 1. Asiume the value for 1 and calculate the value of A sing the formula: A=O,125/ Rit (See page49) 5 2. Ener the applicable materia chart (pages 43-47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the applicable teruperatureline.* 3. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of 2. “For values of A falling to the left of the appli- ‘able temperature line, the value of P, ean be eal- culated by the formula:P, = 0.0625EAR,/1)! If the maximum allowable working presture P, com- puted by the formula above, is smaller than the design pressure, a greater value for r must be selected and the design procedure repeated. 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD ‘The required thickness shall be the greater ot the following thicknesses. (1) The thickness as computed by the formulas sven for internal pressure using a design pres- Sure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint efficiency E=1.00. whereR.=0.9 D, and B to be determined as for sphere. "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) ‘The required thickness and maximum allowable pres- sure stall be computed by the procedures given for ellipsoidal heads. (See above) R,maximum=D, cn re DESIGN DATA: P = 15 psig external design pressure 1D, = 96 inches outside diameter of heed Matetial of the head SA-285C plate 00°F design temperature Determine the required head thickness. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘Assume a head thickness: (= 0,25 in, R, = 48.00 i. 4 =0.125/¢48.0010.25)0,00065 rom Fig. CS-2 (page 43) B = 8500 deter facing page. P,, = 8500(48.0010.25) ined by the procedure described on the 44.27 pal Since the maximum allowable working pressure Pg is exceedingly greater than the design pressure P, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory. For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t= 0.1875 in, 48.00 in 0.125/48.000.1875) = 0.0005, (6700, from chart (page 43), P, = BURJ) = 6700256 = ‘Phe assumed thickness: t = 0.1875 in, is satisfactory. 2 psi. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.) “Assume a head thickness: 1=0.3125in., R,= 0.9 x 96 86.4 in, A= 0.125/(86.4/0.3125) = 0.00045 100 from chart (page 43), Py = B/(R,/¢)'= 6100/276 = 22.1 psi, Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2) Assume a head thickness: = 0.3125 in., R,*D, = 96 in, A = 0.125)(96/0.3125) = 0.0004 'B = 5200 from chart (page 43), P, = B/(R,/1) = $200/307 = 16.93 psi. Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory.36 37 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS fe i 1 NOTATION 4 = floor deemipedtom {UG0-280 (page 42 B= facior determined from chars (pages 4-47) = prelate ntudes (apex) angle, degrees utside diameter at the large en in. outside diameter atthe mallend, in. modulus of elasticity of maceial (page 43) length of cone, in. (ee page 39) Le = equivalent length of conical section, in(Lay(1+D,) P = external design pressure, psi P, = Maximum allowable working preseur, psi + = minimum required thickness, in. fg. = effective thickness, in. =I cos CONE Ano CONICAL SECTION Seamless o with Butt Joints WHEN aS EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 60° and Dy/t, > 10 ‘The maximum alowable pressure: 4B 3Dil,y 1. Assume a value for thickness, f, ‘The values of B shall be determined by the folowing procedure: 2, Determine ,,Z,, and the ratios L,/D} and Dit, Enter chart G (page 42) at the value of L/ D,(LiD,) (Enter at 50 when L/D, is greater tan 50} Move horizontally tothe ine rep- resenting Di/t, From the point of inter- section move vertically and read the value of A 4. Enter the applicable material chart at the value of A* and move vertically to the line of applicable temperature. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B 5. Compute the maximum allowable working pressure, P,, Pam If P, is smaller than the design pressure, the design, the design procedure must be repeated increasing the thickness or decreasing L by using of stiffening rings. ‘For values of A falling tothe left ofthe appi- ‘able line the value of P can be calculated by the formula: P, = 2AE/3(D iit.) For cones having D /t- ratio smaller than 10, see Code UG-33 (0(0) WHENG IS GREATER THAN 60° ‘The thickness of the cones shall be the same as the required thickness for a flat head, the diameter of which equals the largest outside ameter of the cone. Provide adequate reinforcing of the cone-to- coninder juncture. See page 159 EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA P = 15 psi external design pressure Material of the cone SA 285-C plate 500 F design temperature CONICAL HEAD Din sein ae2Bséepes Dz ad Deter he ue hts, t ‘| Lena E=t Dyanna 188, ay bin Isms head iene (03128 2 RSfewaroaus 909 = om Loa op = teas = 990 ~ 5 my ies cb Dass senas | P| 3. A'=0,00037 (from chart, page 42) 44, B=5,200 (from chart, page 43) 45 4x52 yg ps 5. Pa HD) 3333) bes Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the assumed plate thickness i satisfactory. CONICAL SECTION (See design data above) Di =144in. Dy =96in. a =30des, Determine the required thickness, Length, L=[W-Dy/Ytana =24/.5774=41.6 in. 96 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.375 in, 2. ty wf cosam0.375 x 0.866 =0.324 Le=(L/\(t + D/D, (1+ 96/144) = 34.67 L/D; =34.61/144=02 Di/ty = 144/0,324= 448 3. A =0,00065 (from chart, page 42) 4, B=8,600 (from chart, page 43) ; 4B. 44x 8600 Pe 3D ~ Fx M4032) = 25.8 psi. Se a cence ee eee P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory. EXAMPLES FOR CONICAL HEAD, WHEN @ IS GREATER THAN 60° ‘ARE GIVEN AT FLAT HEADSirae 38 39 NOTES EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS ar FA Use L in caleuation as shown when the strength of joints f cone to cylin- 1 der does not meet the requirements — Aeseribed on pages 163-169 It will result the thickness for the cone not Jess than the minimum required thick- ‘ness forthe joining cylindrical shell. ri Use L in calculation as shown when the strength of joints of cone 1 cylin- der meets the requirements described (on pages 163-1694 “0 EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS NOTATION DESIGN DATA: + Factor determined rom the char (pge 42) forthe materia used in P= IS pec enteral design presse OF ng gn (0 42) rhe meri sd in te 6 in outside diameter ofthe shel A, = Cross sectional area ofthe stiffening ring, sq. i, D, = Outside Diameter of shell, in, Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43) ~ Required moment of inertia ofthe sffening rng about its neutral to the axis of the shel, in‘, r, = Required moment of ierta ofthe stiffening ring combined with the shell section which s taken as contributing tothe moment of inertia, The width of the shell section 1.10 "Dyin The sum of one-alf ofthe distances on both sides of the sifening rng from the centerline ofthe rng tothe (1) new stiffening ring, (2) othe hea line at ° dep, (3) to @ jacket connection, or (4) to cone-o-eyinder junction, in. ternal design pressure, psi inimum required wal thickness of shel, in. r I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine is eros sectional area A UL Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between jacketed section, cone-o-shell junction, or head line at 4 ofits depth and determine dimension, i, IIL. Caleulate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of the ring combined wit the shell section (see page 85). IV. The available moment of inertia ofa circumforential stiffening ring shall not be less than determined by one ofthe following formulas: p= Diba liraltya = DibstitA/L)A ‘The value of shall be determined by the following procedure: 1. Calculate factor B using the formula: mle, 2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages43 -47) atthe value of B and move horizontally tothe curve of design temperature, When the value of Bs less than 2500, 4 can be calculated by the formula: A = 2B/E, 3. From the intersection point move vertically tothe bottom ofthe chartand read the value of. 4, Calculate the required moment of inertia using the formulas above. Ifthe moment of inertia of thering or the ring combined withthe shell section is greater than the required moment of inertia, the stiffening ofthe shells satisfactory. Otherwise stiffening ring with larger mement of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings shall be increased, Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f) Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 47 ft. 8 in. = 572i. Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material ofthe stiffening ring SA-36 Temperature 500% E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi, @ SOO*F (See chart on paged3) 1 = 0,500 in thickness of hell ; oe & 1. Amangle of 6x 4s selected Ey 4, 73.0359. i0. =} 1, Using 2 stiffening rings equally Spaced between one-third the = lepths of heads (see figure), 2 LE is6in: a IIL The moment of inertia ofthe ’ | eas é SL. Thevalue of Factor B: 5 ~ B=% (PD t+ A/L I= § (15x96/05+3.03/196)) =2095 2. Since the value of Bis less than 2500, A=2B/E= ~ 2x2095/27,000,000 = 0.00015 IV. The required moment of inertia: [Do?hs(t + Ag/Ly) A) _ 96? 196x (0.5 + 3.03 / 196) x 0.00015, © 1" Since the required moment of inertia (9,97 in‘) is smaller than the moment of inertia of the selected angle (11.4 in.) the vessel is adequately stiffened. Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral buckling, This should be considered in addition to the required moment of inertia See pages 95-97 for stiffening ring calculations.‘PANSSHAd IVNUALXA WAGNA STASSIA HOI SYINAOA NI Gas V YOLOVE JO SANIVA TL 20000 14.000 12.000 000 2.000 FACTOR B 000 5779408 20m e245 108 3.s00 f-2084 08 000 intersection with the horizontal protection of the right of the end of the temperature line, upper end of the temperature line. ea Sores 23 466789 Py ese 708 2a sere 0001 001 on o FACTOR A THE VALUES OF FACTOR B USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE, ‘The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of carbon steel and the specified yield strenth 30,000 psi. and over. To this category belong the following most frequently used materials: SA-283C SA~515\ gy SA-33-B Type 405 stainless Steel SAL2NSC__SAa516 }ANGrades SAsi06-B _ Typedto }Stnless Stelu EXT, PRESS. |g NT PRESS. Ee) 2.080 1.000 16.090 2.000 ‘000 £2 2704108 000 E245 4108. 000 7 yas er EST) a eee? poy a sere HO 20001 ‘001 ot 1 FACTOR A THE VALUES OF FACTOR B USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE, ‘+The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of austenitic steel (18Cr-BNi, Type 304) (Table 1 on page 190) FACTOR B In cases where the value of A falls to the a & S z i : 3 a 5 zg Z i 5 e € 280x108 case We es ne. eo naa 2209 5 10% 7 3 4 S67 8D 2 2 «S67 coca 2001 01 7 4s e7e8 ye es 6789 FACTOR A. THE VALUES OF FACTOR B USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE. ‘The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of austenitic steel (18CR-8Ni-Mo, Type 316) (Table 3 on page 190) FACTOR B NOTE: In cases where the value of A falls to the right of the end of the temperature line, assume an intersection with the horizontal protection of the upper end of the temperature line.| carbon, Type 3041) (Table 2 on page 199) 12.000 an 0 60x 000 = 2206 1 00 E2250 4 10 3.000 2 205 0 18 EL nat a toe een 2.00 ye es eres 7 4s 6780 7S 8 6788 7 eas eres 0001 001 01 o 1 FACTOR A THE VALUES OF FACTOR B USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE * The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of custenitic steel (18CR-8NI-0, 03 max. FACTOR B NOTE: In cases where the value of A falls to the right of the end of the temperature line, assume an intersection with the horizontal protection of the upper end of the temperature line, eoneecitseeneeesoretsoneennen acetates FIG.HA4 ‘7 Tes eres eer) ye 8 ere ELT 0001 ooo: ‘20 FACTOR A THE VALUES OF FACTOR B USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE imax. carbon, Types 3161 and 317L) (Table 4 on page 190) 12.00 ca 00 2500 200 *The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of austenitic steel (18CR-8Ni-Mo-0.03 FACTOR B NOTE: In cases where the value of A falls to the right of the end of the temperature line, assume an intersection with the horizontal protection of the a fe= 49 — —_* EXTERNAL PRESSURE CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF STIFFENING RINGS FORMED HEADS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM LOCATION Stifening rings may be placed on te inside or outside ofa vse, Using the charts, trials with different assumed thicknesses can be avoided “The charts has been developed in accordance with the design method of ASME siare or mses Bactcaeevi Soackt The tings may be of rectangular or any other sections a CONSTRUCTION It is preferable to use plates in constructing a compositeaection stiffentr ring, rather than using standard structural shapes, The reason for this ies not caly it the difficulties of rolling heavy structural shapes, but also because of the neces. sity to adjust th rng to the curvature ofthe shel. For large diameter vessels De maximum permissible out of roundness can result ine | ~ 2 inch gap between ‘he shell andthe ring. This canbe eliminated ifthe vertical member ofthe rng is cat out of the plate in sections, ‘The sections can be flame cut, instead of rolled and then buttowelded together in place 2 DRAIN AND VENT 2 Stiffener sings placed in the inside of horizontal shells have a hole or gap at the 5 bottom for drainage and at the top for vent. Practically one half of 23 inch 2 diameter hole atthe bottom and {inch diameter hole atthe topis satisfactory E and does not affect the stress conditions. Figure A. 3 For the maximum sre of shell left unsupported because of gap in stiffening 2 ring, see Code Figure UG.29.2. 8 WELDING 3 ‘According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached to the 2 shell by continuous or intermittent welding, The total length of intermittent : Welding on each sie ofthe stiffener ring shal be: - 1. for sings on the outside, not les than one half the outside circumference of the vesel 2, for rings onthe inside of the vessel, not less than one third ofthe circum ference ofthe vesel Where corrosion allowance is to be provided, the stiffening ring shall be attached to the shel with continous fillet or seal Weld, ASME, Code (UG.30,) tit i R= INSIDE RADIUS OF HEAD. IN. Max. Spacing o 121 internal ing 1a 20 30 40060 70 €0. 90 100 110 129 100 190 180 160 170 180 190 200 8 t for external ring SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS (Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 psi, inclusive) To find the required head thickness 1, Determine R, 2. Enter the chart atthe value of R, 3, Move vertically to temperature in, 4, Move horizontally and read t. {= Requiced head thicknes, in. R__ = For hemispherical heas, the inside cadivs, in igure Figure ene oro ae For 2:1 ellipsoidal heads 0.9xDo are RINGS OUTSIDE "x 3" Ig fillet weld on 6” ctrs, For flanged and dished heads, the inside crown radius, in. Rng RINGS INSIDE. 46" x2" Ig. fillet weld on 6” ctrs. Do Gutside diameter of the head. in, ‘The fet wel egsze shall be not les than te smallest of the folowing: 1/4,50 SI CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM BARR PERN NERD DBE CYLINDRICAL SHELL (See facing pge for explanation) T rt 7 = 7 i BS = 7 300 °F ‘500 = ae - L 700 °F } i -~ = [800 °F] T 7 7 7 900 OF as — - SS =@ 3= 7 7 = Rot L= LENGTH OF SHELL OR SECTION, IN {= REQUIRED SHELL THICKNESS, IN. CYLINDRICAL SHELL (Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 psi, inclusive) ‘To find the required shell thickness: Enter lower chart (facing page) at the value of L Move horizontally to etves representing Dy Move vertically to temperature line Move horizontally and read Dojt Enter chart above at the value of Do/t Move horizontally to curve D Move vertically down and read the value of t NOTATION 3, The distance from te center of the fist Hine plus one thd of the head depth “pased on New ASME Code Addenda ... Chart Finds Vessel Thickness," ING, 85 No. 6, May 1976 p. 9 Pressure Veutel Head Desi No. 11, November )YDROCAR-pa DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD ‘The computation of wind load is based on Standard ANSUASCE 7-95, approved 1996, "The basic wind speed shall be taken from the map on the following pages. ‘The basic wind speed is 105 mph. in Hawaii and 125 mph. in Puerto Rico. II not be less than When records and experience indicates that the wind spec those reflected in the map, the higher values of wind speed s ‘The wind pressure on the projected area of a cylindrical tower shall be calculated by the following formula. F = q,G Cry Table6-1 ANSVASCE 7-95 STANDARD (Numbers of tables and paragraphs are references to this Standard) (Dx) Projected area of tower, sf. L__ height of tower considered, outside diameter of tower, ft ‘Shape factor = 0.8 for cylindrical tower (Table 6-7) Gust response factor = (Gp de G,)* (Para, 6.6) ‘When the tower is located: in urban, suburban areas, Exposure B 0.8; ‘open ‘terrain with scattered obstruction, Exposure C 0.85; jobstructed areas, Exposure D 0.85, The minimum design wind pressure s ‘Velocity pressure at height z above ground, Ib/sq. in, 0.00256) KK V2 T (Table 6-1) Design Wiad Force, Ib. L_ tmportance factor= 1.0 forstructures that on projected area o present low hazard to human life in event tower. (Para. 6.2) of failure (Para. 6.2). Wind speed, mph. (Map ‘Topographic factor = 1.0 when wind speed-up ‘over hills and escarpment is not present. (Para. 6.5.5) Velocity Press Exposure Coefficient* Exposures 8, C & D (Table 6-3) * See tables below for values of g and for combined values, of Gj, Ge, and K, in Exposures B, C, and D. VELOCITY PRESSURE, Basie wind speed, mph, 7 DT] # [iw [no [a0 [30 Velocity Pressure psf0.0025672g | B{ 7] aps | | 7] # DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD (Continued) COEFFICIENT G (Gust response: teres wit Exposure Coefficient) HecHr [ Above Ground, &. | EXPOSURE _| 06 7 08. “09. 1.0 Ld x 2 23 2 ‘The area of caged ladder may be approximated as I sq.ft. per lineal f. Projecte'area of platform 8 54. f. Users of vessels usually specify wind pressure for manufacturers without reference to the height zones or map areas, For example: 30 Ib. per sq.ft. This specified pres- sure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel. ‘The total pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected area of the tower. With good arrangement of the equipment, the exposed area of the wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees from the vapor line, EXAMPLE: Determine the wind load, F DESIGN DATA: the wind speed, ¥ = 00mph diameter of tower, D = 68. height of tower, H = 808 the tower located in flat, __ unobstructed area, exposure: D ‘The wind load, F=q_xG x Cy 4 q from table = 26 pst G from table - Shape factor - Area, Ay= DH =6 x 80= 480 sq. ft. F=26 x18 x08 x480=1MAP OF WIND SPEED, V (miles per hour) Alaska Note: For Srose and lelande, (G80 nearest contour ANSU/ARSCE STANDARD 7-9 Courtesy of American Society of Cll Enginoere wind regions MAP OF WIND SPEED, V (niles per hour) KY) speci wind reson * Population Center ‘for unusual wind conditions, eyDESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD Computation of wind load as alternate method based on standard ASA. AS8.1-1955. This standard is obsolete but still used in some codes and foreign countries. ‘The wind pressure at-30 ft. level above ground for the United States is shown on the ‘map on the facing page. The table below gives the wind pressures for various heights above ground for the areas indicated by the map. ‘WIND PRESSURE Py, WHEN THE HORIZONTAL |CROSS SECTION SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR®™ HEIGHT MAP AREAS ZONE ft. [30 25 | 30 [35 | 40] 4 | 50 hexagonal or octagonal liess than 30[ 15 | 20 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40. 10.60 when the horizo Fo1049 ToT os Pao Tat a0 Pas Tso. ose section is circular or el- 50t039 _|25 | 30 | 40_[ 45] 50 | 35 | 60 700 0499 |30 | 40 | 45 [55 | 60 | 70 | 75 “Multiply values of Py with 0.80 ‘when the horizontal ‘cross sec~ EXAMPLE: Fi ‘The vessel is intended to operate in Oklahoma, which is in the wind pressure map area marked 3 ‘map area the wind pressures for various height zones are: In the height zone less than 30 ft. 25 Ib. per sq. ft In the height zone from 30-49 ft, 30 Ib. persq. ft the wind pressure Py from map. It many pieces of equipment are Shape factor aceording to Browne Users of vessels usally specify the wind pressure for manufacturers without refer zones or ap areas. For example: 30 Tb per sq This specified pessure Shall be considered tobe tniform on the whole vessel 1 between wind pressure and wind vel is circular, is given by the formula: Pay =0.0025% Hy? where Py = wind press Vi, = wind veloci ;, when the horizontal cross section Ib, per sq. ft mph EXAMPLE: Wind of 100 mph velocity exerts a pressure: Py =0.0025 x Vy ?= 25 Ibs. per sq.ft. pressure on the projected area of a cylindr vessel at a height of 30 feet above ground al wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected ith a good arrangement of equipment the exposed area of the wind iderably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees from the 37 MAP OF WIND PRESSURE, ‘The map based on the records of the United States Weather Bureau and developed by the National Bureau of Standards,DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS. ‘cote WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL FORMULAS TITTD| wept of the vn! rests comproite aes only when eset ots ot saan mower [erase [ices crt nod the ihe ans of the vase, Ural the EnoaeR ‘compression due and is ot = P.Distisl e_ospp | aM “The weight shall ous conditions of the tower as follows: _ _" |A. Erection weight, which includes the weight of the: EXAMPLE: Givens Dy = $0" Dy = 30 Hy = S60" Hy = 44-0" p= 8 BL do pst hy Hyd 28" hy = Hy + (2) = 180" POD He RI = BO 4 x 56 = 6700 x 28 = 188,100 Sion 30x 3 x = 3.960 « 78 = 308.80 Teal V= Tow A 497,000 8, omen baton ta Me pee OED 497,040 ~ 4 (10,680 0 x 4 x4) = 455,280 EXAMPLE Gives: Dy = 38.6 in, H = 1008. 01m, hy = 4 fe On, Pa = pt Desermine the wind momen hyo 2 = SOK Oia FRx B88 unaal Bs ‘Moment at the bottom tangent line My = M~ hy(V~ OSP,D, hy) = (692,100 ~ 4 (13,680 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 3.5 x 4) = 638,220, i SEE EXAMPLES FOR COMBINED LOADS ON PAGE: 69 1 Equipments: 2 3 4 5 1 8 8 10, 1B. Operating weigh 2. test water ‘The compressive stress due to the weight given by: s= where 5 = unit tess, pst f WE weight of vessel above the section under consideration, 1b. circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, in. thickness ofthe shell or skirt, in. clements are given in tables beginning on page 374 ‘The weight of different61 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS VIBRATION ‘As a result of wind, fall towers develop vibration. The period of the vibration should be limited, since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue failure. The allowable period has been computed from the maximum permissible deflection. ‘The so called harmonic vibration is not discussed in this Handbook since the trays as usually applied and their supports prevent the arising of this problem. FORMULAS Period of Vibration: sec. T= o.000026s (f° Maximum Allowable Period of Vibration, 7 sec. 7,-0.80-V %, NOTATION = Outside diameter of vessel, ft. = Length of vessel including skit, 32.2 0 persee, squared, acceleration “Thickness of skirt atthe base, i. otal shear, Ib. CH, see page 61 Weight of tower, Ib. = Weight of tower per foot of height, Ib. eeyrk RO DESIGNOF TALL TOWERS SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of @ cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end. ‘The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1997 (UBC). FORMULAS. MOMENT oo Me [FX H+ (V-F)X QHD) ts Ry | MTF, XX] forks /, pond y My ee F,)X HB) TT Base Shear 4 The base shear is the total horizontal seismic shear at the base of a tower. The triangular loading pattern and the shape of the tower shear diagram due to that load- (Seismic Loading Diagram ing are shown in Fig, (a) and (6). A portion of F, of total horizontal seismic force Wis assumed to be applied at the top ofthe tower. The remainder of the base shear is A thus My (Fy X+ WF) (OC- HB) I= [330 x 96 + (4,296 -330) (100-33) ]= 281,138 Ibr g iS 7 Sa 8 A) é no 5 PF y & uke z 5 % eg : g WN & — s eax Cl i - % 5 Va AGS “FES67 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ECCENTRIC LOAD Design of Tall Towers ELASTIC STABILITY ‘Towers and their interna! equipment are usually symmetrical around the vertical axis and cus the weight of the vessel sets up compressive stress only. Equipment attached to the vessel on the outside can cause unsymmetrical distribution of the loading due to the weight and result in bending stress. This unsymmetrical arrange- rment of small equipment, pipes and openings may be neglected, but the bending stresses exerted by heavy equipment are additional to the bending stresses resulting rom wind oF seismic load, wR” Sle x 152 x 025 When there is more then one eccentric load, the moments shall be summarized, taking the resultant of all eccentric loads. ‘A tower under axial compression may fallin two ways because of instability: 1, By buckling of the whole vessel (Euler buckling) 2. By local buckling In thin-walled vessels (when the thickness of the shell js less than one-tenth of the inside radius) local buckling may occur at @ unit load less than that required to cause failure of the whole vessel. The out of roundness of the shell is a very significant factor in the resulting istability. The formulas for investigation of elastic stability are given in this Handbook, developed by Wilson and Newmark. Elements of the vessel which are primarily used for other purposes (tray supports, downcomer bars) may be considered also as stiffeners against buckling if closely spaced. Longitudinal stiffeners increase the rigidity of the tower more effectively than circumferential stiffeners, If the rings age not continuous around the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined in the Code UG-29 ( FORMULAS ALLOWABLE STRESS (5) Withaar Suffer with Safer $= 1,500,000 ebyietd point) | s=1:500.000 V7, (23 veld) ‘NOTATIONS; essa es fon lal ns = Grou sectional area of one cetnrenal stifles Distance beweon login sifeer, in Disiance betwee creumferental sient, in Mean rs oe yen Allonable compressive Se, ps = Taskness of sel in 4 z ? g te FORMULAS : REQUIRED WouENT | staess | REQUIRE 7 we we | 1 ee | Sona Base | NOTATION = Bromus dtc fom the ove ais center of fees | a = Etre of weet ons fa Moan of cen font, 8. B= Mem rio of ene S$ © Sten sae of manny attending ss, ps 3 {= Totnes yee xing conn owas Wy = Besson EXAMPLE Given: € 4 01m, Deteine moment, M, and ses, S. k= 1sin Moment, = We = 1000 x 4 ™ 4000 1 5 025in oo > ! < 1000 W Stow gw XE any ag. Toe egies fhe sl when logy 08 © stoned 3 sea Ae The equines of sal hen ctl i Nien EXAMPLE Given: R= JB ja, Determine the allowable compressive ses (S) coasts : 150,000 F 1,500,000 «0.25 39 35 pi Give: Ay = 159. in R cy 4 in Determine the allowable compressive stress (S) using Longitudinal, stiffener stiffener rings fee sed there op = 1800.00 eo 1 = 1 = 0.25 in a 1 gaitage 1500.000 EFT m 22.438 PSL = 0.25 + 0.04 = 0.29 " Reference: Wilson, W. M., and Newmnark N, Mi: The Strength of Thin Cylindrical Shells as Columns, Eng. Exp. Sta. Univ I bull. 255, 1933.DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DEFLECTION ‘Towers should be designed to deflect no more than 6 inches per 100 feet of height. The Weflectiom due to the wind load may be calculated by using the formula for uniformly loaded cantilever beam. au FORMULA Aya PDH (2HY EL iy 7 \ AM ‘ [NOTATIONS ‘Kh yy = Maximum deflection a the ) Dy = Wid of the over | 2) = Mods of else = Length of vessel 12 mt moment of inert for thin cynical shel A | s Py EXAMPLE Give: Detemine the maximam detection: by D, = 2h. 6in, B'S 500000 4g _ PADyH (at H = 48,0 we = GET 1 SR 0.31% wink 4 1.69 om nea be ™ 730,000,000 x 12x 3.14 x oats ~ | ‘The maximum allowable deflection 6 inches per 100 ft. of height: x6 100 for 48-0" = = 2.88 in Since te actual deflection does not exceed this limit, the designed thickness ofthe skirt is satisfactory he thickness of the tower fe nal "Tower Detleet DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS COMBINATION OF STRESSES + Stress due = Stress due to weight ‘Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), external pressure and weight of the vessel: Stress Condition leeward side — Stress due to wind — Stress due to ext. press = Stress due to weight At windward side + Stress due to wind ~ Stress due to ext. press — Stress due to weight ‘The positive signs denote tension and the negative signs denote compression. The of the stresses indicate whether tension or compression is governing. ‘The stresses shall be calculated at the following locations: At the bottom of the tower Under these different conditions, the weight of the vessel and consequently, the ions are also different. Besides, during erection or dismantling the ‘not under internal or external pressure, For analyzing the strength of tall towers under various loadings by this Handbook, the maximum stress theory has been applied0 n COMBINATION OF STRESSES (cont.) The bending moment due o wind i decreasing fom th Dotiom tote top of the tower, thus the plate thickness can alto be decreased accordingly one of ‘Table‘A'and Figure Bate convenient ads to fad the Sates down from the top of the tone for witch seas chose soease DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ‘wt, [05 [06 [07 TOR [09 T1.0 [ia ]i2 ]i3 jis [ts [16 [LT m {1.0 |0.91| 0.86| 0.79] 0.74] 0.71 | 0.67 [0.64 | 0.62] 0.60 |0.58] 0.56 0:54] wi, [ES [ES [2.0 [22 [24 [26 ]28 3.0 33 [36 [a0 [as 150 m” |0.53}0.51] 0.50] 0.48] 0.46) 0.44 10.42 /0.41 | 0:39] 0.37 [0.35] 0.33 |032 TABLE A, VALUES OF FACTOR m Since the longitudinal stress due to internal pressure is one half of the circumferential stress, one half of the required wall thickness for internal pressure is available to resist the bending force of the a ‘wind, From Table A, using factor m can be found the distance X down from the top tangent line within which the thickness calcu a lated for internal pressure satisfactory also to resist the wind | pressure, Xo =Hxm {, ~The required thickness for internal pressure (Hoop Tension) in 4, = The required thickness for wind pressure atthe bottom head joint to shell, in EXAMPLE: f= 0.233 in, 4, = 0.648 in, 4/4, = 0.688/0.233 = 2.7 = 100 From Table m = 0.43 and X = mH = 0.43 x 100 = 43 f Figure B shows the moment diagram of a tower under wind | ressure. The diagram ean also be used to select the appropriate plate thickness at various heights, EXAMPLE: oa Ath height of 0.71 the required thickness is 0.5 =| times the thickness required atthe bottom, gloa. 1 da requited thickness is g for intemal pressure, = 0,250 in Blo {for wind load, 1, 625 in e atthe bottom required Sle { Bret, =0.750 in S| at height 0.71 Hs Elan 7 0.5 x 0.750 = 0375 in 2 thickness for intemal ow pressure 1/2 = 0125 in + required thickness at 0.71 H = 0.500 in, os. 10. O10Re3 080506070809 10 Fig B Ratio of plate thickness required at the bottom G2 * «) to thickness required at the consid- cfed height. EXAMPLE - A Required thickness of cylindrical shell under internal pressure and wind load, DESIGN CONDITIONS D. = 2ft.0 in inside diameter of vessel Dy = 2 ft 6in, wiih of ter wit inslaon, ete B' = 085 efficiency of welded joints fe 48 tcOin length of tower fhe = 4140 in distance ftom the base fo the bottom ead to shell joist 2 = Bp nenal paw P= 30 pel wind presure BO The inside rade of vessel $= 15t0ops sues valve of SA 285 C imate at 200°F temperature v= Toa shear [No allowance for corrosion. ‘Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of te long seams PR 250 x 12 3,000 _ 9998 in "= SE oer ~ 1ST00x 085 — 06 x 250 ~ 13,195 “Minimum required thickness for intemal pressure considering the strength ofthe girth seams: PR 250 12, "956 + O4P ~ 2% 15,700 x 0.85 + 04 x 250 [Required thickness for longitudinal bending due to wind pressure, Moment at the base (M) PLXD, XH = VX hy = 38 x 2.5 x 48 = 3,600 x 24 = 86,400 fb, Moment at the bottom seam (Ms) My = M.~ hy (V — 0.5 P, Dy hy) = 86,400 ~ 4 (3,600 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 2.5 x 4) 86,400" 13,800 = "72,600'R. 1b. = 72,600 "12 = 871,200 in, Ib. ‘Required thickness: 3,000 = 55.799 7 0-112 in M, 871,200 871,200 s Me, 871200 871.200 gy i, Ria SE™ 12 x 318 x 15,700 x 0.85 ™ 6,037,135 “The required thickness celeulated with the strength of the bottom girth seam: For wind pressure 0.145 in. Forint pessufe 0.172 1 isis greater than the thickness calculated with TOTAL 0.254 the strength ofthe longitudinal seam therefore, this ‘minimum thickness 0.257 in. shall be used For simple vessels where the moment due to wind is smal, the above etleultion is satisfactory Vessels which are subject to larger loadings may need closer investigation with respect also to tconomical viewpoints, See pages 76:86 for skin, base and anchor bat design,2 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS EXAMPLE B Reuedthckness of ysl shell under combined loadings of ineral press, wind and Weight of tower EXAMPLE B (CONT.) “Te preliminary caleslation ofthe required wal thick- iat Shows tht at the bottom approumatey 0.73 i, plate is equled, to withstand the wind loxd snd internal Presse, while at the top the wind lsd isnot factor fn for intemal pressure (hoop tension) only 025 pate 76 5 = fo; DESIGN DATA D = 38. 0%n, imide dameter Dy = 3.1 6 in. with of veal wit ination, allowance for ping, et. OS eieency of welded seams = 41. Din distance fom the bate to the boom head to shell join. 100 f. 0 i. length of tower 150 pantera presse 30 pit wind pesswe 18, inside ais of vere 15700psi ses ue of SA-285C material x 200°F temperature = Teal shear 221 seams eles Circumference of shell onthe mean diameter, a (Gonesion allowance not required) a oe Minimum que Wickes former press considering te beg of he anginal ‘seam of shell. . ¥ PR 150 x18 SE — 06 ~ 15700 x 0.85 — 0.6 150 ~ 0204. Use 0.25 in, plate “Minimum required thicksess for internal pressure considering the strength of the cicumferen- tial seam of shel PR 130 x18 ear 25E + 04P ~ 2x 15700 x 085 + 04 X 150 = “Minimum required thickness for head PD. 150 x 36, eae 0.203 in 2% 15100 x 0.85 — 02 150 Wind Lood Px Dy x H vo x hy Vessel 30x 3.5 x 100 = 10.500 x3) Platform 30 x Blin. ft 240 x96 Ladder 30 X 98 in, f 2.340 x 49 Total shear 13,680 = 692,108. Ib, moment at base Moment tthe bottom head seam (4p) My = M ~ hy (V = 05 P,Djhy) = (692,100 ~ 4 (13680 ~ 015 x 30% 3.5 x 4) = 638,220 fb. pe BM, 12 x 638,220 = 258.610 Rew SE ~ 1X 3.14 x 15700 x 0.85 ~ 13,583,556 = 0564 ‘Try 0.750 in, plate forthe lower courses FOr it. pressure 0.101 0.665 in, i satitactory. For economical reasons Its tdvistble 0 Use ferent plate thicknesses at various heights of the tower, ‘The thickness required for hoop tension (0.25 in.) serves to rest also the wind load toa certain distance down {tom the top. Find this distance (X) from table A, Page 70 tw/tp = 0.5640.204 = 2.7 then X= 0.89 x H= 43 ft From diagram B, Page 72. can be found the required thickness and lebgth of the intermediate shell sections Using 8 f. wide pate, the vessel shall be constructed from: (5) 0.25 thick 8 ft. wide courses 40 ft. (@) 0.50 thick 8 {€ wide courses, 32 ft G) 0.75 thick 8 ft. wide courses 24 ft. Total 56% WEIGHT OF THE TOWER (See tables beginning on page 374) Shell 40 x 97 380 ‘Skit 4 x 195 32 x 195 240 Base ring 24 x 294 7035 Anchor ring Head top 0.3125 nom. 160 Anchor lugs bot. 0.8125 nom, 393 Int. plate work 300 + 6% ‘Tay suppors 0 Insulation rings 20 Sy Opening 500 F Tass _‘sulation Platform + 6% alisg Plato 20983 Ib. Piping say 21,000 say 10,000 1. TOTAL ERECTION WEIGHT: 33,000 Ib Trays 600 Operating liquid 2400 ' 300016, + Erection Wt. at ‘TOTAL OPERATING WEIGHT: 36.000 Ib, ‘Test water 42,0001. + Erection Wt 33,000 Ib. TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,0001. ‘For weight of water content, sce Pagem 15 EXAMPLE B (CONT,) EXAMPLE B (CONT.) (Checking the stresses withthe preliminary ealclated plate thicknesses ‘Stress in the shell at the bottom head to shell joint: Pate thekness 0.75. Pout Stee deo itm esnare 5 = 22 a 80 23625 «i937 pg, iba, 2 x 628.200 Stress due to wine s-2 - eee ,632 psi Siete Gs a Remt 18.375? x 3.14 x 0.75 eae Soo Teresina $= Gar Tiss x 075 7 358 mH Sooo in opening condition oy = eg COMBINATION OF STRESSES WINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDE IN EMPTY (ERECTION) CONDITION. Stes due to wind + 9,640 | Stress de to wind 9,640 Sires dc to weight "S58 | Stes ue foweaht = "958 + 9.282 psi "9.998 psi (No int. presure ducing sxetion) TR OPERATING CONDITION, Tiss dae fo a pro Sires due to wind > 9640 Stes due to wind Stier due fo weight =” '392 ~10,032 Sires due to weight uss due to int. pres. 5/1837 8.195 pst ‘The tensile sires 11,085 pst in operating condition on the windward side governs. The allowable stress for the plate material with 0.85 joint efficiency is 13,345. Bsk Thus the selected 0.75 in. thick plate at the bottom of the Vewel is eatisfectory. Stress in the shell at 72 ft. down from the top of tower, Plate thickness 0.50 ia, ‘Suess due to wind, x Px Dx X= Vx SoM, Shell 30. 35 x T2= 7,560 x 36 = 272,160 Platform 30 Blin-ft, = 240 x 68 = 16,300 Ladder’ 30 x 70linsft, = 2.100 x 35 = 731500 ‘otal Moment, = 361380 fb 2M, 12 x 361,960 So Reet ~ iBase x 3.14 x 050 ~ $508 si ‘Suress due to internal pressure (As calculated previously) 1,837 Tal 10,140 psi ‘The aeaation of trees tthe ottom head bak shown that the sexe onthe windward sid in operating condidon goremn and the stfect of the weight in tient Theor thot Yrs caolon it can be see tht he ee 140 pt doesnot exceed the allowable stiest13,348 Pol Thus the selected 090, in, thick plate is satisfactory. Be a ‘Stress in the shall at 40 ft. down from the top of the tower, Plate thickness 0.25 in. Stress due 1 wind. x xD, xX =v xE=M, Shell 30. 3.5 x 40-= 4,200 x 20 = 64,000 Plaform 30 x Bilin. = 240 x 36= 8,640 Ladder” 30 x 36 lin. f= 1,100 x 19 = 21,660 “Taal Moment M, = 114300 8. 2M, 12 x 118.300, BM 2K 114.300 Lg 5 s Rat 18,125? X 3.14 0.25 ue Stress due to internal pressure (As ealouled previously) 1,837 psi Tat 77.153 pst ‘The 0.25 in, thick plate for shell at 40 ft. distance from top of the tower is satisfactory. No further calculation is required on the same reason mentioned above.16 n DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT A skirt is the most frequently used and the most satisfactory support for vertical vessels. Iti attached by continuous welding to the head and usually the required size ofthis welding determines the thickness of the skirt Figures A and B show the most common type of skit to head attachment. In the calctlation ofthe required weld siz, the values of joint efficiency given by the Code (UWI2) may be used. FORMULA 12M, W R sSE* DaSE NOTATIONS, Outside diameter of skirt in, Efficiency of skirt to head joint, (0.6 for butt weld, Fig. A,0.45 for lap weld, Fig. B) Moment atthe skirt to head joint, ft Ib Outside radius of skir, in. Stress value ofthe head or skirt material whichever issmaller, pi. 1 = Required thickness of skirt, in W = Weight of the tower above the skirt to the head joint, in operating condition. NOTE: Using extiemely high skirt, the stresses at the base may govern. To calculate the required thickness of | the skirt, in this case the above formula can be used, considering the moment and weight atthe base; E= 1 EXAMPLE, Given the same vessel considered in Example B, D=375in, S = 15,700stress value E = 0,60 forbutt joint of S4-285—Cplate W = 31,0001, Determine the required skit thickness, I2Mr ,__12 638,220 eee T87S7X3.14X15,700%K06 — ~0736in For weight: He SSE =0.easin DX3.14XSE 3.75 %3.14 X 15700 X06 TOTAL = =0.764in, Use 13/16” thick plate for skirt, Vertical vessels, stacks and towers must be fastened to the concrete foundation, skid or other structural frame by means of anchor bolts and the base (bearing) fing, ‘The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts must be in multiple of four and for tall towers itis preferred to use minimum eight bolts, ‘Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely’ spaced anchor bolts is not fully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not closer than about 10 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small diameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical skirt or wider base ring with gussets Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area within the root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. ‘The root areas of bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance one eighth of an inch should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts. For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described: 1, An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cates, 2. A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and ‘other circumstances make it necessary. Th TABLET rr NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS TABLE A i H ‘Diameter of tinimum | Maximum Bolt circle in. Mi 2 eu ae ane 2410 36 4 4 ciel CE | 3 3 % | 0.126 118 5/8 60 to 78 12 a es Lr % | 0302 five [ase] | ates | 6 | 20 % | 0419 |iwa | 15/16 a 1 | ess igre | tans 1% | 0.693 | 1-1/2 | 1-1/8 1% | 0.890 | 1-3/4 | 1-1/4 TABLE C 1% | 1.034 | 1-7/8 | 1-3/8 | MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR 1%| 1294 |2 | vi | |_pouts usep as ANCHOR BOLT Wa) isis | 28 | 15/8 | [Specitication Max. allow 1%] 744 [oie | aa | |S Number | Plameter in, fees os 1% 20a | 23/8 | 12718 2 |'x300 | 2172 | 2 SA307 —_[alldiameters | 15,000 2% | ¥020 [23/4 | 214 | [SA19387 [%andunser | 19.000 24! 3.11 | 3116] 23/8 | |SA193B16 |2%and under 17,000 24| ders {aa | 25/8 | |SA193B 7 lover2%to- inet) 18000 3 | S21 [aay | 278 | [SA193B16 fover2%t04inet| 15,000 ‘REFERENCES, Therese eared hee wore sel nd Nocatee Dah Way and Sos 199 Wel seetng ot dns, Vol 82 Ser Be Feb, 150, neues opens Roms. Tans ve * For bolts with standard threads,B DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT (Approximate Method) ‘A simple method for the design of anchor bolts is to assume the bolts replaced by a Continuous ring whose diameter is equal to the bolt circle. ‘The required area of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition of tower. DESIGN OF BASE RING (Approximate Method) ‘The formulas below are based on the following considerations: 1 The bearing surface of the base ring shall be large enough to distribute the load uniformly on the concrete foundation and thus not to exceed the allowable kear~ FORMULAS, ing load ofthe foundation. otanal 2. The thickness ofthe base ring shall resist the bending stress induced by wind or Tension Ibvfin. in, 7. earthquake, ‘Required Area of | FORMULAS, One Bolt Sq. in. By i 1] Maximum Compression Stress in Anchor ht |_teatin i Bolt psi. Se ‘Approximate Width of Be Ring, NOTATION 5 Ay = Area within the bot cizcle, £9 in | Approvinae Teens Cy = Circumference of bot ciel in AM = Moment atthe base due to wind or earthquake, ft Ib [Number of anchor bolts ‘Maximum allowable stress value of bolt material ps. ‘= Weight of the vessel during erection, Ib EXAMPLE, Given bot circle = 20 in then: Determine the size and numberof required anchor bos 707 xq in. . aia 7 ZX 86400 _ 6.000 9 in, in 6400 fb 701 . (60001. dring erection. ae ‘= 15000 psi. the maximum 1402 94 9 196 29, in. allowable sess value of 15,000 x 4 the anchor bolt material, N= 4 numberof bolt, (Gee Table B on the Preceding Page) From Table A. Page 77 the root area of 2" bolt is 2.300 69. in. 0.125 in for corrosion, use: ‘Since the maximum allowable stress 15,090 psi, the selected number and size of bots are satisfactory. N Base ing, in Bearing Stes, ps Bending Stes, pe ‘NOTATION ‘Area of base ring = 0.7854 (D?, - D}) sq. in ‘Area within the skit, sq in Circumference on O.D. of skirt, in, ‘Safe bearing load on concrete, psi. See Table E, on Page 80 Cantilever inside or outside, whichever is greater, in. Dimensions, as shown on sketch above. (For minimum dimensions see Table ‘Aon page 77) ‘Moment atthe base due to wind or earthquake, ft. Ib ‘Weight of vessel during operation or test Ib EXAMPLE, Given: Determine the minimum width and thickness of M™= 86,400. Ib. base rng for operating condition 500 psi from 12 86,400 | 7,500. Table E, Page 80 p.=!2X 86400 , 7,500 ini. Anchor bolts: aan in. 7 476 eee ODD. of skirt: 24.625 in. 2275 aa 2275... 55in, but from Table A, page 77 the 500 minimum dimension for /, Bain. and for],=2% ing tse 6 in, wide base ring 4 032X5=1.60in Use I in. thick basering 5, 3X205 XS 10,167 psi 7S Bending Stress Using SA 285 C plate for base ring, 15,700 psi allowable stress can be taken. Thus the widd tnd Wich: of he bo tg aceatsoy Hen Ti te in ‘eet sald Seced ds fr sondion ‘Then 4,= 4765q. in, TTin, Checking stresses: 5-22 XT soi Beafing stress80 81 DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING When a tower is under wind or earthquake load, on the windward side tensional stress arises in the steel and on the opposite side compressive stress inthe concrete foundation, It is obvious then that the area of the bolting and the area of the base ring are related, As the anchor bolt area increased, the base ring area can be decreased, With the design method given here, the minimum required anchor bolt area for a practical size of base ring can be found. The strength of the steel and the concrete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincide with the centerline of the skirt, Design procedure: | 1. Determine the rae of k aie 2 Caeante the rested se an momber of a snchor bolt See age 77 Table B ali 3, Determine the ide sd out dametr ofthe ae Sue 12|37] 4, Check the stésses in the anchor bolts and foundation 5. If the deviation between the allowable and ctual ‘streses ae too lange, repeat the ‘aloultion Calculate the base rng thickness Use gusset plates, anchor chairs or *Mltm| ompresdon ring itis necessary for vetier . rae See St es emcee cana Seaena nae eee ae eee oe eR ee Sa Sua ree gel ua |e # ig 1 © sa) | *| = Sit] fg | Bt | HB os —sxx— ame ea 3S Bis 0.333 0.00787. | 0428/1) at] eee) AB | Me) ase | Game | cece Lt a FE ae 0.667 0.055867 | - 0.227411 a E too | oaare | “aunt ast Be 1.500 0123 £8 | 0.124 f0" | HE| BB | aw | om ze | Donasae 38 | HB | 3000 | iss ce | Losae | amaze | cameo trp a Fee ore See notation on facing page. ‘Wiuaate 28 dey [2000 | 2800 | 2000 | 3750 Strenath_pe ‘Allowable compe | p00 | ro00 Tan Strength fe pe ED Safe bearing loud a] eae aa fy el a Factor wf nf w]e | | FORMULAS ‘ae of comnts dwmacaen | F*Tp Toa quand ar ofmenrbats | 9,9, Hd Bee By Tattonip between mex atowane] —_Je=/atlG! 14 on anchor bolts, Feb Je sre in anchor bolts, 8, pi “Thicknes of ering which has an ates equal fo heaves of anchor Renew z fo" Gr nye, ‘sompresion in concrete, Tonahip between tension a Hea Base ring thicknese without gusset = VTS rng thickness with guset te, 8 (Guimax ta |e i w gopraeRctpS snes NOTATION The distance between gusset plates, measured on are of bolt circle in ‘Total area required for anchor bolt sq in. ‘Constants, sce Table D on the preceding page. Diameter of anchor bolt circle, in Diameter of anchor bok ciel, ‘Compressive stress in the concrete atthe outer edge ofthe base ring, pi Constant, see Table D on the preceding page 11, in, = with ofthe base ring, in foment atthe base due to wind or earthquake ft Ib Compressive stress inthe concrete atthe bolt circle, psi ‘or M,, whichever is greater. See Table F on the preceding page Ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel and concrete Es/Ec. See Table E. Radius of bolt circle, in Allowable tensile stress on anchor bolts, psi faximum allowable stess value of base pate, Pi ‘Weight of the tower atthe base, Ib ‘onstant, See Table D on the preceding page.Using 12 anchor bots, the required root area for one bolt 23.50/12 = 1,958 in From Table A 17 i, diameter bolt would be satisfactory but adding in. for corosion, use (12) -2 in, diameter anchor bolt. ‘Tensile load on the anchor bots Required thickness of base ring 1) = 6 in. 1 TTS =6 EBB 2 406 To dectease the thickness of the base ring, use gusset plates. Using (24) gusset plates, the distance between the gussets 4 2 s DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING EXAMPLE EXAMPLE (Cont.) Checking vale of which was clolted with ime value of 1,00 pind DESION DATA: DETERMINE Sees Pee Rin. dancer of ac tlicice. These and amber Thea the consis om OS fain. dae af cor ek ter ls an oe ‘leas 4 rym teuiratceecinl see Tpit ab tne Fy 1+ ne eerie inion ie © age 8) woe re 5 ee oem 4, = Todt awa compe ste ot flame ‘concrete (Table E, Page 80) yee z = 0461 = Sd arlene ae of bs 8 ~ Rp ao et be . pe M MD _ 621t0-$010X086X3 son yon 5, = 1800p alae sie ses in ots AD OSX ; Been ae eee = 21008 Remon ese piss Pt etter soumios 8 Fb, “TBR SOERB ‘ett 8h we ue ing and aconresve ses tt bok cit, = 1.00 p ‘Bene conta fom Fen Fy+7 1571923600019, 19218 pee eee Le 73 R0 tee pork Iwas TO x 1,000 O83 Gare ni )FC,(TBISF1OX0.125)30% 1184 oa Compressive sess inthe anchor bos. . ‘isis in satis ee ee fate Bs = a9 PAOD 00g pi Ren me ed f= 10X 955,950 a $1 Px 035 x value of fy = 1,000 psi ‘Compressive stress in the concrete atthe outer edge of the base ring: equi ac ef ecorbls 2X019X60-+8 TM Wad yng 12x 62100 = 36,00 0407 x 0 96 x2 X01 X08. 595 LM = Wal gg 12 X 100 = 36000 x OAT 359 i FSO Bem Da ig = 828775335 x 18,000 X 0.783 x 6 a | med IO” 3500 105213 _ supp, SD ants x 3 | Tes sees int anchor bos | f 157150 | =p Gy = OTIS BX TIS = 17.960 vst j = - 32s onrsin. ad 3x © Compressive load on the concrete: ly = 1 ~ f, = 8.0 ~ 0.125 = 7.875 in E, 193,150 Cel coniecl F10% XT “a+ mre, O = 430 psi Fd oy gst 6 arash = 0.764 from Table F: Mega My = 0.196 fol? $0,196 X 805 X 6= 5680 in, b, EXC, «. Pict to FS oa0" 1.5076 in, Use 1% in, thick base plate,85 ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS, ‘The chairs are designed for the maximum load which the bolt can transmit to them. ‘The anchor bolt size and base plate shall be calculated as described on the fore- going page All contacting edges of the plates shall be welded with continuous fillet weld. The leg size of the fillet weld shall be one half of the thinner joining plate thickness. DIMENSIONS inches eee] 4 8 c D> E F G 1 fe [oa | am [im Poa foam [oan ws | vm | 3 | om | tm | oe | asm | ase a | 2 3 | mm | om fa | aa | am pa fas | 4 3 | ose fa | ase |e un | ame | 4 | 3 fom | tm | am | 2 wis | ame | 4 fa | osm foam | atm | ve | an | 5 | 3m foam | ne | a” | om vs | ame | os [osm foam | a | ame | 2% 2 | am | sf 3m | am | im | om | ate am | 3 6 | 4 wae | Ba | 2% wa fam | 6 | & 2” | am | 3 pa | am | 7 | s ain | 3° | au 3 |am fo | s ain | 3m | 3a ‘The above table is taken from Scheiman A.D. Short Cuts to Anchor Bolting and Base Ring Sizing.Petroleum Refiner, lune 1963. NOTES86 STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY SADDLES ‘The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zick’s analysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zick’s work (Pressure Vessel ‘nd Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers to the analysis of Zick. ‘The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with slight modification and further refinement. Zick’s work has also been used in Aifferent studies published in books and various technical periodicals. ‘The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972) ‘A horizontal vessel on saddle support acts sa beam with the following deviations: 1, The loading conditions are diferent fora full or partly filed vessel 2. The sreses in the vessel vary according tothe angle included by the saddles. 3. The load dv tothe weight of the vest is combined with ther lads. LOADINGS: 1, Reaction of the saddles. It is a recommended practice to design the vessel for at least a full waterload., 2, Internal Pressure, Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one half of ‘the circumferential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thickness is availabe to resist the load of the weight, 3. External pressure, If the vessel is not designed for full vacuum because vacuum ‘occurs incidentally only, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especially when the vessel outlet is connected to a pump. 4. Wind load, Long vessels with very small t/t values are subject to distortion from wind pressure. According to Zick “experience indicates that a vessel designed to 1 psi. external pressure can successfully resist external loads en- ‘countered in normal service.” 5. Impact Loads, Experience shows, that during shipping, hardly calculable im- ‘pact Toads can damage the vessels. When designing the width of the saddles and the weld sizes, this circumstance isto be considered, 7 LOCATION OF SADDLES. ‘The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economically over the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stiffener rings is necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the location ‘of openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case, then the saddles can be pliced at the statically optimal point. Thin walled Vessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize the stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick walled vessels are best supported Where the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to the stress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle ofthe saddles, The distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be more than (0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L) Contact Angle @ ‘The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120°, except for very small vessels. (Code Appendix G-6). For unstiffened cylinders under exter- nal pressure the contact angie is mandatorily limited to 120° by the ASME Code. UG-29. ‘Vessels supported by saddles are subject to: 1. Longitudinal bending stress 2. Tangential shear stress 3. Circumferential stress88 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES NOTATION: All dimension in inches Q'= Leadon one saddle ts R = Raciue of hall 1h = Wall thickness of head (Excluding corrosion allow.) X = Constant, See page 90 G = Contact angle of saddle degree alae a E\z5 Max. Allow. Stress 3 \S5 2\26 Internal presto (PR/24) shall not 5 \8E ced the towable stem ale of [28 Shel mater neste effceney of 5/88 Bi Seams 2/83 1 comprension the ston de to in 3 a3 {ermal prestre minor Stall oto B\e2 Sed Sne halt ofthe! compration BES doi hero 5 [28 Even 8 | 72 |Sigene com (100,40) bees Sp sal not exceed 0.8 times the = laze) ow allowable stress value of vessel ma- 2 ig2 | sits tera 2 (2 | os i By 2 18a | ado NOTE: Use formula with factor K Fee iF rng not sed or sings ae adjcant a to the sada Use formals with fac= 2 ee {or Ke if ing wad in plane of sade, 3 | ita & ope 2K 218 (SGM) 212 | sq sha not exceed 1.50 tines the ELE} ads stlownbe tna steve of ah 2 [z)6| sibue[,_ oak. B Iv H TALSETRT) UE | sg sna not exceed 0.5 times the gi sompreon veld pola of shell mee E [a Yootton| 5,0 ao 3) “sre SH S6/R) ole WOH S6VRE) 89 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES STRESS NOTES: Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression. E = Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ing materia pound pe square inch LONGITUDINAL BENDING ‘The maximum bending strees § may be either tension or compression. Computing the tension stress in the formula for 8, for factor K the values of Ky shall be used. Computing the compression stress in the formula for Sy, for factor K the values of Kg shall be used. When the shell is stiffened, the value of factor K = 3.14 in the formula for Sy ‘The compression stres is not factor in a steel vessel where t/R 0,005 and the vessel is designed to be fully stressed under internal pressure. Use stiffener ring if stress S exceeds rhe maximum allowable stress. TANGENTIAL SHEAR, If wear plate is used, in formulas for Sp for the thickness t may be taken the ‘sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/10 inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the saddle and an adjacent stiffener ting. In unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle. When. the head stiffness is utilized by locating the saddle close to the heads, the tangential shear stress can cause an additional stress (S3) in the heads. "This sess shall be added to the stzest in the heads due to internal pressure. ‘When stiffener rings are used, the maximum shear occurs at the equator. CIRCUMFERENTIAL If wear plate is used, in formulas for Sq for the tpickness t may be taken the sum of the shell and wear plate thickness and for ¢2 may be taken the shell thick- rest squared plus the wear plate thickness squited, provided the wear plate ‘extends R/10 inches above the horn of the saddle ,and AcR/2, ‘The combined ‘lzcumferential sess atthe top edge of the wear plate should also be checked. When checking at this point: t = shell thickness, B= width of saddle 9 = central angle of the wear plate but not more , than the included angle of the saddle plus 12' If wear plate is used, in formulas for Ss for the thickness ts may be taken the sum of the shell and wear olate thickness, provided the widih of the wear plate equals atleast b + 1.S6y Rly If the shell is not stiffened, the maximum stress occurs at the born of the saddle. ‘This stress i not be to added to the internal pressure-stress, In a stiffened shell the maximum ring-compression Is at the bottom of shell. se stiffener ring if the circumferential bending stress exceeds the maximum allowable stress.91 ‘STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO ‘SADDLES *K, = 3.14 if the shel is VALUES OF CONSTANT K (aterpolate for Intermediate Values) stiffened by ring or head (A < R/2) CONTACT ANGLE | kit | Xo | Ks | Ka) Xs | Ke | Kr | Ke 120 | 0335] 1.471 0880 | 0.401 0.760 } 0.603, 12 | 0345) 11139 0846 | 0.393 0.753 | 0.618 124 | 0.355] 3.108 0313 | 0385 0.746 | 0.634 126 | 0.366] 1.078 0781 | 0377 0.739 | 0.651 128 | 0376] 1.050 0751 | 0369 0.732 | 0.669 x30 | 0387 1.022 0.722 | 0362 0.726 | 0.689 132 | 0398) 0996 0.694 | 0.355 0.720 | 0.705 134 | 0409 | 0971 0.661 | 0347 ora | 0.722 136 | 0.420| 0.946 0.641 | 0340 02708 | 0.740 138 | 0432 | 0923 ote | 0334 0.702 ) 0-159 140 0.443 | 0.900 | 9319 | 0592 | 0.327 0.697 | 0.780 142 | 0455 | 0879| For | 0569] 0.320| See | 0.692) 0.796 144 | 0467 | 0858 | Any | 0547 | 0314) chart | 0.687 | 0813, 146 | 0.480 | 0.837 | Con | 0526 | 0308] on | 0.682 | 0831 148 | 0492 | 0818 | Tac | 0.505 | 0.301 | facing | 0.678 | 0-853 150 | 0,505 | 0.799] Angtes| 0.485 | 0295 | page | 0.673 | 0876 ys. | osis | 0.781] “9 | oes | 0.289 0,669 | 0.894 154 | 0531) 0.263 0.448 | 0.283 0.665 | 0.913, 156 | 9.544 | 0.746 0430 | 0278 0.661 | 0.933, 138 | 0557 | 0729 0.413 | 022 0.657 | 0.954 160 | 0571 | 0713 0.396 | 0:26 0.684 | 0976 162 | 0.585 } 0,698 0.380 | 0.261 0.650 | 0.994 164 | 0599 | 0.683 0365 | 0.256 0647 | 1.013, 166 | 0.613 | 0.668 0350 | 0.250 0.643 | 1.033 168 | 0.627 | 0.654 0336 | 0.245 0.640 | 1.054 170 | 0.642 | 0.640 0322 | 0.240 0.637 | 1.079 172 | 0657 | 0.627 0.309 | 0235 0.635 | 1.097 174 | 0.672 | asia 0296 | 0.230 0.632 | 1116 176) 0687 | 0.601 0.283 | 0.225 0.629 | 1.137 178 | 0.702 | 0.589 o27i | 0220 0.627 | 1158 180 | 0.718 | 0577 0260 | 0216 0.624 | 1.183, STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO ‘SADDLES VALUES OF CONSTANT Kg 0.04 0.03 ‘VALUES OF CONSTANT Ke, 002 oot ot OS vo TS Zo RATIO AR Gwe2 B ‘STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO SADDLES EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO SADDLES EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS (cont.) LONGITUDINAL BENDING STRESS (S,) Suress at the saddles 14, Rat 221 Lt 3AL Ca ere ¥ 3L. 30 ce KR, 0.005; 1/60= 0.017 TANGENTIAL SHEAR STRESS (S.) ‘Since A (48)>R/2 (60/ formula: 53 does not exceed the stress value of shel material multiplied by 0.8;20,000 X 0.8 = 16,000 psi CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS / Stress atthe horn of saddle 6) Since L (960) > 8R(4 A(48) > R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula: @ Kg Ck AVR =48/60 = 0.8; ‘K ~ 0.036 (rom chart) 300,000 30.036 300,000 SET G44 LS6V@RT) Ey icc ie ‘S,does not exceed the stress value of shell material = 30,000 psi Stress at bottom of shell (Ss) Ka Sa Ss — 0.760 x 300,000__ 6,319 psi T(24 + 1.36 J@OxT) ‘Ss does not exceed the compression yield point multiplied by 0.5; 38,000. 0.5 =19,000 psi Miplied by 1.5; 20,000%1.5, pe) eleiNSTIFFENER RING ace ele monc ron isa PBORERIG veges pa [ SUPPORTED BY SADDLES x | a | VALUES OF CONSTANT, K ks (Interpolate for Intermediate Values) fe Re Contact 7 7 ie See [ee [so [aoe [ase [too [aro | 0 ‘TYPE OF RING ‘MAX, STRESS FORMULAS Ky es = ay a = ci as a) Ge Ky os | os | 07 | om | os | om | om ae ae" | | nores: so seo Ki9. igo | | an igures& formulas 4-F positive Sis denote tensile stresses and nega- wets au a i tive signs denote compression, — 2. The first part of the formulas for S, gives the direct stress and the second iecoman 5 part gives the circumferential bending stress Sues atthe : 3. If the governing combined stress is tensional, te stress due to internal —_— i pressure shal be aed Tipotthe seo MO KOR | SE CALCULATION OF MOMENT OF INTERIA () Ring s 1 Determine the width of shell ‘is effective to resi Ring Inside ss Imoment. The effective width= 1.S6VR3 0.780 cones” ge} | om sethe se]: Governs. az 2 fe the stiffener ring into rectangles and calculate the areas (a) of each ne On Hu retaglacuog aren ofS Shell a2 ‘Ada the areas (a) total area = A Ring Inside. Bs Sires atthe 3 3 Stel Bs Ring Tide 38 ‘4 Stet atthe z ipaie 4 tokens 33 5. Determine the distances (h) from the neutral axis to the center of gravity of fig Oui a: cach rectangle ofthe stiffener. seo KeQ KOR | Fg 6 iply the square of distances (2) by the areas (a) and summarize the “ aa as ABP, 35 : 33 7. Calculate the moment of inertia fg of each rectangle 1g =-2.4°, where b= the Ring Inside. 2s width and d= the depth of the rectangles. ee | eee (2 . ote Stat te |= & The sum of AH? and 5g gives the moment of intertia ofthe stiffener ring and is the effective area ofthe shel ae eé example calculation onthe following pages7 STIFFENING RINGS STIFFENING RINGS _ Moment ofnertia(—ExampleCaleuations Momeat of inertia () Example Cl (All dimensions in inches — R = 72 in, outside radius of shel) (All dimensions in inches —- R= 72 in outside radius of shell) A 5 7 1 078\RA~ et T= 0.78 VRai= A e 0.78 V2 x 054.68 EZ 0.78. V7 x 05=4.68 aI 5 i ah Gee | BS AREAQ Ie ile - AREAQ Ig | mikine fi by] _996x05° 4 sae BP | P14 9.86%053 9 105 in go a Hg 98605 1030 3] | 2 Re zl RG |k[ARFAOle a | sum. it bd 05x68. t ‘ EEA | [42836 ooo! 4 AREAQ Ie e z bards _ 0.5 x63 z bod _0.5%8 9 op int tah ata 12 rt =0004in#t I anca | oy a |e | axa | ae Maas] “NA | B axe | OF 493) 025, 1.33 Tat 0.10 1 493 25, 229 st 2583 | 010 2300350, 036 [ 092236 [9.00 ae, OER FS EHH FA TT 8 | [arin = ae=i8 6] 13.10, Tom | aos] — paras — 1 = Laeanos] toi I= AH? + Ig = 19.68 + 9.10 = 28.78 int cn Me BB 24 [= AH? + Ig = 64.03 + 9.14 = 73.17 int B) 1-156 Rai = Iz 1-156 Vay = Z 136-¥72x025"6618 36. V2x0.25=6618 S| AREAQ Ig ald AREAQ Ig a bidf _13.74x0.25° _ 0.02 in+ ce by] 182022. po3 ns g me 7 R AREAQ Ig st 5:8 0.50x6 _ 9.00 in+ TT 12 AREA@, AREAQ Ig 2bad§ _ 0.50%8 _ 9 99 ins 80.25 _ 0.01 in! 12 12, * T2 MARKS | AREA MARKS og ams] “| oy |e Lon |e [ow | ofaneas| “S| y | oy | a | i? | oot? | OF @ 343 0.125 043 L455 212 10 002 u ae a = its ut _ ud 2 300 | 3250 | 975 | 053 | os | ose | 9m @ 300 | 3250 | 975 | 16m | 279 337 | 9.00 5 Tmo} ass | ans | aa6 } aan) aes) oor total | 4-643] — | ay=i0.3| = farP=1s.6s] 1e=9.02 ToraL | 4-33] — [arene] — = [a =50.73 | 7g=9.03 AY. 10.18. eas 3 Ze wdln 2283. 95 Opener cnA¥= WIS 159 p= AH? +1g= 15.64 + 9.02 = 24.66: CnAl = 223-252 ImAit? +1g~50.73 + 9.03 = 59.76.98 DESIGN OF SADDLES aT HORN OF, SADDLE EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS A B T = = ) py iy "epours [os rr 1. The saddle at the lowest section must resist the horizontal force (F). The e cross section of the saddle to resist this load is one third of the vessel radi FK,Q, Where Q= the load on one sadal K,,= constant as tabulate ++ EXPANDING VESSEL ‘Theaverage stress shall not exceed two thirds ofthe compression yield point ofthe material. (See example below.) ‘VALUES OF CONSTANT K,, Te] 130" [14015016 [10 2oa_[ 222 | 241 [259 | 279 | 298 | 318 EXAMPLE: Diameter of vessel = 8'- 6" ‘Weight of vessel = 375,000 Ibs. Q= 187,500 Ibs. ‘Web plate thickness = 0.25 in, Contact angle = 120° K,, = 0.204 from table above ches Q= 0.204 x 187,500 = 38,250 Ib. is force the effective area of web plate = R/3 x 0.25 = 4.25 in? .25 = 9,000 Ibs. per square inch. ‘The allowable stress = 26 x 30,000 = 20,000 psi. ‘The thickness of the web pl tisfactory for horizoftal force (F). 2. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longitudi- nal bending over the web. 3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the buckling, For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one ‘on the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this saddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The iength of the slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement, The coefficient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree 1000057. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimen- ‘MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. “a”) DISTANCE FOR TEMPERATURE °FSADDLE FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS 101 2000 ‘The design based on: |L._the vessel supported by two saddles 2. toresisthorizontal force (F) dveto the maximum operating weight of vessel as tabulated. 3. the maximum allowable stress is 34 of the compression yield point: #4 of 30,000 = 20,000 4. the maximum allowable load on conerete foundation 500 psi. 5. the minimum contact angle of shell and saddle 120°. Weld: %" continuous fillet weld all contacting plate edges, Drill and tap 1" weep holes in wear plate, Atte sliding saddle the nuts ofthe anchor bolts shall be hand-tight and secured by tack welding, SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENSIONS "30900 000] 2000} 70000] "7600 ‘84000 90000 ‘98000 104000 112000 128000 134000) 144000 210000] 220000] 252000] 282000] '312000] 344000 “402000} ae fa foe ne en foe fe ‘36000 470000 = 502000 = 36000] 7760000} 1076000]1 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT Weight of vessel, pounds Number of legs Load on one leg, pounds = Radius of head, inch = Lever armofload, inch = Dimension of wear plate = Stress, pound per square inch ‘NOTATION: = Radius of circular wear plate, inch AA cofk x D Lady LONGITUDINAL STRESS: 5, ~B [eos ck, +6K,) +f Rex, +649] CIRCUMFERENTIALSTRESS: 5;-B [eos 6n,) eV Fix, 6m] NOTES: Po: ve values denote tens stresses and negative values denote compression. Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S,, Sand Ky, Ky, Ks and K; denote negative factors and K, Ky Kg and Ky denote positive factors, Computing the maximum compression stresses in formulas for Sj, Syand K), Ky Ky, Ky Ky Kg, Ky and Ky denote négative factors. sses S,, and S,, respect Il not exceed the allowable t plus the tensile stress due le stress value of head material ‘The maximum compression stresses S), and S>, respectively, due to internal pressure s head mater the tensile stress not exceed the allowable compression stress value of i | 103 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT 0.30 0 ee ee | 0.25 0.20 Sars ook 0.05} Se — “mene = 3 ssésan 3 8 so opt VALUEOF Kj, Ky 0.35 030 e025 i 0.20 A os A 0.10 : 0.05 $8832 2 8 S pF VALUE OF Kz, & Kg104 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT 0.20| VALUE OF Ky, & Ky Ky azesen" & cs So Sséccau at a a = VALUEOF Ay, ky D 105 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS DERGNDATA Pci. wif vse tenants = Be SO = roo p00 naonone eg Sin Srcsoc ey, meio era = 1.8 infeh thickness of head ternal pressure SA515—70 Efficiency: 0.85 Yield Point: 38,000 Factors K (see charts): C= VAB=VISx15= 15 inch = 1.82 © 4fR=1.82 5 4/0 - Dx 182 & of B= 1.82 5 ty =208 K=0.065, — K,=0.030 —-K,=0.065 = 0.025 K4=0.020, Ky= 0.010 Ky=0.022, Kg =0.010 LONGITUDINAL STRES: 1.) Maximum tensile stress: 5) = Bfeosece, expo Een] 5, = 200.000 [£00 -0.065- 60.030) +5 1 = Bre [0800 06 (0.065 6x 0.025) ] =+7.634psi ‘The stress due to internal pressure: PR _ 190x100 2x = +2778 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 x 0.85 = 17,000.106 107 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS 5, =% [eos «(-K,-6K) + 4 EK 0K) ] 200,000 f S_./ TOD, 2.00 0 0045-50030) SoHE Co0cs-x0025)] = = 17,044 psi S ‘The stress due to intemal pressure: FB 1002100 9 a78 ph ‘The sum of stresses: 17,044 + 2,778 = ~ 14.266 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 720,000 x 0.85 = 17,000 psi Circumferential stress: 1.) Maximum tensile stress: 55-2 [oor e(-xy+0xy + Hl Enon] = 2YL20[o s00(-0.420+6x0.010)+ 5-2 -n02266x0010)] 2+ 2389 pe ‘The tess due to internal pressure: BE 100 E100 10) = + 2,778 psi ‘The sum of tengile stresses: ~ 2,849 +2,778 =~ 5,627 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 x 0.85 = 17,000 psi 5,=9, [oor e(-,-6k > LY Bn -ox J = 200.000) 5/105, Sy= 8G? [0.800 (-0.020-60.010) + $5) OP -o.022-6x 0.010)] =~ 5,837 psi STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS po ‘The stress due to intemal pressure: BA 100% 100 9 778 pi ‘The sum of stresses: = 5,837 + 2,778 =— 3,059 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 720,000 x 0.85 = 17,000 psi109 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT LEG SUPPORT NOTATION: W = Weight of vessel, Ib n= Number of lugs @ = Y= Load on oe 1 R = Radius of shell, io peA Hf = Lever arm of load. in R LONGITUDINAL STRESS: OH KR D R 522 0 ( ox, + 63+, ‘VESSEL, ‘VESSEL, ANGLE " DR ( ere" C: 7 HA DAY |weicnrMax| “Sze | mx " ot 2 (1:17 + BIA) ) NOTE: In tension, plu the stess due to intemal pressure PR/2t shall not exceed wo | axa . the stress value of shell material imes the efficiency of gisth seam. so wo |asxastx36" ° a we CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS: oe “ seat + ; ae or oe pa} to ra a iapmelaoesse a NOTE: Ia tension S; plu te stress due to internal pressure PR/ shall nt exceed the stess vale of shell material multiplied by 1.5.STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT 0 005 010 ONS .20 0.25 D VALUE OF K; m STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT 0 005 OSD 0S (C,D) VALUE OF Ky42 35 30 Kg 25 20 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT 13 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT 0.08 (0.06 st 0.04 0.02 0 0 005 010 S08 vaweorx, (C40) ma Gs S & 30 || on o9s | 107 v0 [| 08 os? | 1.06 a 200 0.64 1.04 1.05, 300 || 0.60 10) 1.08 sol 4 1 1 wo | 1 1 a 200 1 1 1 x0 || 1 1 50 [| 08s oss | om 00 | as | tor fost) om a 200 1.32 0.98 0.80 0.84 300 || 150 | 050 | 07 | 07 VALUE OF C"4 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT us EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS DESIGN DATA W = 1,200,000 Ib. weight of vessel n= 4 number of lugs = B= 14200.000 300,000 1b. oad on one lug Joint Efficiency: 0.85 Shape factors C, (see table} Rn = % = 60, = 60, BIA = 15/15) = 1.0 C, =, =C,=C,= 10 The factors K, (see charts) =A 3/B _ 1S 3/BS = Ms oA + BIE 010, m= B= K, = 28, K,= 0.025, K,= 68 K, = 0.021 ‘Longitudinal Stress: D 5,02 28 (om + 6+ aes ) DRY Cx 2 (17 + Bia) HA 0,000 25 osx 90, 8 =paer xo eis ( 1X 28+ 8 Ts 4+ — ONT 9) 211,795 psi 2(1.17 + ISHS) 5 x IS ‘Stress due to internal pressure: PR __100 x 90_ 4. The stmof tensonal sess: 2% ~ axis." Psi 11,795 + 3000 = 14,795 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 X 0.85 =17,000psi. STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT ‘Circumferential Stes: on Ka Ses 0 DRT (cme) 300,000 x 5 021 x 90 5, = mnom Ss 0021 X90) Lots ps Stress due to intemal pressure: BR _ 100.90 _ goyyng, The sum of tensional stresses: rT TS S00 Ps 10,616 + 6000 = 16,616 psi does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5: 20,000 X 1.5 = 30,000LUG SUPPORT FOR INSULATED VESSELS u7 LUG SUPPORT FORUNINSULATED VESSELS Tt i iid f SA | ieee ait Tt] 4b h, & 60° : LL aw r ‘Maximum Allowable DIMENSIONS ‘Weight of fae areas te [Te [o fo [a re ion [auf fw [ « [on 1 2,200 3h | Mm] 3 | 5% | SY 2 3.00 [+ [x [9 | 0 Jo Hi 3,600 YwiM 16 5,600 5h | | 4 | % | 10 9 5,600 % | % 4 9,000 mil 7) % PT 9,000 nw | 58 14,000 me 2B 14,000 wh 2 22,000 10% 45 22,000 Uma 126 36,000 12% 80 36,000 |17% [aly 165, 36,000 16% |28% bo’ 148 56,000 20% wl 235 90,000 17 [31% 52! 218 90,000 22% wl” 388 140,000 18% | 344 | 35% 260 vo as re a All dimension arin inchs All dimensions are in inches ‘Stresses in vessel shall be checked. Use wear plate if necessary Stresses in vessel shall be checked. Use wear plate if necsisary.8 119 LIFTING LUG LIFTING ATTACHMENTS ‘VESSEL WEIGHT | _D T 7H WELD (Lbs) dy | dn ay (Min) Sheared | Relled 12,000) 1 % 5 a 20,000 % 6 Eg 30,000 7 « || $2 50,000 m7 y 7 2 3s 770,000 MA : 8 2 ge To0000 mpm [me | 9 bs 150,000 3 a 10 $2 200,000 4 2 6 2 2 e 250,000 a [2 % |B Ze 7 “| ® f lug material 70,000 psi. lane of lugs.LIFTING ATTACHMENTS (cont.) RECOMMENDED MATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivalent. The thickness, and length of the lifting lug shall be determined by calculation’ WELD: When fillet welds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be at least 50 per ‘cent greater than the cross sectional area of the lug. To design the lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one lug. All possible directions of loading should be considered (during shipment, storage, erection, handling.) When two or more lugs are used for multileg sling, the an- gle between each leg of the sling and the horizontal should be assumed to be 30 degrees, EYE - BOLT Threaded fasteners smaller than 5/8” diameter should not be used for lifting because of the danger of overtorquing during assembly. Ww Commercial eyebolts are supplied with 2 rated break- jing strength in the X direction. For loadings other than along following ratings are recom- mended. These are expressed as percentage of the rating in the axial direction. X= 100% Y= 33% Z= 20% We 10% EXAMPLE: ‘An eyebolt of 1 in. diameter which is good for 4960 Ib. load in tension (direction x) can carry only 4960 x 0.33 = 1637 Ib, load if it acts in direction y. lachine Design, March 18, 1965. “Assuming shear load only thru the minimum section, the required thickness may be calculated by the formula: where t= required thickness of lug, in. 121 ‘SAFE LOADS FOR ROPES AND CHAINS load is increasing with the reduction of the ontal. Thus the maximum allowable safe 10 the increased stress, in ropes and chains und 3 reduced proportionally If the allowable load for 2 single the allowable load on one side Example The allowable load for a rope in vertical position is 8000 Ib. If the rope applied this position th “8000/2 = 4000 Jb. For the two-rope sling the total ‘4000 = 8000 Ib. ‘The table shows the load-bearing capacity of ropes and ifferent positions. Multiplying with the factors shown in the table th ad for a certain rope or chain, the product will indicate the allowable ined position. FACTORS TO CALCULATE SAFE LOADS FOR ROPES AND CHAINS. Lecs| LS, | cA | ec | con hie ot | 900 60° 450 300 100 eae 1.00 oss 0.70 0.50 0.17 ontwo | | azo | tao | 1 | ose 28 (R-D./2) P = load. Ibs.124 OPENINGS WITH REINFORCING PAD Below the most commonly used types of welded attachments arc shown. For other types see Code, Fig. UW-16.1. Below (Pht onan Wal GS fm A NAD oer posse Cote Fig UWor. @= The angle of beveling shall be such as: tn Ms * Compl out pensation and Son i 1d sizes, inches. Use the Son Dependsonplaticktes s. cedure, 70.375 in 1 Thickness of vessel all les corosonallow- imum size requirement. ‘4. Nominal thickness of nozzle wall Sion allowance im. Oscar ros noaneag SZ tinue 7 NOZZLE WITH NOZZLE noms wir nore RBG NE wih PEtFon ten mune Blanc a = Nomi B tn salculation of strength of ania . pee eee iy= Thickness of ped pe flange st BEB CEE Grand foropenage R= the lesser of Yt, or % in, See NOTES CN EACINGEAGE) K N | HB c tw F (——Ta : R C i Le | [Reathe tesser of 41, of % in. R= the lesser of ® L 0 2 tor % in, R= the lesser of 4s, or % in, i fy ES 7 “ty d a pst im Ba, 2 =r r 3 R= the lesserof it, or Yin.122 123 OPENINGS SHAPE OF OPENINGS: Openings in pressure vessels shall preferably be ciscul tical or obround. ‘An obround opening is one which is formed by two par s and semicircu- lar ends. The'opening made by a pipe or acircular nozzle, the axis of which is not perpendicular to the vessel wall or head, may be considered an ell purposes. Openings may be of shapes other than the above. Code UG-36(a)(2) SIZE OF OPENINGS: Openings are n ited as to size The rules, construction details of this handbook conform to the Code UG-36 through UG-43 and apply to openings: + for maximum 60 in. inside-diameter-vessel one half of the vessel diameter, but maximum 20 in, + for over 60 in. inside-diameter-vessel one third of the vessel diameter, but maximum 40 For openings exceeding these shall be satisfied Code UG-36(6) For nozzle neck thickness see page 140. WHERE EXTERNAL PIPING IS CONNECTED TO THE VESSEL, THE SCOPE OF 's, supplemental rules of Code Appendix 1-7 the first threaded jo! for screwed connections, ) the face of the first flange for bolted, flanged connections, ) the first sealing service for proprietary connections or fittings. Code U-1(€)( INSPECTION OPENINGS All pressure vessels for use with compressed ai \cortosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, \ynankole, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning. ‘The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code, UG-46, as they are considered to be the most economical, INSPECTION OPENINGS ARE NOT REQUIRED: INSIDE INSPECTION DIAMETER OPENING OF VESSEL REQUIRED two - 1M in, pipe size threaded from an assembly to permit opening inspection, if there are at least two removable connections not less than 1¥4 in, pipe size, UC-46(e).. 3. for vessels over 12 min, 16. in. LD. under air pressure ‘manhole substances. which will prevent asin ae providing the vessel con- inclusive (wo -2 in eee LD. ‘pipe size threaded opening 4. min, 16 in. LD. Bei ‘manhole hhole min. per 10 sq, ft.) complying in, or with the provisions of the Code UG-25, nh two - 6 in, which are subject only to corrosion ject only pipe size nozzle and are not in compressed air service. UG-46(6). inspection openings is in each head or neat each head, In place of two smaller openings a single opening may be used, provided it is of such size and location-as to afford at least an equal view of the interior. i fended to include air which has had moisture temoved to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of -50 F or less. The manufacturer's Data Report shall include a statement “for non-corrosive service” and Code paragraph number when inspection openings are not provided. NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS126 THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS ‘THE FIGURES BELOW SHOW THE MOST COMMONLY USEL 1YPES OF WELDED ‘CONNECTIONS. SEE CODE FIG, UW-16.1 FOR OTHER TYPES A B pealahans a,+ a ‘The weld sizes defined here are the minimum requirements 127 THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS ‘THE FIGURES BELOW SHOW THE MOST COMMONLY USED TYPES OF WELDED ‘CONNECTIONS, SEE CODE FIG. UW-16.1 FOR OTHER TYPES Ey F Sty Te Rae heen = = fo} 4 ao fi F SEE NOTATION ON FACING PAGE: g HJ ss =. “AS = ‘Max. pipe sive: 3 in = i D max = outside diameter of pipe + 34 in. FITTINGS NOT EXCEEDING 3 IN, PIPE SIZE. In some cases the welds are exempt from size requirements, or fittings and bolting pads ached tothe v ld deposited from the outside only with certain has: 2, Themaximum size ofthe opening is limited to the ouside diameter ofthe attached pipe plus % in 3. Theweldthroat shall be the greater of the minimum nozzle neck thickness required by the Code UG-4 that necessary to satisfy the requirements of UW 18 for 5. Strength calculation of attachments is not required for attachments shown in Figs. A, Cand E, and for openings: 3 in, pine size fittings attached to vessel wall in thickness. 2 in.128 129 ‘SUGGESTED MINIMUM EXTENSION OF OPENINGS ‘The tables give the approximate minimum outside projection of openings. When insulation or thick reinforcing pad are used it may be necessary {0 increase these OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHES USING WELDING NECK FLANGE NOM. PRESSURE RATING OF FLANGE LB SIZE OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHES USING SLIP ON FLANGE, ‘NOM. PRESSURE RATING OF FLANGE LB ‘900 | 1500 | 2500 gs} 8] 8 Seer 4) a0) 8 | 10 | 10 INSIDE EXTENSION REINFORCEMENTS OF OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE Vessels shall be reinforced around the openings, except single, welded and flued openings not subject to rapid pressure fluctuations do not require reinforcement if not larger than: 3¥4in, diameter in not over gn. thick vessel wal; \ 25/gin diameter in over in. vessel wall. 1 _ | ‘Threaded, studded or expanded connections for which the pot ta hole cut is not greater than 2 in, diameter, D ‘The design procedure described on the following pages con- (Code UG-36(6¥3K) forms o Code UG-36 through UG-43. Fig. A For openings exceeding these limits supplemental rules of Code 1-7 shall be applied in addition to UG-36 through UG-43. The basie requirement is that around the opening the vessel must be reinforced with unt of metal which has been cut out for the opening. The reinforcement jegral part ofthe vessel and nozzle, or may be an additional reinforcement pad. (Fig, A) This simple rule, however, needs further refinements as follows: 1. Itis not necessary to replace the actually removed amount of metal, but o amount which is required ness of the vessel at the openings is usual or head. 2 The plate actually used and nozzle neck usually are thicker than would be re- quired according to calculation. The excess wall (Az) serve as. mal pressure (A). This required less than at other points of the shell 2 a & i g g 5 g E reinforcement 3. Thereinforcement must be within a certai 4, The area of reinforcement must be proportionally increased ifits stress value is lower than that of the vessel wall 5. The area requited for reinforcement must be satisfied forall planes through the center of opening and normal to vessel surface. “The required cross sectional area of the reinforcem ‘The required area for the shell or this area subtract the excess are areas available for reinforcement to be replaced (4), the opening is adequately ence must be supplied by ing pad (A). Some manufacturers follow a simple practice using reinforcing pads with a cross- rentinnal araa which few etal area actually removed for the opening. This ternal pressure (A). From rdzAsAy). Ifthe sum of the isequal or greater than the area inforced. Otherwise the differ-BI 130 v a REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS REINFORCEMENTFOROPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGNFORINTERNAL PRESSURE (continued) (continued) B \,_AREA OF REINFORCEMENT G 3. LIMITSOF REINFORCEMENT For vessels under internal pressure the total cross-sectional. xX ‘The metal used as reinforcement must be located within the . area required for reinforcement of openings shall not be aloe bel . # less than: \al ae to the vessel wall X= dor Ry + 7 Amd xh, where ues d= the inside diameter of opening in its corroded condition, i BIL | thenozzle wall ¥=2.510r2.5ty inches. Te P e 1-= the required thickness of shell or head computed by the i 4 Ytobe a ble formulas using £ = 1.0 when the opening is i b4f measured from the outside surface of the reinforcing pad. solid plate or ina category B joint. When opening passes a ee through anyother welded join. E~ the efficiency of het NoTANION fer inside radius ofnozzle in coroded contin, inches. joint. When the opening is in a vessel which is radio- rs thickness of the For other notations, see the preceding page. raphically not examined, £ = 0.85 for type No. 1 joint and E= 0.80 for type No, 2 joint. ‘When the opening is in acone, isthe thickness required fora seamless cone of diameter, D measured where the nozzle axis intersects with the wall of the cone. When the opening anditsreinforcement are ina2: soidal head and are located entirely within a cir center of which coincides with the center of the head and the diameter of which is equal to 0.8 times the head diameter, is the thickness required for seamless sphere of radius 0.9 times the diameter of the head. If the stress value of the opening’s material is less than that of the vessel material, the required area A shall be increased. (See next page for examples.) 72, AVAILABLE AREAS OF REINFORCEMENT Arm Arca of excess thickness in the vessel wall (t—1,) dor (¢—t) (tw + 92 use the larger value, square inches. Ifthe stress value of the opening's mat. ‘that of the vessel material, area 4, shall be decreased. (See next page for examples.) Am Area of excess thickness in the nozzle wall (y—tm) Stor (ym) 5ty use — the smaller value, squat A= Areaofinside extension ofnozzle square inches (tc) 2h. Ae Area of welds, square inches Ifthe sum ofA. 4» Avand A, is lessthan the area for reine vvesse! wall less cor- rosion allowance, inches. = see preceedi = nominal tn=required of seamless nozzle dice non rojas beyon Inner Sure of the esse val less oor Tosion allowance, inches. Je= comosion allowance inches Jd=see preceding page. ‘4__ STRENGTHOF REINFORCEMENT increased. The strength of the deposited be considered as equivalent to the weaker material ofthe joint. It is advisable to use for reinforcing pad material identical 100 psi, 20,000 psi. e added: ye subtracted: = Lin X (tt) (10.855) 2 material for the vessel and reinforcing, for reinforcement is 12 square inches. ‘the stress value of vessel material = 20,000 psi., 100 psi., 1eincreased the area of reinfore- ‘his proportion shal132 REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (continued) ‘3, REINFORCEMENT IN DIFFERENT Since the circumferential stress in cylin- not be less than 1.0, except inforced openings in cy- Aedxhx F (Notations on preceeding pages.) 37(dX). DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘The reinforcement required for openings in a single-walled vessel subject to external pressure need be only 50 percent of that required for internal pressure where f, is the ‘Wall thickness required by the rules for vessels under external pressure. Code UG- bade XE PLANES FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1. DESIGN DATA: Inside diameter of shel: 48 in. ‘of nozzle inside the vessel: 5 in. 122.5 x 0.432°1.08 in sezzle does not pass through seams, ‘weld size: 0.375 in, Wat he equi Pe 50x24 forse: 4, PR 2084386, sedta SE-06 —15,700x1.0-0.6x250 for ooze: 4, = — PRs — 2502288 043in SE-0.6P — 17100x1.0-0.6%250 [AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED A> dl,= 5.161 x 0.386 = 2.224 in ‘AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE 1377 sq. in 0.843 sq. in 0.933 sq. in Ag™ (Asa of fillet weld) 0. 0.140 sq, ie ‘Ag = (Area of fillet wold inside) 0.375 0.140 sq. in. ‘TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE 3.433 sq. inREINFORCEMENT OF OPED “GS REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 2. EXAMPLE 3. 4 + DESION DATA DESIGN DATA: Ines of: R= 24m, bn Inside diameter of shell: 48 in. ese rere: P= 30 pen 200. Design pressure: 300 psi at 200° F. 1m. $4516.70 plate, 'm Shell material; 0.500 in. SA-516-60 plate, Fille weld size inside: 0.500 in; ‘lllet weld size outside: 0.625 in Ratio of stress value: 17,100/20,000 = 0.855 Wall hicknese require: PR 300«24 Shell, f= ee ‘SE-06P — 20,000%1-0.6%300 =0.364in., PR, 300x288 ‘SE=D6P — 17{00x1.0-0.6%300 ‘Since the strength ofthe nozzle material is lower thn hat ofthe vesel material the required rea for lens tal openly rad es el rene pop ‘AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED Amd, S61 x0364= 2087 sin Area increased +21, f (117,100/20,000) = 2x 0.432 x 0.364 (LO.855) = 0.086 9 in, Mazzi, tpg = =0.051in 2.1433 AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE 2032 (0500 1835) = 0.017 5 in 0.76749 ‘4g (Exces in moze neck) Smaller of following ;: (iy~ hg) St (04320051 5 x 0.500 0.953 1) Sy = (0432-008) 5 0.832 = 0823 ‘Area redaed 0.855 x 0.823 = 0.704 5. Since the svength ofthe noazl i ower than that ofthe sel, 8 decreas real be tke et consicratn, 17,10020,000 = as, 855 «0823 = 07 3 7085, 145" side projection) 1, x 24 = 04322 1.08 = 093 : ‘Aven decreased 0.933 0855 = 0297 49 050623 0855= 0336 aq ja le) 2 05 «500? x 0855 = 2s sain, 26 ia. ‘Additonal reinforcement not required. ‘Nozzle material: SA~$3 B, 0.500 in. wall Extension of nozzle inside the vessel: 0.5 in. ‘The nozzle does not pass through the main 4 seams, Size of fillet welds 0.375 in. (Reinforcement pad to nozzle neck.) ‘Wall thickness required: PR ___300x24 **SE-0.6P 17,100x1-0.6x300 = 0.426 in, PRy 300x3.8125 = 0.068 in. ‘SE=0.6P 17,1001 —0.6%300 Nozzle, bya = AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED A= dx t= 7.625 x 0.426 = 3.249 sq, in, AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE ‘Ay = (Excess in shell.) Larger of the folowing: (1) d= (0.500 - 0.426) 7.625 = 0.564 0.564 sq, in or (tty) (lq +9) 2= (0-500 — 0.426) (0.500 + 0,500) 2 = 0.148 sq. i. Ay (Excess in nozzle neck.) Smaller of following (n= tn) 5t= (0.500 — 0.068) 5 x 0.5 = 1.08 oF (ig ~ th) Sty = (0.500 ~0.068)5 x 0.5 = 1.08 1.08 sq. in. ‘Ay = (inside projection.) t, x 2h,= 0.500 x 2 0.5 = 0.500 sq. in. ‘Aa (Area of fillet weld) 0.375* 0.141 sq, in. (The area of pad to shell weld disregarded) ‘TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE 285 9, in, ‘This area is less than the required area, therefore the difference shalt be provided by reinforcing clement. It may be heavier nozzle neck, larger extension of the nozzle inside of the vessel or reinforcing pad. Using reinforcing pad, the required farea of pad: 3.249 ~ 2.285 = 0.964 sq, in. Using 0.375 in. SA-516-60 plate for reinforcing pad the width of the pad 0,964/0.375 = 2.571 ‘The outside diameter of reinforcing pad: Outside diameter of pipe: 8.62: ‘width of reinforcing pad: