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    67 views98 pages

    B - 20161206174158201

    Uploaded by

    Kristi Teli

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CHAPTER 2 Section 2.2.2 Hal-Wave Rectifier ‘Carryout Practice Problem 2.1. Determine Yagoo fr the he 28 ave reotifier of Figure PSR Voq =F «C22 Vy) =31 Vou Yoe=027 oav Vago «¥=2losoy 22 Determine Voc forthe alma reife of Figure 2-1. ea ao retire HOY BIE 20 $m, Vag = ¥2% (1833 Vig) = 25:92 V = Vee 7592 p25 y Vow n 2.2.3 Full: Wave Rectifier 23 Camy out Practice Problem 2-2 ‘Draw the output waveform and find Van fr the fa save retiier of Figure 2-12. Figure 22 uy, fm 213,75, fl 7 “ANIA ov I (13.75 V,.)=1944V ‘Output waveform 1 an find Voy forte fll-wave rectifier of Figure 2-2. uv 60 Hz ‘ Piure2ap Vigy = Mint = NSM 12.7Vq 80 8 Vag = VI(12.77 V9.) =18V sav - yn =05%,,-07V~eH-o7easv s Voyocy* 0.6366V y= 0,6366%8.3 = 5.28 V 25 Camy out Practice Probler 2-3. Determine Voyoo forthe fl-wave bridge retfier of Figure 2.18 Figure 2-1 Fullewave bridge 14375 Vee Vag =AEm(8375Vqg)=203 V Vag #Vag AV Voyocy= 0.6266 Vg 0.6366x18.9 = 12 V 246 Determine Vaioe and oxo forthe fui-wave bridge ectifier of Figure 2-9P. Figure 2-98: us Full-wave bridge Bow rectifier aes 2.7 Carry out Practice Problem 2 Determine Voyoo for the full-wave bridge rectifier of Figure 2-19. igure 2-19: Fullwave brdge a usv reclifier Uy ow 4.375 Vw Vag = V2%(14375 Vig) = 20.3 -V yg 14 V=203-14 918.9 V Von = 6365Voy 6366x189 =-12.V Section 2.2.4 Filtering 28 Determine Voyocy uacy and V, forthe full-wave bridge rectifier of Figure -4P. 100 and C= 3,300 uF. Fal-wave bridge rectifier with ‘ler capacitor 29 210 10 Vo then determine Vr Inially, we assume that Voor is approximately om nS y, 1S Yon 012.77 V, 7 7 77M qq) =18.059 V , 4 V=1B059— Voxoe) = Von = 16.66 ¥ 1 Forse _ 16.66 ¥ fon = “R, ~ 100 8 166.54 FxooHa3 mF V-021V=1645V Repeat Problem 2-8 with C= 4,700 pF. Foyaey 166.6 mA. fal 2x60 Hex d TF Voxoey = Vou 02954 Y =1666 V-0.1477 V=1651¥ ‘Cay out Practice Problem 2-5 Deterinine Vrand Voqoc forthe full-wave bridge retfir of Figure 222. ‘Assume C= 2000 uF and Ri = 1202. Figure 2-2: Fullwave bigs refer with fer capacitor Intl, we assume that Yaoi approximately eat to Vow then deteine Vi Yat EO Ven 213.75Vyq Vp =VEH(13.I9 Vu) 19-84 V Vg 14 V 4189 Popa Vou = 18V lay y aoe 10 MA gos y "7 f.C” Tx60 Hex? mE v, mA 18V~03125V=127 V 2all_ Camy out Practice Problem 2-6. ‘Determine Vo isi, and f forthe circuit of Figure 2-23 with the flowing supply voltage levels and then comment on why the circuil of Figure 2-23 qualifies as voléage vregulaior, i6V. OE we ‘Ail oer circuit parameters remain unchanged. ise hots Ipn20ma aoama F260 la Solutiow: : 2) E-16v 7 ~ 330.0 y 2,216 Vx 308 _cizzgv a, 1000 [3300-7670 Wasson ‘oval Ext, 1 Fate 1, oars 2 W=¥,=75¥ 16 Y-75.V 23 mA+22.7 mA 85 mA, or 1, =-FEV=TSV 95 maa, me 100.2 921¥ Ry =100R|3300~7670 1p = 2ANATSV 0 993 mA 767 2 ate SY ot mk 3, 300 Tg eip Hy 223 mA+ 22.7 WA= 45 mA, oF 1, = EYAI2Y 45 mb 100.2 ‘Comment: With te supply voltage changing fiom 16 V fo 1? V, the load valtege and current stay at the same level of 75 V and 22.7 mA, respectively, Hence, the Zener diode acts asa voliage regulator, Keeping the output voltage ata fixed level i Section 2.2.5 212 Astuming that Re Figure 2-5P. 000, determine Vo, J forthe ereuit of = ins23iB: ya venga % igure -3F: Zener diode wsed a5 270 200.2 100 +2000 aloo ov: =6.66 V 100.0, determine Voy le, and I forthe circuit of ‘Assuming that Re= 200 2 and Ri Figure 2-6, Ns Wasi, aI hr 106 190 2-200 0 190 e.ate © = A6ER 33 By =10 Vx kacte nea joe ie (Camry ot Practice Problem 2-7 Determine 1, 12, Ve and Voroo forthe regulated power supply of Figure 2-21 “Assume C ty te ole ou” gwen? 81 Vago = = HEY Pig, “1.61413 75 V=19.4825 Veg =Vyq 14 V=19.4425-14 218 V Vowoos Va av Initially, we assune Vgc, = V-x = 18 V and determine the approximate /sandV. 1sV-12V Is NOY 5127.66 mA J,_ 12266 ma a SV 3,0 * D6 Hex? a ose 2-252 zay Yoo SP ay ‘Then, we recalculate the more exact values of Is and Ya122 ma oye ls mA 27,6 2x60 Hex? mE v 2.15 Determine the la, f, Dapp ad Vowoo fo the regulated power supply of Figure 2-7 Assume 1200, and Ry =75 0. 25 ma, Pew 500 mW, and r: "37.0 @ fer Voy Vig = VB yg “141412 VHT V Vin =Vaq=18 V=I86 V Yava Vs Initially, we assume Viyge, ® Vig= 15.6 V and determine the approximate Js and, “Then, we reealeuat the more exact values of Jyand 7 Vowoer Yo : 1, = Yaw Yawo SAP VSAV 56.58 ma 1300) Tee Ig 1,= 86,58 mA - 68 mA = 18.58 mA vy =e = 3658mA_ 2, SDC 26 Hex33 mF R, 13.860. vy Bote vx BR Ra OO pons 13.880 216 Carryout Practive Peablers 2-8 Design a regulaed power supply with Foocy ‘nominal He vetage 0) = 110 Vins and use a wansformer with tums rato of 8:1. Yoyo, 12V Dagan) 240A Let iz" lr@20mA. Iemde th, ine =509 10 mA +240 mA =260 mA, Initially, we assure that Voge) = Vig = 18.0425 V, then determine Rs ‘To produce a regulated Vowocy= 12 V, we will select the following Zener diode: INS242B: Va 12 V, Jer= 20 mA, fee 0.25 mA, Jay = 41.66 mA, and r, = 30.0 @ ler R= BO ‘The ripple atthe output cannot be more than 194 ofthe ouput DC voltage Van V-£001Wo90" 012 V= 120 igs har~20mA vey Bh R V; 5120 mvx2 2422 0 9393 my 12 eaiee SmF Lk C= 6800 uF, Te Ha3323 mV ‘Design a regulated power supply with Fao)" 7.5 V and f= 200 mnt Ass hominal line voliage v= 115 Vrins and Use a transformer with turns ratio of 10:5, fem = “Utility Line fast & = Fier | Nsv og, Foo, 60 Hz ‘ wea han Soins v Vig eV yy 141415 V Voc, - 15 Vig Vyp “DAV =16.26-14=14.86V— Raguy == R= 37S = Von Then 200A Leth=fy=20mA.fe=/eth ‘p= 20mA+ 200mA= 220A Imitialy, we assume that Vgc) * Vig =14:86 , then determine Rs. 5 V, we will select the following Zener dio: 10 mA, Jog = 0.25 mA, Jou = 66.6 mA, and 7, = 6 9 @ Ler. “To obtain a regulated Voc S Volar oy , 1486 VTS V = MBEVATSV 33.450 Use Rs= 330 230: mA massi79 517 a V;=75 myx! =555 mv Colin ROMA asa mF LXe23.00 HF 32 33 34 35 CHAPTER 3 Section 3.2 Basic Theory of BUT Operation ‘Why is the BIT 9o named, bipolar junction transistor? “The bipolar jurction transistor isso named (bipolar) because its operation depends on ‘oth types of eargecarirs: holes and electons. Other devices that operate with only ‘one type of charge carer suchas field-effect ansisiors (FET) ae unipolar. Draw the symbols and the approximate equivalents fr the npn and pap transistors and label each tema ee (A givaects TC Cap B ” Be : 7 epee sandwiched benveen the emitter andthe collector layers. The emitter region is heavily doped, and the clletor region is moderately doped. rae Section 33 Common-miter Characteristics V3" 7 bo rove the By 12, Tain show at B=, ‘Starting with Equation 3-11, wehave: a= A(B+1) a(B+l)=6 aB+a= fp a=p- of = fa) Prove Equation (3-13). That is, show that ++ 1=1 /(1 =a. ‘Adding 1 to bot sides ofthe Equation for fin Problem 3-18, we obtain the following: 5.6 Using the electronic symbols, draw a npn transistor bias circuit in common-emitiex configuration. Show all current directions and label all components. ghee oR, 3.7 Apnp transistor with an cr 0F0.9925 is biased inthe circuit of Figure 3-6(b) with a base current of 40 .A. Determine the transistor f and collector and emitter curents Jc and Jr. a __09925 a =132 [om flp=529mA Ie= (8+ Ih=5. 0-5 - Ss Aly" 529mA Ip (B+ Vle=S32.mA 3.8 Assuming that Figure 3-9 represents the output characteristics ofa certain npn transistor, ‘determine [cof the transistor with Je = 80 nA and with Vor of: Vo iex84mA a) Vor“ IV Iex8mA 9M b) Voe@3V Iox82mA 4) VornTV Ic=85mA 39 Define the Barly voltage in words Referring to the outpt characteristic curves of Figure 3-14 the curves get steeper asthe ‘current level inrease. Infact, if thee lines are extended tothe let, they are supposed to ‘meet and intersect the Fce axis at exactly the same point, a illustrated in Figure 3-15, ‘This poin, commonly denoted as Vis refered to as the Early voltage after. M. Early, who discovered this and other characteristics ofthe transistor. Section 3.4.1 CE Bese-Bias 3.410 Draw the circuit diagram of Figure 3-11(c) with the following parameters. Yoe™ 12 V, Re= 1.3 XO, Ry™ 330 KO, aun f ~ 120. Determine: Inc, and Ves, a) algebraically, b) by simulation _22V-07 330K 1203424 wA=4.1 mA Vee=Vec~IeRe Yee=07V Vee = I2V—(4.1 mA x 15k) = 5.85V Determine: 2) Var b)le ele A) Fee Veo~teRc Var 1SV-[-52mAx18kO)=-564V ‘Draw the schematic diagram ofa base-based CE configuration (npn) with he following parameters: Voc 18 V, Re= 15k0, Re = 360 ki, and l= 202. 8) Algebricaly, determine Is, Ie, and Vee. +) Draw the DC load line on copy ofthe collector characteristics of Figure 3-2P and locate the Q-point, erapically. ©) How do the two Q-points compare? Veo PIV Te™ ly = 202 » 39.72 uA Ver =0.0.V chow pf 6 8 4 M1 IS 2 Heg(V) 2 Carry out Practice Problem 31 Figure 3-12(b) represents the collector characteristics ofa generic transistor that is used ina base-biased common-emiter amplifier withthe following parameters Voc 9V, Ry=270K0, and Re= 1.2 kO. 8) Determine Jy from the given values, ') Draw the DC loac line ad locate the Q-pint graphically. Recor leg and Veep, ) Determine the transistor inthe active region of operation. ) Using. found in step c, determine the theoretically expected Jeg and Veep Te mA) Tea Graphical solution Ten = em Ra Ioqe3 mA Veep=53V Ale 4mA Par,” a0ud Algebraic solution: 7 270K Te= lly = 100 30.74 wA=3.075 mA Vee Vee leRe Vag=07V Vee=9V-(.075mA x 1210)" 53 V a 5:14 Determine Ry forthe crit of Figure 3-1P so that Fee Vac = Vee~ Vee “12V-6V=6V=IeRe polit Re 1 patent soya 2 Vee “Vu N-07 40 uA Sek a nanan fin Bh | 315 | Reterto Figure 3:11), determine lomo lian Ray ind sch resistance Re that Sf lint the sturstion ofthe asintor Let A= 100. a> Voo~tae Tay TOA 3.16 Assume Ry =220 KO in Figure 3-P. Determine Ip Je and Ve. Let B= 100. 12-07 251.36 4A Te Aly ~100% 005136 = 5136mA, 296 Vee * Vee~ Reic =12~ (1.8¥65.136) Let B= 150. Vor “Vag 12-07 eg, BO Te = Aly =15040.05136 = 7.704mA Vex Veo~ Role “12 ~(1.5)(7.704)= 0.444 V In this cas, the transistors close to saturation and wil saturate a higher values of 6. 51.36 uA Section 3.4.2 CE Emitter-Bias 3.17 Draw the circuit diagram of an emiter-biased CE amplifier with Voom 14V, Ry= 47020, Ro= 1 KO, Re = 0.5 KO, and B= 199, 2} Determine fy 1c. md Vr algebraically. 8) Determine yd Ye by silaton Vos “Ve Re RGR, c Mv-07¥ —MV=07V__ aay 170 K+ 200% 0.5 KO oe Ie~ fly ~ 1992333 0A = 4603 mA Vee = Veo Ie(Re* Ri) 4 V 4.663 mA 1SkO=7V 3.18 Determine Re forthe amplifier circuit of Figure 33P for a centered Q and = 199 Yoe=08¥ec#75V 12 Peco Ry + (Br UR isv-07v op SYSOTY a6 * Sroka Z00x0.75m 564 Re Bly ~ 199% 21.66 pA = 431 mA Ie Re= 431 mA %.75 KO.=3.23 V Vac = Veo Ver Ve=15V-75V~323 Vg 427V Lek A. 909 ee aa ma” av Figure 3-3 3.19 Cary out Practice Problem 3-2, Determine fg and Vego forthe amplifier of Figure 3-22. Assume J, = —tca te Re Bek Isv-07V ‘SOKN +8107 Tom Alp 180% 25228 A= 456mA Vee = Voc~ ke te Re) Veo = 18V~454 mA 22540" 7.785 V 5.228 HA 5320. Detemnine the resistance Rein Figure 3-4? so that Ve = 0:5Vec. Let B= 100. y See Voc~TelRc* Re} Voe~ Vee = leiRe* Re) jen Pee Von V=6V Beak, iQ Iy=Te/B =2MA/100~ 20 pA Ve=lpRe=2mAx1kQ=2V Vex Ver 07VO27V Yael BUA esi Pick a standard resistance R, 4321. Draw the eireuit diagram of an emiter-based common-emitter amplifier npn) withthe following parameter Voc 15 V, Ro 1 KO, Re 0.5 KO, Ra= 510 K2, and f= 204, 4) Algebracally, determine J, e,and Vos #) Draw the De load line ona copy ofthe collector characteristics of Figure 3-2P and locate the point, graphically. (9) How do the two Q-points compare? Ve 2mA Re t= —tecle. FBR, 1sV-07V Sou + 205+05K2 ‘c= fly = 208 «23.347 WA = 4.76 mA Vor = Voo~Ie(R* Re) Vog™ 15 V-A76 mA x 1.5 KO 2233470 a6V n 322 ‘chou 24 6 8 WR M16 8 2 Veg) Jeg 48mA Veco =78V Graphical solutions ae consistent with algebraic solutions Section 3.4.3 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Carry out Practice Problem 3.3. Determine Jeg and Vez for the amplifier circuit of Figure 3-23, a follows: 4) Using the approximate method. 1) Using the exact method using = 160. xact meth: By aT Betty O56 aaa, east Rr = Ry || Ra = 11 kf 39 kKQ= 8.58 kD Ky En —Voe 3.96 V-0.7V 15uA 1° aR, ESE+(GeI)x1 SO Te=(B + Vly = (160+ 115 pA=24 mA 2 fe Vou = Vec=le(Bc+ Be) Vee= 18-24 mAxdkO=8.4.V 2s Approximate method: a Ue=Velle = 326 VIV3KA=2.5 mA 3 le Vee = Voc le(Re* Re)= 18-25 mAx (27+ 13,4) kQ. ‘Draw the circuit diagram of a CE voltage-dvier bias wih the following parameters. Veo= 16 V, Ry" 30 KO, R:= 10KQ, Re = 3.3 KO, Re=1.5 kA and B= 199. a) Determine Jog and Veg using the exact method, 1) Determine Joy and Vero using the approximate method. ) Determine the same by simulation Exact ett: 2, 10K i Vee Be =16 Vi OED Fate RY Spa sI0K Ry = Rif Ree 10K 50RO=75 KO ja BGR, hap ge T5un+ 20-13 Te= (B+ Mg = (1991 610.73 HA =2.146 mA Ves = Voc~ le (Re Re) 6 — 2.145 mAx(3.3 + 1.8) k= 5.7 V Vee Approximate ti a a Bek) Soari0K Ve=Va-0.7 V=4V-0.7V=33V Ve 33 222 mAzlc Vee =Vec=Te(ic+ Re)=\6-22 mA x 33+ 15) KA=5.44V 324 325 326 Determine Kein Figure SPV ego = Ve SHO RR ‘Sie + 15K Ve = Ve~Vae=341¥ ~0.7V=2.71V Vell = 2.71 VI2KO= 1.355 mA = Ie v fe Voo=Ve+ Vor lee ee Vee Ve Vo 629 V c= OOM a 460k Let Re=A7 Tama In Figure 35P, determine Icp and Vogo if Bc= 3.3 KO. pte Bien SHO sary aoe Sasa fe Tun 381 V-07V=271 1e= Volks “271 V2KO= 1385 mA se Veg = Veo~le(Re* Re) = 15V— 1.355 mAB3kO+240)=7.8V In Figure 3-6, determine leg and Veo. 2) Using the approximate metho. ) Using the exact method. 120 ika+a7K 25V-0.7V"255V (@) ¥,=16Vx 325V Ve= Van Var A16mA Teele" 1416mA Vee= Veo le(Re+ Reb =16V-LA16 mA 22+ 1.8) k= 10.33 V () Exact method: Ry RII; 9.5610, Ey= 328-07 25V Ry+ Bek, 156+ (60+) BED Te fly ~ 160x8.5 wa = 1.36 mA Figure 3.5P Fan Ne _.__325-OFV___gsuy Vee Vec~le(Re+Re) = 16V~ 1.36 mA (2.2 + 1.8) k= 1056 V 328 Section 3.5 Common-Collector Bias For the cieuit shown in Figure 3-7P, determine fag. fee, Vaco. and Veeg if = 199. ny-ar 20+ (199 +1) 12K Veg Foe x RGR ses y= (8+ a= (9841931388 Veep = Veo lee =12V (6277 mA x 1.2 KO) = 4.46 V < Ye= Rela (120 kO2Y31.388 HA) =~3.767 V 217 mA, In Figure 3-7P, determine log lea Vaco, and Veeo if B= 99. jolene VOY ayaa B+G+R, 20KA+ +I 2KD Te= (B+ Dle= 100 x 47 WA= 4.7 mA You Yo ete= BV “ATA 2K= =636V = Ve=-Rela= {120 KOYS7 HA) =-5.64V |Section 3.7 Cascode Configuration ‘Carryout Pracice Problem 3.5, and Vc forthe cascode amplifier of Figure 3-28 ‘Determine the DC voligns Fess gz Be Vy Veo ae = WV = 342 ¥ ReRtR . ae v-arvennv Igoe =2BV 1 82 mAz lo =laz le fee TSK ee rove 1WV RRR r= Vin~ Var = Vor" 7IV-07V=7V foc fee = 20 V = 1.82 mAx2 KO = 16.36 V Vee: =Ver- Var = 7V-2.72V = 428V Ver: = Va Ver = 1636V-7V=9.36V 3.30 Determine the voltages Ve, and Ve: forthe cascode ampliirof Figure 3-8P. Vee p21V, 12k SEK 10KQT DD Yas ~ Vas = 4.45 V0.7 ¥, 3345V. I oH BY 1 96 mk Ry” 18k av $4345 V oisv Joy 3 In = lal =1.86mA Reh RRR 10k +12KO BERD 1OED+ 12 Vax Vor Van Var = 7966 V 0.7 V=7266V Vea = Vec~IeRe = 21 V~186mA x 12kA= 18.768 V Ves = Ver Vay = 7266 V~4345 V=2.921V Vers = Vea Vex 18768 V-7.266 V = 11.502 V Yn 1V) 7.966 Section 3.9 DC Bias Design 331 Design the DC bias circuit of an emitter-biased common-emiter amplifier with the specifications given below. Centered Q-point, Vee ‘DC voltage allocations as shown onthe circuit diagram. yee 9 gy 16 V, and [op 2.2 mA. Assume f= 200 wv ee sy wfc V oom reo27 Re Te Tama oes Wye ¥es02V=2V 409229 Je .22mA 1-1-2 Ly B30 Voc=Va_ (W6=2.V a Twa 2Ma 2 Be Design he DC bias circuit ofa common-emiter amplifier with voltage-dvvider bias for Feegl6V 1k Re 11k SASKQ— Ro= 25K Voc BAB Bey Ve ROR ranersia a-(i¥-rposenosi2ia 333. Cay out Practce Problem 3.6, Design the DC bias of common-emitter amplifier in the following bias configurations, and with the specification given below. Centered O-poiat, Voc" 15 V, and leo 15 mA, 2) Emiter bias Assume B= 150. by Voltage divider bias 1DC voltage allocation is as shown onthe creut diagram. Voc g SV ¥_15V. Rota tSV win -110 2 T, SMA a Vag. 6V te. cod Rea SmA aes fetOTV=1SV+07V=22V Je _1SmA oe a 1SBA Wo, B 150 ak yo Pent S22 ay 2gMo Rye 1 MD - 7 1OuA 9k Let R= 10k0. tou R= 58K 3.4 Desig the DC is cei ofa volage-ivie biased common-emiter amplifier wih he specifications given below, : Voc™ 16 V, Jeg Sm, and Verg=6V DC voltage allocation isas shown an the circuit diagram. Rem 16k. Use Re* 5.1K. 16V ramen 1 -{i 3.35. Design the DC bias circuit ofan emitter-biased common-emitte amplifier with the specifications given belo. Voe™ 16V, leg 1S mA. snd Verp = 6 V. Assume = 150. DC voltage allocation isa shown onthe circuit diagram, Voc g 16V ¥,_ 2Av fe IV oun ska 7, 1SmA we Voq_ 18V tee. KO -Re=S.1KA eee sma = Vet 0.1 V=24V497V=31¥ Je 1SmA Je =10, Bio nv 1 -13Ma oe TNO 3.36 Design the DC bias cireuit of volge-dvider biased common-emitter amplifier with the spetifications given below. Voe= 14 V,Jeq= 1 mA, and Veg = 6V. 337 338 DDC voltage allocation iss shown onthe crest digrans reg tv hentia t “ —_— Ue ke=6280. , a : Wor e+ 07 V= 18V407 V9 259 AR + Vo Yen & pelle oe Fox Bay gg He e® po(te-il i a ae Cd uv ; Laren e(MY-r)ernenesosed — UieRse Stk. av Design the DC bias circuit of an emitter-biased common-collector amplifier with the specifications given below. Poem 12V, leg= 1-5 mA and Verg= 6. Assume B= 200. yo yoy DC voltage allocation isas shown on the circuit diagram, ', ate 58M 3940 Ren39k0 Re 7, TSmA - ¥ Vy= Vet 07 V=S8SV +07 V=655V fat 61SV Ip _13mA tyne TS an (2-659 ATK Ry= 750K 7.5 A ke Ryo Tse! ‘Camry out Prtice Probiem 3-7 Design DC bias of «cascode amplifier forthe following specifications: Veo=22 Vile= 4m, Vor "2V. Von =8 V, and Vei=4 V. av ate Mot ain ain Vice 2V-14V=8V esa pewlee®™ar7in —— Re=2THD Te 308 Vy = Vert TV AV +07 By < 10 Rp, Let y= 10K. Then Jy = Let By <0 Let R= 1042. Then Js =F =o V+2V+0TV=67V, hah=h=O4TmA t+ Veo + Vas as Hence, 2 250. Use =43 40. Use R, = 33k, 3.39 Design DC bias of cascode amplifier forthe following specifications: Voo= 20V, fe=2mA, Vez Let Yay vw =3SKA Pick Rem 3.6K0. Voi = Vas + 0.7 Let Rs < 10 Rp Let 2s = 10102 Then 1, Ve2v+07 Vin= Vex + Von + Fa . a, Enctn . S1V~37V oe i, * 03tmA FNSSIV p60 Use R= 39k. 037mA 340 Design DC bias ofa cascode amplifier forthe following specifications: Vec=22V, le" 25 mA, Ver =2,V, and Von = 8. av Yo3V. ten tBe Viz iyeemv—i3v te 25 ma 7! 2 Ya Vo+07V=3V+07 SIV-37V O37mA =54kQ. Use Ry Use Ri = 43 KO Seetién 3.10 The Transistor Switch 541 Design the trnsstor switch of Figure 3-9P. Assi Verify your design by sinulaton. | Let Voom 4 V, 9 that nog =4 V when cu EWE osiloscope showing int and ut waveforms aa 2 342 Design the transistor switch of Figure 39P for c= 6 mA and Dy from OV 106 V i from 0 10 5 V. Assume fyi = 77, Verity your design by simulation, V when cuofl Use Res SUK and Ro 1.5 kO 3.43. __Design the transistor switch of Figure 3-9 for jc= 10 MA and Yay fom 010 10 V if is from 0 105 V. Assume Pa = 85. Solu Let Voc 10 V,s0 that vce 10 V when cof Voc p, «JV Re ea Toma Use Rp $36 KO and Re= 1k. 3.44 Refer tothe 2N3004 transistor datasheets and determine fg ad fg forthe transistor. Delavtime Risetime Storage time Fall time ue35ns 4 =35ns = 20005 The om dlay times: tu = + = 35-+35=70n5 The off delay time is: t= t+ y= 200 + 0=250-ns 4545 Design @ BIT switch that tums on an LED when 5 V DC is applied a the input, Assume that LED requires about 15 mA for full brightness and drops about 2 Also, assume that Bain 60 and Foc™ 10'V. Verify your design by simulation. woy-2v 5330 a DTV_ SV-07V_ Retna os 72a 1 250 uA Use Ry $16 KO and Re= 510.0. rors 346 Design a BIT switeh dat tums on an LED when a § V DC is applied atthe input, Assume ‘thar LED requires about 18 mA for ful rightness and drops 1.8 V. Also, assume that Voaoms= 0.2 V, fn = 80, and Voo= 10V. Vesa “Vern _10V-2V = 444.440. Tem TSA Fey IBA Ioan ® 20, «BMA _ 95 ‘ Pu IV_sV-07 Raa SEY ronan Taine 225 WA Use Ry S18 KO and Re= 43.0. ” Ineoducion 42 Superposition © [43 Source Transformation 44° Then’ and Norton’ Theorems 45° Maximum Power Tansee 44° Applications 4 Summary Key Pins ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Acts pi we hve mas te sity we moe he mind of Sek with & salve evans conaing oth indent and de-sinple equal cit, en our ti wil be ch ede ous wing iter nodal oop ans fn simple Preamp rate problem of sale this dager we inmineseel nev ais wh ing tome single etonc vie a is ome 0 nignes which toler our areal of cit ans the a wl pg i ou hte In his case the comple ‘ool, We will ind tain some stations tse h- crt includes ot ely the electronic device bat de rigs edt a gucksoluion and it athe as ty uty’ power grid tis ommected to the device o not However, these new technigos in may caes trough the cit ees in the home. However, if io prove am insight it the cris operon tut we can cere model everything oui the device amore ied from a olor log nays, With a simple equivalent ira, then oo alysis ill Jn any pact simatons we are inte in be wate. Two ofthe thems that we will presect. the anys of sme potion of a much ler newt. in his capier wl pets to do jus tha. Wu 199 70 70% cern 4a As Tens (EGA introduction Bebe nwa nl als ATES devs review see of he topics 9 reese either eco mety H nals ts ’ ‘Ecuivalence ‘ple A is shot eompend i cays Tis ining se 2 Ser cigs tat can sed te & ins ecw an provi ers listed in the table i “snr hat sees comectn of CER, rr is fbiden els the sOUe® tare opal af ol ae Bi aye exalt sare vale stra al cists ew alin i in ad rte esa seme be ! charcsisi that - 1 =i) ny isin sy mod tn the case of a resiive ie) sgn be vgs Be TSE sn of neo he ie css which BE review as we begin 1 Took ily, if (8 ale te w= FA agli evap eos he ee 4) = RIA + HOOT = RUD Rig) H+ HO he abv prey 1 aon fe sete by 200% is ene a le by Be es Rid) = KRW = Ki) Hower, (9 + 20 ‘This demonstes bomeget: spa preceding tape a it tht consis only inden ‘We have shown et sures, ie rece an eins i dese ea fe for amg tennie # one) 10 syst + Bye = + Ba = 20 $72 * yur 4 Alin Andy is "Note ta if the independent sources are muipied by a constant, the node voluges of oop curens 2 aso mali by trgane constant. Ths, we define a ner cicut 38 one composed of only independent suis, Uneardepenien sources, alsa ek meats. Cigars and inductors, which we Wil examine in Chater 6, are als circat lenens that have a lier ingt-oupt reaship povided tat tit inal sorage ener is 20. exampce 41 Fare ict show in Fi, 4, we who demine Be oop wong ox Howee at: an pri poe in efor nant sacle, hen, te nd 00m, we wi lei nd inp same fat he np age yg = I. Tis astm ill "an forte sue alge. We wil tie et ata ae ft ore vol nny compat te lao abate whos om dikse TO PALO fs Gi ed im Exe 4A. ae - fh aged Aovurion Wweammebatey=Yy=1\tien - . eee Wes Gad Beste ies V, can then be calculated as : ln e4t Ve deh +¥, tedy Bea av . tas . ‘Now applying KCL Ps Fat te sumo tt Vg = 1V pred oa lage of 6V, ee vacate al ea wei 12, he acl up lage 1 V(26)=2¥. Rite EXERCISE ~ Use linciy ad te asus that iy = 1 aa # fe campete the const cect in cit in Fi. DA if = 6 mA, me fy = 3A. EEX Superposition {oo vie marin is sb tw eaniasnl cctnvich ‘0 somes coat ote catenin he network rxauece 42 cise the ci in Fig 42 in wich the acl ales of vlge Spine. eh uci Let we tis nto exe or serpin, ; $000710% The weep frist Bi) = 388 = OQ) TAR) + (= 0) Sotving hes eu i) ils: = 1 wo 3k” 15k Irv ors Be cat component a oa cong ea fo (0) iw oft ht (baste components sas to each in source it woul! be imeestiyg to examine what cach 40 $74 © comet Addin aie joa 6a o POURE 42 Circuits used to ilsratesapeposition, oc) 3 2) +6 0 ‘Let sow deine he vale of () to) ating sone and refer to this ve as if) Using the neon in Fg 42s, So M0 . ; A= © Delt) 3k “a esa) OSE. Now, ie ad the values of) andi) we obtain he value computed eal ati, i i Ht = HO HO a w(t) Hf) 7 ee [Now that we ke sapermosed te valve of i) on if, vice ves, 10 tenet unknown care. a Wout we hae deaonstged in Etample 42 it tein gener foe ines ccs andi irc eu of he propery of inet. Te principle of syperpoon, wich provides ws with is ably to reduce a complicated groblen o seed exit prob Jems—each contig coy a sgl independe sucess tat 4h ay linear cet comaning mul independent sores, a “olge ay prin fe luted be algae sm ‘individual contributions of each source acting alone, F meatenbig ee cmiata tet bina gng : sources ae made zero by replacing them with sort circuits, and any remaining coment sources ae male zero by replacing them with open cis: Along superposition cm be used in lear networks cotiing dependent Scares, itis ot use in his ease since he dependent source is never mae 2, ‘is imeresing to note hat ste previows example ina, perposton pro vides sme insight in etericing te conbuie of exch source othe varible under iesigason We wil now denenstate iperpston wit wo examples, Fr purpses of cn arisc, we wil abo solve the sewers using both node ad lop analysis. Fuhr. ‘more, ve wil employ these same networks when demestraig ego’ echnigoes it appli exampce 43 — ee ‘Let ws we superpoton to ind Vin the ecu in Fig. 43 SoLurion The contain ofthe 2-mA source to te ouput vo rs fod fom he two in Fig. 43 wing cunentdson ea ) $ Tasers M= 1K) =4V ‘Tre contribution of the 3V source oe ouput voi found fre the cin Fig. 43. Using vokage vison n= (ra) =2v 42 Spenaion #975 $78_* curr Adil Ant Tig ‘OURE 4.3 Circuits wid in Example 4.3. Teo, . Wanen - Although we used two séparaie circuits 1 solve the problem, both were vey sine 1 we we nodal analysis and Fig. 4.381 nd Y, and ncognie that the 3V soure and its conesting noes fos sped, V, can be found fom te node equation ¥. In atin, oop aay applied shorn in Fig 434 prods the equations 22x10 3kIh +1) ~3 + 6k, =0 hich yes 1p = 1 mA and bene Y, = 6 SS examoce 44 cen CConsier now the networkin Fig, 4. Let ue soperposon to id SoLw rio The conibution ofthe 6: scarce WY, is found from the newark in Fg 4.4, which is ean in Fig 44, The 2 KD +6 Ki) = $4) restr and 4-0 resistor ae in parle and tir combinaon i ‘an 8/380 resistor. Then axing vlge division MG " 7 (Lh cain oe 2.0 we iam fon Fi 44 ich tw fain tf Ve pyc wh tat eee oe ‘ne pl concn eon, rreaswa(Sug)-2y ‘A nodal ans of the network canbe performed using Fig 44 The cation fr he superode is 2x 10° e = 2x BON % The equation fr te node abled Vis WM M9 * a ‘Soving hese two equations, which ey cnn te consi eatin for tie supernode, yi V, = 487 V Onc agi, refering to he network in Fi, 4, the mesh uations forthe netvrk re 6 Aly =) + 2K) =O he 2B, 15) + AR, ~ 1) + 6 = 0 Solving these equtons, we obtain = 817 mand, bene, Vy = 48/7 V. ‘Superposition cen be applied to cit with any number of dependent and nde. penden sores. net saperpostion can be aplid wo sch a networ in varity af x10 45, Soa Tucan 178 tS Sr rr 0 ays For example, 2 cit vi te indent sores can be sled sing each sure acting slo, as we hae jst densrated o we could use to a tine end sm te rest wih ht cin rm the hid acting alone. nackte independ , ent sources dont have tain ti atl value or zero. However itis mandary the the som ofthe diferent vues chose a to the foal valu af the sure. ‘Superposition is fndanental property of near equations and, href, can be ‘sophie to ny fect hats incl tele its cause. In his ear tipo Point ot tat although speeston apis to the caret and wag in Tne ci ‘uit canot be wed to determine power beuseporer is tna fact, Datei eXERCIEE BED Comput in te cit in Fg D2 wing so- poston Source Transformation Before we begin discusing sur: ransiomation, itis necessary that we pin ut ht ‘el sures fe fro he ied dels we hve presened ts fi. n gee a prac tcl voage sare ees ot produ consanvlag regards ofthe Jolene th careat it deliver, anda praia caret source doesnt deliver a conan cu. . ‘ea ears of th load eine or te vlae across its trina. Practical sores contin intel esiance and hit source eine isnot a> esi othe user In ger we wate miimie the eine boca comumey ower. Some typical vies for inal resize ar shown in Tbe 4.2 Tape 42 Avprsinaenlera Fasrc f Sled Sources (low Batre 2° ——=*x*x_—___ Bata pe roral Restor 154 Dall andudeatrae «Ga 1S1 Dat nyse cron e030 15 Da alate 2a 154 Daa nde oe 0 eae cate Sa SV ey ay xt Ba ane Fr 129 oot ty tsa 180 ours 4 Aldon! Anh Thies Sicepraccal sures contin intra esunc, the models shown in Fig. 4.50 snd b mr cltely ees acl sous. Nett th: power dived by the prac zl vole soe is given by the expesna , raith which canbe wien a and ther it Ry >>, then 2 hee hich isthe power ener by the el voage source, Simi, th power dlvred FGURE 45 Eft of internal resistance on scual volage and current sources. 45 Sou Trlomion © 184 4 sue tanomtin # 84 by the prota! cureat source computed wsngcurent von as Pak in, ¥ an & which canbe writen as & : =P, ‘Wich isthe power delivered by he ideal curent suc. ‘The graphs shown in Fig. 4c an dius theft fe intl sistance ete vlogs source an curentxuce, respectively. The gai indica tht the oat ut volge approaches ical sauce voluge oly fer Inge vals of lod resance and, ter, small vas of area. ini, he Jad caret is epproimaely ra othe ideal sore cunt oy fo wes of th lad resume Rta ae nal in coiparson ote ital essance ‘Wil tis mac on practical souces as buckgroand infomation, we now atk if itis posible w exchange one souve mel for anaiertht i, exchange vohage soars model fora cunetsoures mode, or vie ven. We cul exchange one rues for moter provided tt they ae uae; hts, ech sue pode exaly the sme vohage and curent for ny loud tht is connected acres is erin, ‘Les examine the two cirsuis shown in Fi. 46 In one io determine th con. Aton reqied forthe to sous be equivalent ws examine the emia eon ‘ines of ach, Fo the network in ig. 4.6, @ » URE 4.6 Circuits used t0 detemine conditions fora source exchange eR tH . Ft network in Fig, 4.66, vei ty, Far die wo setwoks tobe equivalen, er tenia characterises must te identical; iis, vei md R=R, 4) The reltoships specie in By, (4.1) nd Fig, 46 are extemelyiyrta and he reaer soll no fail © grasp ei sinificane. What these relainships telus i lif we hae embedded within network a cnet source in pal wi restr 2, we can replace thiscombinstion with volage source of value v = i in series with the estar R The reversal te; ati a ole source vin seis wi 2 sitar ‘an by replaced wit curent sore of ave = vn parallel with the resisor R Prametss within te circuit, an ouput volag) are unchanged under ese rans- fortis, ‘We must emphasie that the two equivalent circus in Fig. 4.6, under he condi Hoos sted in Ea (4.1, ae equine onfy a he wo enteral nodes. Fr exegle if ‘we dbcanec th load resis, Ry, inh rain Fig. 46, the equals iret in Fig. 4.6 disites powe, butte one in Fg 4b does not Ath pon et ws demonstrate the wt fa source exchange wsng two examples. examece 45 Lotus repeat Example 43 wsng suc exchange. Sonutiow For-comsieme, te nework is edrwn in ig. 471 Noe tha ont left side ofthe network, te i cuentsource in paral wi 2 240(1 EO 470) rs whch can he ransfaemed int 6.V mA) 2) source i series wi tbe sme 340 resis, The eating network i shown in Fig 4.7. The opt vag is then a simple vision cf the 9 vas (6 V +3 V) between he 340 and 640 resistors. Theor, FIGURE 4.7 Circuits wed in Example 45 which ages wth our previous analyses. Fly, the wade is cations 0 keep the potrcy ofthe vl source andthe dirion of te cument ‘our in agemet, as shu in Fig. 47 exauete 46 We wll now denuasrate howto find, inte circa Fig 488 wing he ‘pete appcaion of souce tans, "? b= fe o FOURE 48 Cirsts used in Example 4.6 Sovuriow It we begin the let end of the naw in Fig, 484 the ses camtinaton of the 12 sours and 3-40 resist is comer 4A caret sure in paral Wit th 3.49 reso. If we combine this 340 resistor wt th 0 reso, we obtain the ct in i 486 Note this pon we he eliminated one circuit element. Contin he rede lion, we convert the 4m source and 240 resistor in an sore fe esis With ths same 2-40 ress. The two 240 resists tte i seen ‘re now combined wo produc tr netod in Fig. 4.4 If we oow comet the combination of the $-V source and 4-40 restr no 2A source in ale with the 49 resistor ind combine the resuingcurent source } { i 104 * curr ¢ Aiton! Aes Tenis ‘vt tir 2A source, ve aie a th cit shonin ig 4.84. AL ‘spin we can simply apply carat vision othe two parle resis- ‘noe pas and bain , hate 9) ad Bence, =x 10-5) ‘Tre readers eocounged to conser the rations of working tis pob- Jen wing any ofthe ober techigoes we have peered, eee Nite tat tis systemats, sometimes eos, ansermaion alow us to race the network methodical simpler equivalent frm wth recto sie other cuit emeat However, we shuld also rai tha his technique is worl for ics of the form hown in Fig, 44. Futhemore, abough ppc nerves containing de ent sures it is ot aswel as oer echnigrs, and care mos be taken 90 ‘ransom that part of tect which coaias he com vibe Witt EXERCISE we ete BEI Compote ¥, in the circuit in Fig D4.2 using sure mnsoenaton. Oe, Thévenin’ and Norton’s Theorems ‘Tus fic ve have presented a numberof tecbnignes fo cit analysis. A his point ‘we wil ado theres wo cu collection of tos hat wl ove o be extremely use ful The thoes ae named afer thei uth, ML. Thvei, a Fenc engines, and EL. Norton a sieats forme with Bell Telephone Liberator. ‘Suppo tht we ar gie a ict and that we wish ond the caren, volage, or pve th is delivered to some esis of the setwerk wich we wll call the load. ‘Thien’ laren swt we can replace te entre network, exclusive of the loa, by an equent crt ht cootains only an independent volage sone in eis wth ‘ressor in ach a way tate cuent-volge relationship athe iad is unchanged, ‘Norn’ them is item the preceding saement except tit the equivlet ci cei an independent ure sore in parallel wth 2 esi. ‘ote hit his is very imporan result I ells us tif We examine any network from a pir terminals, know tht with respect tose teins, the entire ne work quent to simple ist consisting ofan independent volage sare ins. ‘ies with ¢ reso or an indeedent cure sourc i lel wih arse, 44 Thi ond Nenont Thorens #188 44 Thtriat aud Nonons Thareas 4 f0 In developing the hee, we wil ase tha thc sown in Fig 49 can be lt oto pars, a shove in Fig. 49h In ener, cit Bish ad ad may be linear o nonin. Cait Ais the bane afte xg newer excie ofthe Joa and mast be nea As sch cai may contin independ sources, dependent sors and restos or any einer ment. We ere, heer, ha dependent, source and its consol arable per in the ume cit. Crit A dels a creat wc B and produces ola , aco tein: it terminal of cuit B, From te snp of the tein retions of it A, we an epic circa by x olage oreo, vet (wth the proper poly) as own, Fig. 4c Since thermal wae i unchanged and cies unchanged the tr inal curent iswackanged Now applying the prince ofspepositon to the netwrk sboma in Fig. 4, |e wal caret i show inthe gis. the sum ofthe cones cred by al th seas in cit Aad te su, wich we have ju dd Thro, va per poe the comet ica be writ the 42) whee i, i he cura! de with al adependent sources in cei A made 20 (i, volge sores pled by tt cis and caren soures lcd by open cir cats), andi theshor-ciracaent det al sures in iri A with placed by a shor circ . ' ‘The ems i nd, a eli by Be equation ind 3) whe By isthe ele ian king back ino iit fom teins AP ih all independent sees in cet A mae zr. FIQURE 49 Concepts used o develop Tévenin’s thine. Cuero Andis Tia ‘Substning Eq (43) nto Ey, (42) yes + aa ‘Thisis a gener elatasip and href, mus od for any specie condion at te minas AB. AS asec case, supose hatte emia ae open cited. For this conn, = O andy, sequal be open-ccutvolage yg, Tha, Ea, (44) becomes 3) Rie 46) ‘This eqaion sates thatthe opensrtvoliage i equal to the short-circuit creat times the equivalent resistance looking bak eto cut A with al independ sures ‘made rer, We refer to ya he Theveninequialetressance, Sabsiting Eq, (46) ito By. (44) yids te Ri an ‘Let us now examin the cits th are described by these eqns The cc represeted by E, (4.7) is shown in Fg 1a, The ft that this cru i equalene terminals AB wo iat in Fig. 49s tatemet of Thevenin’ theorem. The cui, rgeseted by a, (4.4) is shown in Fg 4.10, The fc thar this cra is equlen teal 4-8 to crt in Fig 49 i 2 statement of Norton thorn, Note carefully tht he ccs in ig, 4.10 togeter with de reltiontip in Eq (4.6) reeset a sore wasormatiog, ‘Tre manne in whch these thorns ae applied depend onthe structure ofthe ginal network under inwesinion, For example, if only independent sources are ae fovea 7 cs ? o ® [FIGURE 4.10 Thévenin and Notas eguivalent cies, presen, we can cle the openciat wohage or short-cut canal aad the © Thvesn euler resistance Howe, if dependent sources are ako pent the ‘Thveinequimln wil be deteined by acing and since ts s nally the best approach fr determining fin 2 nemo containing dependent sources, Fi. aly, if iat conti no independ sores, te both, ad ig il eesey bezere, (Why!) Tas, We cat determine Ry BY yf, since tera i idem rae. We must ook fo anther proach, Nota i =O, then te equivalent ci caitis merely th unknown resisance Ry I we apply am exe sure to cet A 1st source ¥—and determin te caret, which ows into crit fom , hen 2 on be dete from f= i, Alough he numerical vale of ed at be specified, we cud kt, = 1 V md then Ry = Ii Ahern, we enol we cu ee Source as et ue ad Et = 1A, the = (fn, ‘A rary of examples is ow presented to demonstrat the wily of hese theo reas. Heo bepimig our aahsis of several examples which will demonstra the ity of tee thems, the ead is canned to remember tht these teens in alton oan alenate method cata, fen permit ut 1 sive several smal pb ens rater tan on: lage ne. Tey allow ws © replace network, 10 mater how le, «pair of erminals with 2 Thivesa or Noron eave cit In fa, we ‘coud eesent he ene U.S owe data pic of emia with oe af he equi. aka its. Once his is done we can uly analy the effet of diferent ods on 8 twerk Ts, the teres povite ws with dol nigh into te operon of 4 gece nao. Circuits Containing Only Independent Sources exawrce 47 Satur Lets ae Thess’ and Nbno's hres wo find Vin the newark in Example 43, Sovuriom The cia is mimwa i Fig. 4.11. To deerite the ‘Thvesioequilet, we breathe erent the 642 dat shown in Fig-4.1 1b KVL indicts tha the open voage, Vis. equa to 3 plus the wolage V, which the vag sco the caren soue, The 2.mA from the curent sure flows ough te two resis (whee ele cout psy go) and, threo, V, = (2 x 10-3(Ik + 2k) = 6 V ‘TRarefor, Ye = 9 V. By making bth sues 210, we can find the ‘Thérenin one resistance, Ry, using he cuit in Fig .e. Obvi couly, Ry = 3 kD. Now our Tenn equivalent cri, cng of Ye and yi cometed back tote origi! teins the loa as shown i Fig 4.1, Using simple voluge divide, we Sind that V, = 6 V ‘To deeine the Nocon egal iat thetic fhe oad, we mus find the shri cuentas shove ie Fig 4.1 Nts tht te shot cicait ces the 3-V src to be daly acros (i, in parle it), the rests and te caret source. There, |, = 3/k +28) = ‘mA. Then ing KCL, Le = mA, We have akeady determined Ryan, ay ° @ @ © FIQURE 4.14 Circuits used ia Example 4,7, ‘therfore, conetng te Norton equivalent the od ests inthe cut ing 4.116 Hence, i gant th sou cant spl by he ps all sisor combination, which is 6¥. eS Cone for «moment ome scat ears of his expe, Nate tht in py ing theorems therein point in breaking the newark tthe lft ofthe 3- source, sine th restr in parle withthe cant source a sleady « Norion euinlen, hich car be immediately changed to a Taéenn eutalem asing source tnaorms tin! Furtemor, once the network hasbeen singled ting a Thévenn or Norton avi we simply he ne setwok wih wich we can apy the tees gun ‘Te follovng example lastest proach. exsupce 48 “ae ‘Let use There's theorem oid Yin he ncwok in Fig. 48, which is are in ig. 128 FOURE 4:12 Gres usd in Example 4.8. Sotwrion Hive bak te metvork wo the eft fhe arent source, the opencicotvolage Vc as shown in Fig 4.12h Sic thee i no coment ine 2 restr al href no ole ai, Vo, ee (othe voltage asthe 6:40 resis, which canbe deine by vokage ia a ye, =2() or so aa) The Tein cule sins, i fel fo F424 2hy6%) =i, CO) fue Comesting is Thiesneqivet bck wo te agin newer produces the cit sown in i. 4.12 We can now aply Thesis tere i, and tine we beak new te ght of i cunt scone sown ini, 412. In hese Vg is, Vag, = 2X 10-348) +8 = 16 $4 Thin ad Nan Ter 190. * urn 4 Adon! si Teds tod Rr, btied fom Fig 412s 4. Cannecing this Tren euiva- let tothe emsinde of the network produces he rit show in Fg 12g ‘Simple voltage division pid oh Sil network yields V, = 8 V. Nonog's teem canbe appli in asia mart solve this network; howees, we sve tha solution fora robe at teen ofthe chaptet. —————— a ee examece 4.9 icisinsructve to examine he we of Thévesn's and Nore’ theorems in (eatin of the metwock in Fig 4, which is edcavn in Fig. 4.1. Sovursom Ife beak the network a Be 640 lad the open-ci- sat volage is found fom Fig 4138 Te equations fr the mesh curens 6-4 Ail, + 40, ~ )=0 ai headx 0? om which we exily cin = 513 mA. Then wing KVL, Ve is . Ye Mi + 4h, -afaw ) +0 x 10° 2 =2y 3 is erie fm Fig 4.1 and is Ay = (hid 4 ae= 21a Ataching the Thivesineualeat he load progces the network in Fig 4.134 Then using vote vision, we etn In aplying Noroo's theorem to this problem, we mus find he Short caren! sown i Fg 4.13. At thi oie the quc-hinking t -s e FIGURE 4.19 Cir used in Example 49. ‘ale stops ined! Tee mesh equtoas appli to he rin ci Cait will immed lea othe slat, butte tree mesh equations in the cic in ig. 4.1 wil prove only pr of he answer, pectic he storecrouit caren. Someins the we of te teaems is war comp ated than a sraght forward att: wing node or oo anys. Ths wuld ‘spor to be oe of thos statins. Ineresigy, it snot We can nd from the network n Fig 4.13 without wing th mesh equoas The tech 44 Thi and Nats There Al Tein ‘iu is simple, but ite wick, and so we sve it fora problem atthe ead ofthe che, Having suid all hse things, le snow Bish what we have stred. The mesh equations forthe networkin Fig. 4.e are 6-4 Ai, ~ i) 42k, = 2% 3) =O Wille 210°) + 4kly 1h) = 0 Where we hae incmporate theft hat) = 2 x 10-9 A. Solving these equations yields fy = T6S mA. Ry hs aedy ben determined inthe ‘Tren anaytis,Conectng the Noro eqiale: oth oad rest in he ien Fig 4.13 Applying hn's low to hs co yield = 487. Dnitt EXERCISE {BIE Use Then’ tore ond, in the ewok | in ig. Dis. oe Wy = AY. (HED Fnd Vy, n't cit in Fig, DA.2 wing bot ‘Teen's and Naron's theorems. When deving the ‘Nano eqileat circuit, break the necwok othe left fe $40 et Why? ag uO je Circuits Containing Only Dependent Sources ‘As we hve sted ea, he Thien Noon eget of tt cong ly ede sues is The folowing examples Wil seve to isa how o deci is Then eval esac exawece 4.10 ‘We wish to detenine the Thvenn equivalent ofthe network in Fg. 4.40 ste eins 48, 7 SoLuT1OM Our aproach to this problem wil be to apply a LV agg soure a the terminals a shown in Fig. 4.14, then comput he cet J, cia 0d By = My . ‘The equations forte newark in Fig. 414 ae as flows, KYL, 5 avd the outer lop spies hat ea : Wayer Pune 414 Neworks employed in Example 4.10 ‘The KCL equin at he mde abled Vis Svinte gos y= 377. Kawi Ven opt tec dy The aes a 194. * cures 4 Addon! dis Techies ruamece 4.11 et ws dete Ry atthe ein 8 foie etor ini, 4.15, @ . lQURE 4.15 Neewoks sed in Example 4.10, SoLurioM Our apyroch to this problem wil be to epply 2 I-mA ret source atthe terminals 4-3, compute the terminal vohage Vas shown in Fig 4.156, ad then Ry = V0.0 ‘The node equations fr the network are Sohing thse equations yilés hely 7 and hence, Darel ekew ere ADDF he Trex equiva cit ofthe ne workin Fig. DAG a te ternal 4, 204, 44 Theis nd Na Tha #496 4 Bein Te as 8 sw fy =F Foun a4 — Circuits Containing Both Independent and Depesdent Sources [5 Int oe i mle ode nied ap ch E ‘current in Order t calculate the Thévenin equivalent ‘resistance, we must Teapot it We cnn spi te depend soe sd is eatlng rec | Webra the neva wn he Ten x Novo eqilge e Yi nw Peat to craplx one wt denen aap sou nd oe wih 8 dependent curen soe. ExAupte 412 ‘e145 we Thien’ hearin to fin Yin the mock nig de EgtUr 10M | Tobegn we bak te mio tpi A, Cold we fret ttt ther ofthe 12V sure? No! Wi? The ep och ate ala fo he workin F416, Nae tht we noe ak Reiss 2001 bee is ce isi thm atin Big KCL for he superode around the 12, souce i Wat D(A 200) Yt Vy Tk ‘here ‘URE 4.16 Circuits used in Example 4.12. 1 canbe called fromthe cit in Fg 4.16. Note hat he pe roe ofthe short creat forces 1 tanned there, the ne i toed wo hat shown in Fig 4.164 ‘Tero, Vet inne Conecting the Tern equivalent cic to te renindr of he network 2 erminals AB produes the crt in Fig. 416 A his pon, simple volige division ies E 44 Thing snd Nona Thora 197 {1 Titi nd Na Thre $97 .- S exampce 4.13 efi inthe neta F325 wing Teen's heme, SOLUTION The tir it ean a ig 4.17 Ye is demined from he newark in Fig. 4.78 Note ha FIOURE 4.17 Circ wed in Example 413, 198 * cin 4 Adin ei Tedhigucs Solving hese equations yields, = 6 mA sd, ence, Ve=2hh 43=11V , 1 sete fom he cit Fig Ae. Nae hat if cole te $x cei hmv iret tin Fi. Atgh wh trays fy, we can lyfe nc con te int, wil yell 1, KCL he ae btn et ef eset uu 2x 10-3 a ha ‘Then sine 1s shown in Fig. 4.17, Vos iyo 2 in Connecting the Thivenin equivalent cic to the remsiner of he vigil ‘mtwork produ te cic in Fg 4.17. Simple vokage division yields p GE Fad Vin the cit io ie DLT ing Thonn’ there, At this point is wore pase for & moment ses ft ope ew er kp sa eae cae oe sing esse a, wean oe eer yetions which define te neti ie fas. 7 the Boren we heft hatin ome cas ees do - 2 & é f i Hi i l a 2 i i g z esi Sam 420 sero Be wea athe tel, eg Ne have stolid feterts conting eny depict sources, This ey im son ae ait il cleric devs, ch tunis, ae nae i i a eri fy aM SSE we ao mein sw. ewe es sap, eve fr many cen pape chasse cnt for sn meet 200 * cnrin + Adin! ATs Pane 4 uae Gre for examining mina power ase, Finals intereting to note that when we enploy sore transformation a we iia 45, na snl caring bck ada ete «Tier len cit and Noro equivalent iat [EE] Maximum Power Transfer Te iit analysis we ae sometimes intrested in determining the mas power that cae delivered to a loa. By eaploying Thivenn’s theorem, we can determine the ‘minum power hat acct an soppy andthe manner in which adjust load to let maximus power taster Spas that we are given the cit shorn in Fig. 418, The poner that is dein ed te lads given bythe expression Poa = PR -rea)® Meroe alan ene es eat ee eee ecoeae ye mcoee a Pag (RR - ERR +R) 2 a ER which yields - * eo eee Iwotenwor, masini power taf kes ae when te nd wesisance = R Albough is sa very important esl, we have dived ic sng dhe sie ne wot nig. 4.18. Howeve, we shone dnt and in Fig. 4.18 could preset the Théenin equivalent cit foc ny linear etwas. exaupce 414 ‘Le nd the av of for manu power tani the eter a i. 4108 and th mnmum pve tat cn be taser tots SoLursom. To bein, we dee the Thvein quire crt fx ‘henerwork exclave of the lu, ¥, canbe ealelated from he cic in Fig 4196 The mesh equations fr te network re her BK =) + ly +3 Song these equation ie! = 1/3 mA and, hence, } i od Co 2 -QURE 4.48 Circuits used in Example 4.4, Yo Ait + 6k, f =10v E ry shorn in F419 6 10, three, = hy ‘mim power ant, Te mata power tnfeed ih ad SyPan examece 415 (Cat yo wins ows tase: sd te matiou poner ne ‘eed o this laine cic i Fig. 4.2 a We a lithe he nef dom in Fi CAB Me ev fom the Tei equiaet cisttby beg te 3 ork the loa Howes ace xamiatn of entries ag 202 + wre 4 Addin Ania Ties @ @ 6 FIGURE 4.20 Cire sed in Example 4.15, our and its conmectng nodes, the KCL equation fr this sepemode is Thee equations yield Ye = 8 V. The shor-cicit current can, be fund fom the neewock in Figs 20s I is be Ut we find the acvancage of tweaking the network to the ef the 4-0 ress. The hon cit sors tie 2-40 resistor and, tberefoe, 7 = O. Hence, the circ is reduced thu in Fig. 4.204 were cle Jp = 4 m8, Then 2K Coming te Tn at ot emir oe nd ci ps he nn 2 Fonsi oe an, = hy {TVA = 61 he matinan pve: fered ty a-(2}oa (a) mW oriut exthen em (HM Given he crt in Fg 48, find, forma ‘mum power vans and the raximem power tans. fore. oa gee =62, F220 wv, Com Coed sony remembers that she his dem piper do Tsay mong, When ste stat he comput fo ste ping sie dsoves tht he computer owe doesn't werk Af dice

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