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    Ode Maths ISIR Maths Net Coaching - Book

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    Sunanda Vinod

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    “1 ‘A adit Dien Egan Proof Lot the gust slain bef) stray constant aig oferta we sie te hey « au0 Sacef(y) = ele he gee alain of Maen the dation 2 Jug = [M5] ; "os hr its tn ch ht Consequently, nM de dy} = df a etegeting factor Ts 47 beanie ff Ten erica ASN de) = “Ton ih on eac.So n/t na LS 4) sci fcttn so cele ate ein on Sty of Sartor ice a al mings LF apt des ct qt, Wel ioc as 2. Do ie pas sei ye nha soon nena ec. Kinticren meine ean ny lal, > amp 2 Soe dey ys EEE o.oo Sel: Ws tat sdewyay= late si?) at Texto, ae sept of 2 dy=yde var SS ay = tg = e(eo-'oi0h Sar Toe ape 2 Earns ot Fi rd ad ec th gen etn ete a{fesry} refe The pene ie Le anysurgine a Breatarign) > Example 2.32 See seo()(ode+2 a) =a Seon Wea at dete dye dey) and EL ‘The equation canbe writen st Teterating logs = ~ ogy ea = er. ote 23:1 Sometimes we sll write sale frm so that te fia epic cota ferme flops or iver fr > Example 23.3 Sates = dob y =e Sotaton: Dividing by (2+), we have sdetydy ody—yde |, att eg Marg OH ae Integrating: ~ Flog +9") = mia aa ‘Ae node to Oseret Euations 5 alton be 6,9) = 6 eee ‘Nica ha * Of a4 BE ~Lar tan MeN dy =0, bate —- wae ane Bo yw, of J Then he expression Mae N i) = a. 6 H6() i to sn EP, Sica df) fa ence that there eit an Soy of ordaermiing a LP in pata ses ts them in Ast 27. But tte pees adines aL an be find by inp, “tts the equanon may be ned dots 242 toa amy He) ant BASE a(n se Tey teat) lover Ect Orme Ft Dense | Hoch gen tin Mes af} svi} refund The pris Beet) tan "fey (asbicary contact) ou, 4g 4 Rea Hyfa) me, we o= > Bape 232 Ss zen(8) (0 dete ays (2) oy - a a) dete dy= den) and ‘Te equation canbe wrtion a ugesiy/2)+ ge ego = be air om sto /s) me Note 2.31 Sometimes so shall write the ebro eraant ina ale form thatthe Bal expression of the pine may not ‘nln te of lpr or terse trigonometric ects frame 2.3.3 Soles 2 dey dy =e yy Sutin: Dividing by (2-494), we hove 1 EES mele (2) omen eere ay neocon wo OMe! Eastin [hater 2. Cannon fF Example 2.34 Stow tt te oeaton ( -Se5y toate (2 -22'y +7)dy=0 ; fe csct end find th aationfy-=2 whens = 1. (03. 0 <2 42ey-¥ Solutio: Here A = 3? = 20%) b2ey2, 7 aM ow Be ag . [rise [ee-servaet wend erect, [arn [icosacyiae=ateeee iy Sao fy 409 y= apa ‘When x = I, y= 1,¢=0, then sol: 3 — day 4 4a"y? — y+ > Example 2.35 Soe: (oy? ele — dy = 0. (Ox 00m) Sein ny d=) = gb, 6 ey yde—edy v(t) fale, ‘Sete the ftlowing equi Be Rate te on f= rt pcre ag oa teeta ; ereeren HEB aE ne on tone wt Bho} Laeneacins tee eee 236 Sie ally aViFTF. soak yrnacr don Ipevarasae (e+ vide dy) =de (yy de mean ae 5 ye yloge 1) de Fay vast ale esh dey dy (+53) Bao ce gentle which wil be ft he stadt determining 281 by inmpecon, Lye ve [2]} een ‘A Introduction to Deel Equations the uation je (2 —20%y +P hy <0 Yyrtetens= 1 fea. 2009 Wy BaP, Nee 2 42a yt She ty = ON 88 tay = SB eee Wt Dayle fat — sty ty ety Sytey hs, = yt wg ropnta terms rete, hen sl = Ay + ay? yh el de xy dy 0, (0,109) tn ~fEe(D = [Sree or, By Bete boa? Ye, or, 2) . viv 6. os ymesihle ich wil be Hep tothe stunts for FASona 2 Ecuaton of Fie Odea @) does) | Salut} Bate +s") fy oa (2 . Examples 1(B) ydeaetedy =o are dy tops det, (pest ae +e drt zi)trsy~9) se0, FE yyae— ap) = det Fy ipege 1) de yy deals 49) dem Fey iy (ey) And sym} coment ree 21 ‘Aa inoduton to Dien Equi Coote 2. Equations o Fist ‘On tho substation of y = so that v may be conser ney ependent vacabe tbe equation I de-+ oy 0 becomes 240) de e*V(0)fe do tv de} a0 os ls el eo =o 20, ‘The substttion y= ve tot ‘he vases ar thas sep where Fp) = 2842) + 60) ws te), Foe Set xe ee ee eee wee ® as [rnd : he primitives 2 (Bo ‘The primitive wil be given by the eubtttion of yf for ‘he integration has bee perfanned, pointe 25.2 Solve: May Otherwise we ay Wie ovo thatthe equation M de-+.N dy =, whan omogensins, ae be writan a a « 2 wy, ‘The subttution y= we gee w Ea te Basten on, Hee se), Sipafating the varales we then bean te Trt Foo «| Fame After perorming the negation we seplace o by oes og reef, solution iy rane 251 Sort wy? ame 283 Save I nay nt? Solution: Hore the equation is ee we =2 _ leet ey GR S chy 2. anton Fat Ore an Ft Deo La 12 So that» may be considera new ion A de-+ dy =0 bao The sbatiaton| +2" 0(0) {2d +o vo = wble)) de 4 a6foyoo) nese > war 20, 0 aoa Tete oa ‘The variables ere th sepeatd.Intagaton gives toe +1) og? loge (9) or, 2(41) ‘ratod aed the solution og’ re) “eS ‘ne nities (1) eon ee= ye eb Sy Exile 25.2 Soe: dy + y( e+) reo 2008) FEN dy =0, when homogmneos, can * os Hoe fo) en btn "talon, eosin le 2*y = ee 9). (ut =20%s) dri et 200) ACs vt ney =at(wfat— 20/27 at day! = at — 2698) = wai Hts. cations of Fest Ore and Fist Degree. Ls Maen dy Wet Ry EE econo apy eon 25, hat yin gee staraton i emapenons of agree —t- and cee Juin the fm of rae Son, eBay Hy scgentous equation Md +N dy hofotowing theorem we sill ee tha iy introducing the grating Factor ied of couse, Mie My 0 0 is bomogenrs (xt not eat) a an Integrating factor ofthe a 1 wes nv40 Fern dcningWigaig Fc wb ra aan pes neat 25 Soe syd (4!) 20 an Ts un henge et te w)-& (mm) Moonie bop tO a soit. Bw (ca s8i it) Sam Fe 2m yao haya cM nae ned en) 2, eesuse each side wil be equal ‘on bomageneous functions. ene oy ‘A Introduction to Dilfeenal 2. Equations of Fit Orde and | Partclar Caves "Thoorsen 25.2 al i Ma Ny = 0 Hen ‘Bat, hen, the equation Bs -+ Ney = O Boome y de =o for wih (ey) ran integrating ato. The solution wl bey ‘Answer Example 25.6 Sele: ('y “2oy}e~ (3? ~ 3p = 0. lon, Solution: Hore M m 2%y ~2ry2,NV = —z* + Say. Rule Ii) at aay, Mae 0p ot Aloo, Ma-+ Ny = 22y%0), hence LF. = 1/24 ‘MalUlying by the LP. and siping jeter) 2.5.3 An eration of th form , dy 2uesa(2) <0 2-738 ch 0,6, Ay By are fod constants, Idegraing, , omagencus and hence cn be Shay — Blogs += if. Wo Best note that under ¢ "3A 0), tho equations ow etinn ’ arty tem Examples (E) Ji yt) de (2809) dn. tem HK vretent. yee Mites (@asy-r!) yan A styces (247) 0. ‘An ntrofuction to Dif Eavato (2.61) in the terete Sms thas Pr-Olar =o, xt and wil emain so if we mii (r. yas 2 of integrability) if 28), 4, np MD on, npn 2 alone). We take y = yi = e-*" which isa solution of the reduced equation 8 asaya Berne von Fin te cont tegration. et tke y= op, ver? whatby slag Factor (LF), am equation of the frm ale +Pyag facto ofthe esuation, as th abo ‘Bere —aswert 4 Bnet ha, on So tae” , or, & ie The cunt becomes Jase a (ot 2 et (eet +e) 8 Pye PA geht te 08) a gglP te rimple 26.2 Rind a sshtion of the diferent! exaton sO} ase ‘femv= nie). as eee tow sacle as). GMMR Hc ike yume cos, iret opp the. entity sis Bh substation y= (sla). (ox. 1500) wi inven fetal Egon Chop 2, qs Ft Od On integration logy = Inge se, or, 9 = ee. Disegarding the constant integation, we take yonemee sen of th solutions ofthe rfuond equation. Nest take y = uses, whereby BW yee s vseeztan Ba Beczeumccuns Pasting tn He ytane cose, 2 . > Example 2.6.3 Sue by the method of variation of parameters sae B-sy = sins Solution: ‘The sedate equation is #su=0, on inegaing IE nS, os road Disregarding the constant of nt, yens 4 on of the solutions ofthe reduce ox take and the given oquation changes to pa ot one naeds, we on fein tenet 2, General ston is poet Sain: Use of Integrating Factors (IV » Beample 2.6.4 Sate: scat soa Scion Wwe enn nh oy , edna ose Ears Ie = fae priorities Matson 26.4) bythe LP, aieye a lame) * sae Integrating, rebi= fotesete. “ (haper2. Equations of Fist Order and Fit Dare La Diaegading the constant of ntgration, we take logan secs, of y = ose oe ofthe olution of the reduced equation, sat tegration, we tke Next tae cer aun welt, Bw Bese uch veo see, Ba Bete ut 1e reduced equation, {and the given equation changes 10 te = lt mins ee, om fet eins de news, Geer sn = Forcnze, a eoall (esse tcrs)=1. (oa 8 (= faa) oe {(c+}aeze) +}. ie method of variation of porometers = eetontoes git ats =F ising (284) bythe LE. =, we obtain ~ Sy sins, focsteta os on, ay=sinz + coms, { 2) -nsecon tie Eats ptr 2. Equa of Fit Order daunting cptengontval| pena ee _cignaroeaer | Sonn a Serena denne whch P and @ ae fictions of. vice Pan Qy ar foretins of yor eonstant. Benalla atom a Theater or inef 9, Malpying bythe, Hane of apd vrai We xt ffm ° y Efe n a} wath e aeeinales | {quel} al > Example 265 Sates? + (2-2) So ve Solution: Note at the equation eoatains and sot eanaot be iy We try toon whore Kina = WD that end In vi ‘ete the option ne ich i linea muon Ine ee Mulilyng by se LF: we obi Baap, oe, -(' ve * Be fect-nrn ee) ‘ e cad GB « = q ch ian goto iz. (Linear in 2) Ip.=e*4 Maing the eatin 26.) by this LF we ind Invern Example 256 es ny = = seteet(te}) 46 an ents} tech flaion: This is an amie of i ‘th he equ gee clon. Bye. oo & on ‘tito to ant! Ea chr 2 Eauton of Ft Oner Divide by 340 8 he had ede om a La 4 ya ee } a evr a -on integration, the required sofuti says ee (ts obtained “is aquton tnt sad nLite er, Sie 26.8 Rade te at a “Multiplying by the LE. we find se oluton: To make ness, pt exe oe be ) aa — 5 ee coon saree a, Fe Qets ‘b ¥ + (eeass)s = i? os 1s ee gaol solution. Lew ftom ya ; ample 267 Sate: = BOY a papery. Mating ao iene we Seton We ln aint and at ot Deon gsm nee wf fy So'tghctand seb fut oy. Bnav de . ‘ Say sey ae an fee = foc f ay? 1 cont Lanyon ; Gro sation: cna = fl i Tat #40 ta 3 ample 269 Soe: (29 +20) Lom 2 ition: te ie (andes, (Bern ok (/2= 2) andthe equation re & " Fron = Oy Le = ofe arin ¢ ond de LP ie of Pw Bod Efe) ilar mathod as that of Bersih, ‘tom factions of y- ‘Thus, we divin jtysy sas Malplying by the LP, wo obtain ayo lria}ee on integration, the reared ston says 20 (Lenk belt +2) otic > Example 2.6.8 Rafuce the equation sn ff nsz( 20049 sh 2) fo aie godin and hance se (CH. 204) ton "To maka Hien, put cony = , then és asin & snr oth genni en £ y? zensx [Linear equation} staan dateoue (ar eatin tasimna ges ating nt ring so [omen scne ds (tty 2) andthe egsation russ to & rene = (v7). (tidear in =) = oe 4 irtoduction to biereni Eqns deo eotne)a6, frat 00" 3/00) (I~ VE 9 = od ater 3. ons, fe Fit Ord. but not ofthe First Deg. 15 Example 34.1 y 4250 Solution: Solving foray =, Dierentating wrt y, Basnaing p betwee ‘he complete pie a ing p between this; 2 =4(1~2") fp, we obtain we Example 3.4.2 2 = py pt Solution: Ditereniating wrt hice nce equation i yw one ot Mutsy teeny n= fe 2/var ove of = ptlotear 1d the ven equation we obtain ayte=ea 1m the previous example We left In ete, this happens, Ya, i +o hon dt egutions ‘fen cat einen pater 12 plano fhe gen for & » afeenite wth repost to y >ecsngy). We deduce elation @) she ttre nd 0 on and the given equation. Too Asbefore the compete prise Sottion: Ssving oF 5 = ‘Blinatingpbewoon ti lation p = e/y andthe sve eqation seu (l =e) 2p, we aban Pee tte Example 3.42 2 = py Solution: Diceinting ctv, La pay ®—ap®, of, b-p=u- Ee peeve Pay * etch pear equation ny with independent ata The Tagan far Sat a dP) 0 VB Mailing by the napating fs and thes Integrating, we et _ 1+ wii = pVFHT cab tp te Fw pt (orcad) GF 1) ine | Note 3.41 This proltem for, ond Bence cm ale be viene meta 0 “evs eee ext s00n) (ox. 1900) Chapter 3. Eqns. of the Fiat vate fle peat 9) tsa + lgey aes Sega ee p(e catty) vee lercans) 2 ea dae ant ge serpent flon(testy! Amat tele Sexe andthe do 6 = poe nd 2 @s-ey- ne 8 Geytae tat aa(e 8 gate = 16 seats bette) ‘een {esa +705 5 wonoe ous a, ‘1 ‘tay emo 5-0 sad Eat (eee eral 0s Spondias of gh = ta gp Poon jo md 8 oy ay oN TEL oI ator Senos 2 sa 22 yc Sy ore ? ) 9 meD ea Uw ont sums ne ou sw = Roan (19) ones Boag. puosag ay ueyy se 0S wh on 21814 s19p19 Jo Suonenby , son wag fo 29 TE Sit 1 susp oo awesuo) yam oem sat 5 lene ororapaser wy (sr \ 66 | ‘An Introduction to feet Equations (Chapter 5. Liner Eau “This deteroant is called tha Weonsiss of the foneiont Parccita fone Ihe Mentical vanishing t = necesury condition for the linear ae dependence of v1, ya... Yai therelore, its wion-vanishing is sufficient ela. erie incr nipndoisey re fe a heat * Bap 561 She tat iin : nee tn : epee ws ‘Gown the coy ay sey init i fe form = aaa © Sot Sine : 4 ao oly ae But verify that y =e + ani - aera a a So tle Oe ae rte othe en atin (Sn a ik F birt eee ik i en vat ee Qe weer aa 7 a yo Show eat 2 2 a ; ty i W=| a2vaetonad-ilianyo. a ' 2 eee Ie fa eget Now wane tat pile gn enion 5.7 Linear Oper . 2 ees : Coefficients; ore roeig fer {Cnet sc ie is cots ond be fear D ed pes odor ofthe equation sg ‘The symbol D i ubjec Inweduction to ieentisl Eton MRE cena. Linear Equations with Constant Concent [178 He) loquation (5:72) ofa. 5. Runeion (C2) [ee the complet 2 jth previous aie saan Fie) lealed the Portiular Ine Wenote hee satin obtsning the PI, the arbitrary contin which say be fund by inspection, But ven give blow to general proved ‘lar integral wll depend upon he the symbole operatr D. (16.2003, 05,99) Sim) eie As tenoned enld nit integration ly, D fa Infect {P(D}}~ i dened by Firat Bart To find the Complescrary Fonction © = (D4 40(D— sa). The “ 0, 19a, tia, Th gear sation ofthe reduced equation "Fo byncie"** toe = Ader + Banas, 1 “This vs the requind GF. = Avinas + Beinar, = aight Foy ‘Second Part. To find the Parca Iter Pl. glee FD) Draw FD) has wo repetad factors Ley Dm) (D =i) he sum of partial fations. Aloo [emerecas de (oan gy fe Ltegcotax] = car + nase +folgconts) (eemar1Josineslogcones) “losin as + 1/acmaslgcres) FeHe) (Using disuutve aw) ‘de (See at. 26) i] 2a ineoducton to Dien Equations Chapter 5. Linear Eat Sey Le 1 . Buses = (ewer 1/asiarlogeorae) ~ifesinar + 1/ecosaetag cosas) Then 1 ria a Phage = hohe s = qfpltlesinas + 1/acoearlogcoea3}) aa Blues, extarlogcos a — (Soncasion: Te complete pile of he gen equation is ¥ Phen y= Cr4rt énae ce hganee = Aeon Pains 2b smug ‘where A and B are arbitrery constants Consider now the ie in Which’ F(D) cenaine the factor (B= my. ‘the past ofthe expression of 1/F(D) im pati factinos ‘which coueopode to thle repeated or ‘and the eresponding cet is jaca negra is Lota Engr. Slip [oto s} “Elrgple mms} 4} 2 Saal fou. Second Method, "isos nde ving a excsion of lear diferentatequtins feds one allows FOO" wom O= wl) Wepre in his way ve ems faom ie » Example 5.7. fy ole 8.2 Saber SY Solution: The equation ts (D ‘mentary functions toduction to Oiferntist Equation MMR Caper Linear Eqpation with Constant Coeigents [13 ves se 1 — Nosinerlogeneas) Then 14 1facosaslog cosas) geet splgeee (sings i/acoreslogeneas)) | 4 zsinas , emerlogecsas Vw ome formed wf famomce Fema} |W procond inthis way and Sally obtain yn ee [dorm [doe Jerome fermgye tse 9. ‘hich F(D) contains the fact ton of 1/ (0) pal ret =a olution: The equation is (D —1)(D +2)'y = ae. The Comple: sary funtion Is Oe + (4 Oe Mferro}=} [omnes tare Cy, Cy are arbiter constants A partial intel i a fo Det Dey cost of saving a euccasion of ono, fellows: at fle) wage” D> ma) B=) m4 ‘Ae torodction to Orel Equations (OwpterS. Linear Equto, aoe & phere Eatin A pate pirpomee E pene F bpp ee %, 1 pelt Sore the fling dest ana Sh sey ntam Examples Lf pret. VEE ym coe” fre vo fb tye sroduetan to Dien uation e+ 10020 bi eete Chapter 5, Liner Eatin with Constant Ceficerts (177 5.7.2 Short Methods of finding Particular integrats in Special Cases. Operator D “We know that a patil integral of near des FD)y = F(a) with conta oelsants i en by v= ptf) ution of wich can be made by the mathods dsc in at SST Por cat pail form of f(y uch shorter methods ean be sd 1. Suppose (2) =e, Then pipet a gine, if Fl) #0 9 OT = ay The excpitenl cate Pm) =O wil be treated under below Iusifeation Clecy, Dre = ate (7 1,2,3,-) PID) = (D4 ADE PDO poo yD + Pale [ooh Pin! mt oo Panam + Pe Deere ee Fay Fioe™* = Fem gy fe Fn) is const Agro (FG) £0. > Example 87.3 Save: (0° ~1) Solution; The compleieniary function sy = Gyet + Ge sce the FD) orth paseo ntgel (D-1(0+. 2/3 feelace D by 2, the complete sation is y = Cyet + Cyer* +0 /8 epee ve} ‘an invoduction to Diets! Eauations > xample 57.8 Sale (0'-20*~ 50+ 6)y = (c 4.3)* + Orcas, Solution: Th eaplementay funtion is si {or th losar operat F(D) = (D = 1)(D~3).0 +2) (49) +2rcans eset ante ot mee neat odie g Sele g Lem So By 4 Bee gets 7 ‘A pall ier i Daao- ae ("+9 rere) D-H FH ‘The completa pinta i Je cae ty bee Bary? tae tacts hy : IL. Suppose J(«) = e™=V, whore V i any function of 2. Then 8 pastcalarinegral of F(D)y = f(a) 8 wae Luatifcaton. By produce (Whang any De) aire Sintacy, 0% (em FD} emU) = ( Next, et F(D +m ‘Then, om (6.2.0) 9 Thats, Re Particular Case, 1 factor of F(D) repeated duction to Difeental Eatons 43) beck: D349), i eg La 6 50 20 CS. Une Ennn wh Cnt Cuficents 08 eifsatan By U's teem fhe wh te of soins 0 tg ey econo Seino Sa Dre) (oreU 4n0™ ery (D0) a= 12° (6 (00) + em DU Se meme pte ine ot et {ne tam D aja ayn? toe rho mime Silay, D* (6) = (0-4 m)"-1U, and soon PUD)e™UY w (D* PLD ot PyagD + Py) VY =e (De mp HAD Amys +P.-1(D-+m)+2}U = eR 4 mb. 19) [Nestle FD-+m)U = V ao that °= Daa" ‘Thea, tom (57.6) wo obtai opaiting by 1/F(D)) Um pips ee +m 2 my Roe" That, Fo Partials Case, Uf F(D) = (D— m)P4(D) fie, f (Dm) ina factor of F(D) repeated p ie and thee eno factor of te fore ferev) seme = 0 | ‘Ae Introduction to Oferta Eyuatins (D—min 6(D}] andif¥ = 1, shen i follows that re FO = 4 + ara © Am 40 oy ati Fay Da map = Feayt™ De OF and tus the excepsonal 5s ft over in Ts scsountad fe 1s > Example 5.75 Save 8 - EY 4 98h gy att eet 430 Solan: The linear operator FD) = spt 480-4 = (D-1)(0 -29 The CF. ie et (0-492), ‘A pra integra ic amare) a wae OO F(D) isan even polynomial in D. Wo may weta F(D) = #(D"), fo that 6(D5) is 8 polyeomial in D*, Then particular integral of Chapters. Liner Equa Jistifestion Since Since $ (D7) is «pot, (D4) sina 0% FD) sina es pyr = Important Observatic 1. Tn the most general Suppowe fit hasan even p * Then Figtiee= oat FO = THR Now aD atoyar-0) whet OMA) ‘ocin to Dien! Equations “GME Chapter 8. Liner Equations wth Constant Coeficents (181 fallow ts Jutifition. Sie Deinaz = ~elgaz Di sings = (>a!) since ea Desinaz = (v2!) snez j snd oon ! 96m 40) Sine 4 (0*) i «poser aD 6(D')snas = 6 (-e)snee or, FD) sina (see sinas= pipy@ een od oe) ne ox Fyne glance (16% #0) sina, 1-90-97 ; — exes (4-09 49) Important Observations 1 Inthe mat ur cat pani FD) ot bt AD} = (D0). + ay? pe _ 4 HED) nae DVD) ~ BONA AD Now G(D)H(D}11(~D) isan evn plynoaal in D and may be vein # (D3); has coxa. “Father, seppce th Vermay wits FD) = 4(0"), "Ten paca integral } gaar = HOD) nee FO . 6) 22 (Ae ; = arate Panos (6(-2) #9 joer (to(-<%) 0) Site py soe mayb cid proved tn -s) 40. 12 | ‘An ntedution to Dera Exitos 2, Combining the Re I nn I partie intgrl of fom FO oH FD may be evaluated. > Example 5.7.6 Sse: (0° —4) Selution: The Une operoe F(D) ‘Thaefore, th nia uation is (0 ~2(D+2). (m= 2yome3) Tee onan fnon Git 4% 4 por sen pulagentee —faintepae D*y =P Yh cont ston voit 2 —Lene, > Sample 77 Sue (QD +20 8)y = sxe Sct Ter peter FID) =30* #20 - (ap -(0+2) "be Complementary Function ic Ciel + cae A Parscuar Integr is wrap D8—20-8 Seats = Cheeta. Lina Eas The complete primi y=ce 1V. Surpoee f( Thea ro when on Fa.D bata of arcecing pone D™ doce Da 0 Jsstieaton. We ae ‘The ret would hav (he operate (D6) | ireniatos. Te flows tha f(2) Foe) suction to Dern quaint Chapter 5. Lier Equation with Contant Cooficents [168 cial itera of he farm ‘The complts primitives yn ciel + cye% + Zefaeine~ inca) 1. Suppose (2) = 2" (rai epost inte (9 +D-4 + OqD™)2" ice ag 63-4" tq Di the formal expansion of gy in 8 ee of sending powers of D, and seppresing al Ue tess beyond [BM egce D'e™ = 0 whaneer® > . Jasin. Wo easy oe hat tes Pet at 2s [epee D® by ~2 * ley) m= 2 es _ IMB get eroenie = 8) y= Boone. Hence, by adiion @-a{en+B aD -4(0 +2) 8D = $B +9) scons ‘The result would have been same if we would formally expand owe Te asmning powers of D and pettrm the ene operice (D ‘Stretton Tallow chat if f(e) «palymomisl nx of degree, Fipyllel= (ea taD-bo-oAD" Fe) 1 i she denmnnato] 2 (asii~ 16}. as 1 ‘An introduction ta Dies Equations Chapter 5, Linear Easton where a9 + D4 ---+ eqD" # the femal expansion of FD to Goh ems > Example 5.7.8 Soh: (D¢—2D"+ Dt)y = 23 > Example 52.9 A pote Solution: We cannot ena Seton, the _ (Fate ID, for this gies ne FWD) = Dt~20* +b sing = pi(pt~20+1) = D4D-1y. ee a OF is (teat) + (ert ea) (the rots of tho ALE. 8 0,051.0, ‘Next we ve fra particular itera, 1 a dpa + > aaop* “BF Cie (Bapaadng (1 D)-* forly ad eppeoning the terme beyond Data Dat Ok >a Fee ect meray) 2 = Bs Se sets 122 (oprating Dats) ‘the complete priate i {Zea v02 este} omtieg vate) a rennet 40 ne i Pca een pi i ite a¢ | Ratio iat ¥. ppm (a) = 2¥ ¢ i Fisabyn= J {1m + Door } B nic postive integer. Thee I ‘pst meyer t Din FD), Bo gyo-g 1h (1 22) pape (4S =f 28 f-(2) +22) ~ Mle flowing tastratin sould be earefllyobowved “4 ‘ofuction wo Diereta Egon ter 5. Lin ve formal expansion of F-1D tg JM. Grample 8.7.9 A partic integral of (D2 +4) y = sin 2 +Diy: sane 2 (0 er) ‘Thea 1 into b_ge 2d we pra" aD aD gral, " 420480" 44D") 2, Dea tule oan ean ( and ouppsesing all che tarme Py S24 (<2) toon al] wo 2 +E eS ese sae, -pipy fora manne ie Ev. Suppose f(a) = a¥ or 2*V, whee Vis any function of = and ” V4.1) = DaD~ a ‘as)e (Qe rt of tho AL, are | | 2S uors} isan inte Hon spr tal ef MOIy =D | ee ud 2 =(- pyro) Ay aa" {ror PO} we" | 2x4 >e carey observed srodiction to Dieta Gavan gM opt 5 Liar Equation ith Contant Ccticents [189 stage of (D* 1) y= tee, Stemginry Pat of ey Dasara eT DyDeriDe? 1 imaginary Past of 08 aginry Pat of, 1 ins Loose Examples V(D) a Sot (Ge the Sb Ope bo Shatter wee) a 5. Une & 0 ttoducton to Dillerenat E ial Eqeatins| Chapters. Linear Eg > Example 5711 A particular intra of (D* ~ 1) = cose, Imaginary Pat of 6 = oaginary Pat of 2. ont ou nple 5.7.12 Find « particular integral of Em ere trates | 20 | ‘an ouodection wo Offeental Equations Chapter 5, Lina Eo A. Equations with Exponential Right Side > Example 5.7.13 Application of HA). Sls by the me Sussmann the folowing direst eqeation fy ae op on, (42042), Soletion: To find CA As before suiary $y = 8e To find Ps hat (2) ‘ecustion, ace ae ey a Solution: To find Cee Tet y= e™ 0 boa tla sltice, then the near ogvtion is mt 42m 420 whereby m= lt ® Proceedings bene OP. ee (Cems + Cosas) Diy Dy To ind PL ee ‘The RES. coatain oof which 2 nat a rot oft suiiny 7 suai, hance we ake partici negro a he ta, wo hare m= 42 [Beate (Al) _ AAAs ce, BAe" =a, ut yy a rot ofthe given uation, dace techy “6A = 20, Tia yp = tee, complete solaion i hay + Dip Zap = Be AO; Diy = 24, Dy, = 4A, the equation ae sate ate > Example 5.7.15 Apo enficente nue lucene A fe 6 ‘whereby 104 = 8,06, A= 5. ae Soletion: To Gnd CF. "Thus, ay = Le andthe comleteprintine becomes Aaiy equation a» 3 vod (Gees Gains) So cr ramp 5.7.14 Applicaton of (8), Sole by th metiod of undeter= Te find Pa ined eset E Obsare that (-8) in sunlay equation, hance» aS “ction to Dire Equations Chapt 5. Unie Extn with Constant Cocfeets [201 | Right Side A). Solve by the methad of wm erential euation i Solution: To fa CE ‘As before aur equation sm? ~~ 6 0, hence m= 3,~2. OF Is Ge + Coe™, =8e yD. Soe that (2) i the RES. 0“ ls a simple rot ofthe anory vation, henen mest tale & 4s then the ausinyegeation is ip Ane"™ (So as 10)) Proceoing a before, since Dig Dry ~ yp = 209° and Dyym (A= 2ba)e™, Diyy = (AA 4Acde™, et Casing) 2 le nt a rot ofthe aunary egral yn the frm — (dsl (A 2A 6s 2002 > rule 1) py oe) Sale = ane —— whereby ~5=20, oF, A 4 Tha, jp = tee. + Diyy = 44e, te equation compli ection sy = Cu + yer = Ane“, | > Example 5.7.15 Applicaton of {(C). Soe bythe method of e- tetrad cxfitete 29 46 0m He E Fh 108 0) — me texso00) $F 2Ae tah E Solution: To find CF. | Auslaryaguain em! + 6mm: 9 = — : OP. (4 Ci1e™. Primitive bcm (499 wheeeby m= 4 vine) 4 tee = To find Pi. FObuarve that (3) fm the RLS. e-™ is & double root of the scary equation, hence wear to ak t= Aste [See rls HO) 221 An nioduton vo Dieta Equations Digg + ay +8 AE% (22324), Digg = de® (218+ 8%) Pati de® (2 i264 9s? 4 12e— 18a +92 or, 2a ter 2. vrhrehy pnt, Ths, OP. toy = (0) 4 Gyyer™ 4 aaste® B. Equations with Constant or Polynomial Right Side > Gxample £7.16 Apptcation of (A). Solve by the method of. ‘determi cafes oo an ame Solation: To find CF ‘Tho snllay eqiation is sm? m= 2% 0m (m—2)n 49. Theorem = To find Pi; ‘Sie the right sider costa, we acum a pticular elton of te fom 1, dnd OF. bs he FO ip A. Se ue (A) Now y carn be obiainad fom CP by ay cholo of Cy and Cs, beget is no ned to modify i, Also Dy Dip = 2p I. Dip Since Diy, we have 8 ae, Amb or, ty mA Example 57.7 ap Cndetarmied copie Sohikon: To fad C Bie (D*~ 4041) Lat y ori Te find P Since the RAS. be particle elation yo: Now OF end yp ba te molly yp. Patlog Dy since Dyy =B 4-205, 1 20-.4B 420. gusting coins Osetia > Example :7.18 Appt the mathed of wader Invodction to Dirt Exuatione + Dip = 4e"* (21224 94) } $12 — 18s? 4924) = 24er*, og taetent €or Polynomial Right Side WMA). Solve by the method of nea, (m—2)(m-+ 0), oO. + ert i we astm a partic auton Suro H(A) n.OP. by any cine of Cand Co, © Aino swe have 4 on apt Oye Chapter 5. Lina Equation with Constast Coeficiente (208 > Example 7.17 Applicaton of H(A). Sole by the metad of ‘determined ent foe yar ared? Solution: To ind CF. Weis (D404 1)y=2P 2042, Lat ym eM 0 bo a tea slain, then ular equation 0 whey m= 2/8, OR. GOO 4 el, To find A, Since the RECS, polymil ix = of degree 2, we ateme @ tr As Bete [sex rte ay) Now. sod yp have 2 term in common, hence there 0 ned to mois yp. Putting in te given uation Diyy~ Dy typ ea? = 2242, since Dip 20-48-4208) + (A+ Be+0s4 4205, Dy = 20, we ve 20421 Buen conics of He power of oct of i? worst: A—4B4.20 =2, Solving C1, B= 6, A= 24, than yy = 24462 +2 General ation y= Cue + Cue" od 460 E24, > Example $7.18 Application of (8): when Q(z) =O. Solve by ‘he method of wedtonnine eefent oy _ gly etna 206 |r atedton to Dirt Ea Solution: To find CF. =, herb OF. ee + One @ 6, + Cae a find Pa ‘Thor sno term csi y, hence we re to ake ya2(4+Be+ Ce!) (Seo rato 0) ow Dip = A¥2DE+363%, D'yy 2 changes to +60: and Day 4D = (20 +608) ~6(44 2024 9024) o, @B—44) +1150 ~ aBje— nice * Bauaingcoofelnt: 28— 4 Hence goveralsoltion is rou e( ates te!) . Equations with Right Side containing Sines and Corines > Example 5.7.19 Appfcation of H(A). Sole by the method of (adetrmind cette << Leura Solution: To find C.F. ‘Away equation m+ 4 = 0 jmptes m= 242 OF, to thecfore, 0, dose + Cyne. (ChaptirS. Liner Equa To find Pa. Hore ine ns in % Bien Dy = doors from a we have whithy 34= 5,98 =0 mena solution > Example 67.20 App! “ndterminl cebicins Soliton Ta lod C., As belors, CR is To fod Pi Since the RIS. sn? (as Py = sdonea And 1 shang to thew Bauatng nein Then duction to Dire Equations = mon), whereby m= 2) [Se rte 10) 2B46C=, and Diyy—ADyy = es 4B}e— 1202! a dette) ontaining Sines snd A), Sole by the methad of 2a 4 Oysin2e CChptar Liner Equations with Castant Cosine [208 To ind Pu ere sins tnt inthe complementary feta, bane amt y= Asine + Beste, [Bex rle IMA) len Dyp = Acone = Being, Dy = ~(Asinz + Boor), a ea Bans, Diyy = ~U a Dip + ip ine, wehaie SAdine-+$Boxes = Seine herby 84 = 3,880, oF, A= 1, = ap =n, sear clution sy = 0, costs + Cysin 22 ens > Bxamle 5.7.20 Application of 1N(8). Solve by the metind of ‘ondetermind aeicents the diferent! eatin fy ate inde, (ox, 1006 Solin: To find Ce ‘As ber, CF. G20 2 + Opin Totind Pa Soe the RHLS. singe appear the GP, eta p= =(Asinde + Beoe2s) [Berle (8) Thea yp Asin r+ Beop2s + 2e(Acos2e— Bein de) Diy = tAcoata 4B ain2i— te(Asinte + Bein 2s) And Diy hyp ste changes to AAcos2e— Bint Bqeating eset: A = genera nation i te + Conte Pros 80 | ‘a neoduson to ite Eqitons D. Equations with Right Side containing Products of an Exponential, 2 Polynomial, Sines and Cosines of any other. Higher orders are also included ae we arto modify yp ascordusy wih the Be a snd IL ‘The flowing cele Wil moke things lane iy the method of wadtermin enistent: ‘Solan: To nd CF. Aviary eqaation mina. (otain =}, ma aL ORs Ge +0 Te find Since the RLS. %e* dase uot eppese ithe CF, we ai the abil ltagil yf the soa form yp = (A+ BE 4 Ca) Dy = (Ue aesce\e sister, Dig = (Ape eca}esnip stone +ce and pins ta gna ation (0048-24) 420 - B)e200) mare (2b) Cet sere + ( Byating A= Genera tion i a ar > Example 5.7.22 Sole the fellowing aifeenil option by the ‘athad of wndterminl coficiente fox. 3008) Chapter 5. Lins Eau Solution: To find C.F, Auiary equation» “ To fn Pa, Sve that of and et = (Ae Bs Dy = 2hvets Dip A ae Pating in Diy pa 7 0, eel sot ' > Example 5.7.23 Solve Solution: CP is het + To ind Pa Sine e* oscues ia CF i = Gao Dp = (ass Dy = ear Pating in Dy, = 704 Anke eon ation containing Products of Sines and Casines or any included. 1 wl he bey off, nda ings daz Sal of andeterine efits Bun (44 Bat Ce) o +Biscne, FMB 4 2CHE +260 Bye 2632) wate 1 ferential equation by he a, Chapter 8. Liner Equations with CnstartCoeicents (207 Solan: To find CF Auliey equation m? 2m 10 (m= 1)3;m= 1 ©. Pin (G+ 08), ‘Soe that € and 20" inthe RES. ren CP. Hance we modify it te = (A Ba)ate* (Seoul 10) aad 1A)] Dy = eee (At SBE 4 Be Dig = Bet + (A +OB)ae + (A HOB +B Putting in By 2Dy-+yp 2%, we bave lt + ae 5} The, yp Be F.thus, yp = pauca caution iy =o (G, -Cxa) + Bate a heey Example 57.23 Sole bythe meth of endeerine cient: fe fet, 000) B Sine et ccarsin GP we have ty © (Ast Bee (Rake 10) and (A) (ie det ape + BES CAS2B + Ar + ABe + Bee 208 | An ntti 9 Dirt Egations Solution To fad CF. ‘Awaba eqation i +S + (m+ Hoe 42), me CREO HCE + Cy “To tind Pi. ‘The equation contain no term entsining p. Hence was(AtBe+ Ce) (Role eH] Dips ADs +802, Diyy= 2B 460s, D'yy=00. 60-43(28 +603) +2(A42B8 +3024) wat 4 drs Busting coficleas oct, 4B 4180-4, 2446B +608. Solving © Genel olution e.rcjer sows (ders) > Example 5.7.28 Solely the metal of wadeteriaed enfin: ey =e Soliton: To find CF Aosiary oa! 8 = Ong m = 0,0. or. (+02) To find Pa. Hee both Ps) Chapter 8. Linear Eat a2 > Gcample 57.26 S61 Solutin To fd CF, To find Ba Since the RES. Thee Diy = Dy = ow Dy 2A, ble seduction to Defeat Eaton Chapter 5. Liner Easatins wth Constant Coffins [209 A(4+Be4Cet). (Sox Ale) Btesion} Dyp=2he + 382 +402, Diy =24 +6324 1202" 204 68s + 1203" =2" 18+2}; med, several eution ty = C1 + Gas + Ht (Obeervation. This ould hve bee easy solved by det integration fy aoe, | gene tele Geng te tapes y= 24612504 » Beam 5.126 Sie by th mated of ween eit: $418 weune, Solin: Toad Co Auary equatlon mi? —2m seman ~ 2) Sples m= 0,2 OR. + Oe, “Ta Gnd Pa Socs the RHS, eine notin tho CR, we assume fine + Betomss. (Ras IA) and HMA) ‘Thea | Dip = (A=BYe sing +(A4 Bloons | sn=00 Diyp = 2B ene +240% iors | 9-040 Now Diyy—2Dyy eens change to fence we tae ‘be ins = 2B" cone = een i 20 | [An lnsodution wo Dien Equations vating conflate —24 Solution: To id C1 OY. eC os 25 + Casi 2, ‘Tho RAS. containesin 2s which saparofthe C., exrespanding, toot af mutpcity oe, hanes we anne tp =Ac cote $ Bal onde + Cocos + Baan de |} Fecas2e-+ Gein 2s. [Rate H(A) and 1) [Rs the spi form of (4+ Bs + Cat) a(n 2 4 Foot 2a) Obtain Dp, D'yp and sace Dlg yy = 24 sina, we have 1200 cosbe— 1243? inte + (0A 4 BE)zcon2e + (05 ~ ACen 2 S$ 004 4G) pote + GF AF nde = aFende Bauatng clit Aa}, Beo, O08: 3 destin 2s + Leconte man ipo costes det cinae + Lem {Boner ston is : corte Heat ainze + Lcnde Cosette — > Geampie 5.7.28 5 a & Solution! To nd CF. ‘Awilary equation or. To find Pa. and sing ane ot te = AP 0d Dyp~ 2D, +25 sae i.3(8 242 +20 4G) ‘Complete sition is (Che > Example .7.29° Solve fey: net socio 2 Dern! Equatlne Chapter 8. Linear Equations with Constant Cosficenss [2d hicty Aw}, D=0. > Example 5.7.28 Solve by he method of undetermined eeficint: ‘as Sih yet vee F Sottisn: To find CF. Aviary equation 3 Sefer tte 2m 0 gives =14608 a eV + Cain) nde. . Tofind Pl. ae 2 aad din rot in CP no ake by = AP DE +r BY Pins + Goes eee sles (A) and H1(A)] Dy = she 41pe404 Fee Gene DM, o G4at2B = Fenr—Geue spar the GF. comepondig, onted Bet sinde i 2s [ules (A) and 1B) 40s!) 2(Bsin2e + Festa) +4 econ te + (09 = 6C)2en2= 30 4P)sn te = onde, 2 tains become sad Dy — 2015 +9 Bde! 4B 2A)e + (QO —4B 4BA)e + (BB -20-+2B) Path G)atne +20 — Pears = 2 sins. quating oat } 15345 2p By Mane rees) aoetea desde 34+ Hine toms) Compt ton is asin. J22) +(e. yo (Oyo © Exaniple 5.1.28 Sa by the method of wndlermined coefcents fy oft W yered wea ae 221 ‘An Introduction to Dire Equations Solution, CP. Gye 4 Cre"* +-C3e-*, snc ms > Example 5.721 | . Tosa Ps ey Soe e*oscun in CA, we have a de = Ast BesC+ Boe? [Rules 1(B) and 11(A)] Dyp = 2Ar + B+ Bot Boot Diy = 24426 Bast, Solution: CPs 2 “To tnd P eo ‘ Soo ths the RL Diy = 3B + Bre root of maiplicty 2 . tee e (Ae! K since Day +2D%yy ~Drp~ 2 ee 7 ve have = (4-820) -2(4 4 Bye 24s? 4 Be met be Bauating enecants ener alt > Example 5.7.32 5. naWeede- Sed wo. ae compte eatin Ie ¥= Chet +000 + 0568+ 4p (give), Solution: CP. Ines | To fad PA. Take |# > Example 5.7.30 Sole bythe method of undetermined coifiionts es : (DAD Sy 108-180 —€2-11, [Ost 190, 2008) 5 f Solution: C2. i Che™* + Cae“, sine m =2,-2, een \ Seton OC, m eka é Sine occurs CP, as Pain in : pr Ase + BO Cx 4D. (Ruler (8) sad TA) Dy ~30 iy | OB 34)~6 Procrading ae tlre, A 2, 3,0: (Geooral ation is VEC 4 Ce 4 ee 80 La 2 ueton to Bieenal Equations c (apr 5. Liner Equation with Constant Coeicnty [233 ince m1 ae > Erample 5.731 See by te method of wndeternined efits fy yaaa. (ox. 209 Feta te act (ox 2000) (Ree (0) and 1(4)] Solution: C.F. (e, +02) To ind Pa, See thatthe HLS, coxtla which ia pat of CA and 2 in oot of multilety 2 ofthe sunny equation. Assume thetloce, tena? (Ast + Bo? +C248). [Rules 1(C) and 11(A)) rocsding st bre, we st hat ae reat 2000 ‘+p (ve). Solution: C.P. oo! dice m= 0,3, ‘To find Pa. Take of wndetermined coffe p= 2(A+Bs)40e dine De cone alas M(B), 1(A) and TH(A)) Ge—11. (0m. aeer, 200) Dip = A#2B2 (CDi ane + (C+ Diet ome Diy = 2B ~20e ins +200 cose le 1(B) and 11(4)) Diy, =BDyy =2 bettas, (QB ~34) ~6B2+ (D—30)ersinz (C+ De sin Equatingcoeicents, + waa 10 = 1,D=30=1,0430 40 exi000 J tc. 2005) reat 2000) Chanter. Line Eq b he-» | m) ‘a node to Dienst Equine (Chopter S. Line Eguntio. 1» Example 5.7.34 Sue by the method of srition of poereter: om (8735 oe (4? (ea, 190, 95,90, 2001 oe Solution: To fad Co maa) ‘Avoiay uation im? g? = O which sve = i eras ‘Tho CFs e,cosas + xsnos. Tofind Pi. He Flt show that conat'und saa are fdepenent solutions. a . m1) ‘The Wransbian of abd nom |_| eeeae snes snd ee) Wore = | l=) ano. vie [7] mesinas ocote as ‘Thorley andy are ndepéndent slo. at the partic saation be ” “se= wle)ooras + (e)enar 733) ‘Tho complete soliton Diy = “{-en(a)sinas +a vle) maz) gear toting E “+(ol(e) eas 4uf@)sinas} Goes w(2) and (2) that Example 5.7.35 Sale ( ‘rition of precios (eo) snr G79). sorbat : Buy = ~te(e) noe ala) eoiae Sid Diy, = (-ete(a)eaear— eons) sinas} ai) nas + xf) esas. ‘Now the gina equation Diy +etyp= vice ox, ey(a) coma ~aa(a) nan ~ aaa) sinar +auf(e)cosas | wan. 135) Choose (2) and (0) « He “ea (a) ena ¢ Pe), oe Monfe) sn er + anf) eta oct 1 Dern Eaton: A Chapter. Liner Eaustions with Contant Couticents (223 tho of sriaton of perameters rom (67.8) and (6735) (ext 200,95, 9, an) (a)emar tXG)sines =0 mev| (aetna + ase) co 0 which gives m = Seria ey = Hee seid ns to. as J ntey = “Efe and ne) = 3 [dent ear ames | 5, sae seen sadn, ae nea doetiinces) + ssn ‘teteioes (6.730) I The cpt satin rte cee wala y= Scorer snes enlias) + Leia Temas ana). cae 5.738 Sac (DAD) = eee by te etd of : cn of rote (ee (6730, HI Sto C650 (ey aber ensts (2) = 6 ad ek yp = (0) n(ed* eee eeaing 6 a byw) anda) ) and ee) a ea cosas ~ afey=)sinar) 2)snar + 0n(6) oes, 22 ~ oul (a)sinac +anf(2) casas )sinas =secar ces. 739.4 Pay = H(2) +(e) + Ona) = Choose (2) and) auch that Heuer =o, za] ‘Ae orodtion to Diets Equations ania) Dh)e +4n(ede= Bea) + Aay(c)e — doa) aioe" thle) = Jerteoee, ty =} feremsdentoe( ose a Now 4) = -Wta-beee G) = Dees +n ¥ «parle sttion ft given sation is 2) tale “eto ns) Hie coal sd the primitive i rratad teers > Geol 96 Sly eth hon of pti Fy 1M ye ae ta te a Sao: To fade. Ary en ttm wheeay a = 3,1 ORs eG, He2) sae seize, Chapter 5. Linear To find Fist to show tha The Wronskian 0 Worsas) ‘Tver, ys sod at the patina Choose (6) ad soar sd Dip ow the given oqus Py +20% on nine fe ~Infa)e toeee weer et em (67:39 and (f ad He ‘troduction Dien! uations ME Chapter. near Esato with Constant Coeicents, | 25 “To find PL int to show that oF and ze“ ae dndopndent solitons jee telah tah eons The Wendin oy ad woamal® Dah a my i era-2) (Cems tia) ‘Thee, x and ys arelndependetenutons 1 the paris solution be te = wlelet tetalee* (730) Dy = {alae + (shee *) + (olde + yGeiee*) (Chore oy) sd vfs) eh hat Mele +E aa (oi afc (ees 4 ss) ivan equation ie (ray 22) + Holos coos wt alelet +0 s)ae {alee +(e -aintele*) “alee +0 andthe Now the gen equation i Drip Dipti on, la}e +(e —Alae® — Je? ang ede an (sle* +201 —anlehe ton el tne = a, “une Farge (738) oom (6739) and (57.38) Uber embielet = 0 Maer" # (aye zs | [a intoducton to Dirt Equations tem. 109) Solution: Paool exactly as In Bx 67:34. To find CF. is ejcosde + esine. “To find Pa. (Cally cokeryy = sna and hae buen observed that vy sxe independent solutions Also the patel eoution wil be of te fon te (a) cones bon(e)nae ‘Next proceed as before wher (2), () can be found frm conan + ohana sod av, nas tavlotar Solving He ae) = Benen Fy a8 fee ante = g|cor stoner + Zine snintel = 2 f enenten Soe ty = ~Sexsastog|scar +tanaz| Chapter Linear ae Complete sition > Example 5.7.38 Solution: To find C.F ‘Arnilary equation To ied PA Let the portiula frepioe ee, <9 by © sro unknown fancidas Now os uy oad 4a) Ore LO Solution: To find C Auiey uation LZR hee tenet | ene aot rope) feos) e-"(1 + lg). dof variation of parameter: 134 | cticslralation wil be a me)sinas | 0-98) canbe fous tom ‘heater = tana, | -cosazja st una Snes slices + tnt hasbeen beard that gna ‘Chapter. Linear Eauatione mith CenstantCoefcents [287 Complete soln Is y = 6 808 4c 3in— +H > Example 5.7.38 Sole bythe method of wariation of permet: fy, Be Seletin: To find CF Aviary equatlon mpm (oni), tn =O, CF a tecoss tess To find Pu atthe partic solution y be apse) +(e tee) ine replace yn by ys respectively whe (2), vale) fv unlnown fnctions Now vy are ound by sling 40) + ffeota)+itsna) = 0 40) +¥4(-sina) +0f(cose) = 0 4O)+4(e one) Fof(-sina) = omee ‘hich flo from Extension: ath onder. ac, oh = —c88, ty . log(oeect~ ct), mo —hgsing, wi =~ tp becomes — cots) ~corzlogsina = sai Complete solution iby =a, t+ exeoss + esehi2 “lol comc2 ~ eats) ~ ea lgsina ~ zen. > Example 57.39 Solve by the metho of eration of paruter : (ext 1009) Solution: To ad CF. Aucliacyaquation i? — 3-4 L2CR ae tae (=D (m=2), then m 20) Ar roduc to Deen uate oid Fie ost & and cae ndpndet son Let gy oF, 2 =e. 1h Wen ean womd=[% Bf-[2 £]-eze Teer, Sd yx a independent elton’ ot ee partir solution be mmole ble (x39 Dap = {e{a}e" + Bal") + (ol ae +e )™} (Choos (2) and va) such that Malet + Eee (ea) ele + 2a(a)e= (alee + 4onG)e") + (o eet 4210), [Now the piven equation Dap Bdpt ty = Ee weer emg = GE ora Pon: (6.740) in (7-40 Hele sare = 0 Hele tag@et = Saving of) = — > oe) Whar (3 ‘Accord Complete sclution i Ve Ose + Cae + (er eee et) tea og 4°) = 2 (6) = Inge et) #2*llog +e) — (24 Nor = 20 (eb ye —ae! Chapter. Linear Eau Wien fngarly ind > Example 5.7.40 #5 ae by the mato of wore lomayencous uation. Solution: To ind CF, 4s Wes ssearid order ro linaryindepender ‘omplomentaryfintis “To find Replace Cy by e( cola whet Now o(0) and a shee HG) Solving. (6) =, fe Tereor, 35 = 224 > Baample 57.41 Sole fy td atte 18 deing given that y teltions of the aso, suction to Bifecentat Eaton par 5, Uns Euro with Costar concent (729 arly independent solutions are given. of When tn epee solations E cxample 5.7.40 Find the secret sts a ceaShrsZ-veura? rac, gen tha om |reee ye meta of ition of ite $n th te rg sett Mana etn ore ek ‘ 4g E Solution: To find C.F. The equation is valle. (6.7.39) B ” fy 2 Vyatte ee Te* ya (ol@e Hate) tea seid ocr diferent) equation ad = and S18 a i sso of He rucad anion Hanes We Se Rementay finan 6 C15 + Ce olin PA. place Gr by ole) auton wberdoy ne - cay ele) and tate yp a8» paste Seat {ial + 20a wy mb » ; jan Greemere ew oe) and of) ar foun by 2096, 0 Premericg : eh a) ate, re Gray 1, oe) ne whey n@) =n) =¢(0-2) et as and the compl tation nate Solving, ile) wae Fy example 51.4 Slt ah tad fin of rit ty oe Sy 3 Syatngs 0 fs eto ery apron Bs ting sien at y = = andy i in svcd hmogencnes dieretial eaten og(l +e)-=- 3 omnes fom 2008 late) -fenne a. i i ‘ } my ‘Ae nro o Dien Eaton: Solution: To find C.F. Ws a second order difrentaloquton and and €-* re the so ine inept tene i fed eat ce the ‘Somplemeatry faction Cre Ca/a Replace G; by vy, Cp by wy and take yp 42 patel ction, herhy nleba-tnle)(/2) Now ye are fousd by solving deta) = 0 AOS) 2 ge sag dadiee ad. wnt [vee te = toes =1 nao} fete te loge 2 wo dronen-f BEB) a Gonos ndaton tym e+ (2) +2* (Soe > Example 572 Find the gestion of (etme enGd p28 aye aot ly the method of vaxation of parmitrt. Jt i given thet 3 and y © 1/(e +1) atm tuo bnasly tadopendent sltins ofthe ‘rveponding homagensus een, (ean 109) Solution: Te fed CF, ‘The equation | 2h gee 2 aot “Greta” GFN ea" Chapter 5. Line Eau leis given hat y= lutions of te cores edo dlerertal ee To find et neha Nest fa fous erect Serine = Compet ston | > Beample 5.7.43 Sal sty “ER ‘orrespending fy _ 242 CP isastane To fa Pa tet, Solution: (he where ofe)2 fe ction to Dien Equations Copter 5. Liner Equations wth Constant Coeicnts {2 ‘We given thaty © candy = 2/244) ar twolcesyindepondent teltins of is coreqoading homogeneons equation ofthis second ‘onder difrertal uation, Hence finn and « and "te tho ‘edacod equation. Henos the ORs a te/te+t) siptssputarssin Tote sah Layantere emer =o qatgel: ay {2} 2 pevghae sin (ghy) BH ; Sing = 0 tg “pe an me Hot aeh weet? > Gxample 5.743 Soe tes stern ion thay yy = 0" are en inet dependent sostions ofthe Patent cute sens £5428 #32, Sepndenssolation of the Te. 200 whereof (-e-+0f(a)aet 0, ofa) Folle)(e4 Te} == Saving of = ute" whacby 02) = ~#,02 p= 2? —2 and complete elution is (a bone") ~ 206 +1) ane es Dery" s41 | ‘Aa reduction to Deets Equations Chapter 5. Linear Equa, Bietrme Example 57.44 Save by the method of seriton of reemators eftewitin, 2>0 being gen that y = 2-4, y= yy = 3 ae tre nary adept ‘son don : bed fs See Tota shadow a ay tteane ges Bede ae MH ol Eh 0-0 To nd, : sae lays irdew itive Then of fd tn wbegarye = Asdoegt = 0 w= f-togs~} = —ogs: are yuan we a fees ferme Oe suction to Dire! Equations MR “Chagter S. Unear Equation with Constant Cuties [239 ‘The equation can be directly transfor ino linear uation ‘with cost eo fica by the substitton a+ ba = puting 2 =e) > Example } a9 2 Sole (0 erm Et 020) strats? pon eD=ae ty ont ev where O= 4 one = a 4 #y_4(_2_ dv). 0-2).--(@ n+ 1N8— 20 Bea (ee 2) ee bes on, mye af St wos a age i at edecen) tah atan}y= SE) Thi a inde equation with vatlable#) and maybe sce by the given equtin besomes (ae 199 ~629+8]y = 8" ox, (gt = 100 +8) y= 8" on, (#4042) he general elution is sown as Legend's option) pe Al g pel pty tae He) Kw 28404 Ber) 2 0s eee = (64207 {4(6 420)? + BO 4287-7} 6+ 20 > Example 58.3 Soe: arf ay a8 + 2eosog2): 2 sc ft 4rd 84 608d art 20 1 [n letrodction to Difeenal Equation. Solution: We put «= eo = lg 4 1 to peratr 2 be dented by 6, th we can deduce of ade aey oGe = Boao —yy, sy _ fy _ 320 yy 7 i i ee oa a adty a : aed EY 2 9-10-2909) (Sea Be 5.6.1] ‘Thegvnequition reduces than eqution wit cnttant concent vith independent vib tin plea thus {40 ~ 146 ~2}0 3) 4060 = 10-2) Hale 1) = 29» y= 24 2008 ox (= BP = 8) y= 4 oon, or, =a) (Pet) yn et + 2eont tho OH. i Ae + Ber% 4 Ceust + Dent, wbaret = og. 42+ + Coollogs) + Den(ogs), A; BG; D boing eriteary constants and PL te 1 a tiagiccesyent waa ees as eT (Resting #9 2). (Rplcag# ty 9) se (eee) Chapter. Lina Ea. (he complete ps 1042s > emi 54 Sat Solution: Proceedings ee ‘ y= ory Ger ta yj 1 saiogs ~ Hlogzsinl) Aptlogs ~flogzsintoe=) ‘comple pies yo at sconons) Danone) gg ee insane? > Beale 54 Sete Yael vn ap 2G ha oF « seta Prncagsssbore (oe =n ot 0-494 N= | Fest + Dat, vate on, OAD G | Mor) + Dsin(og), ‘Ta’ complet pili bs y= CR#PL ants and PA (pacing & by —¥) 2a {gto st} 2a | ‘a intouction to Dirt! Exuations bey Bron , Ginaeia 8) « {eae)}-~ + eames sine 28% «22h sy 010042). (ox. 100,99) fa £20, thon or tpg and et 2 8 0, 10 ~2)-+280 ~1) +2) xy (42) p= 0+ (R= 49) Tot cr. WOR. ia = gett el (oneort repaint) = Bt 2(qooeloge + einlie: Chapter 5. Liner Ea Tota 0 = ie ses see Compe ston v= Beste > Example 5.8.6 Sole Solatlae: Put e+ Now pt w Thee f(0 -1)—46 OF. Ae Bo PL GS: y= ale +0) s£ts2y-10(043). (oat. 2002/98 awibe keane yasie=i0 (4-9 aot 2)ys 10(e ben) pestering) ‘shge teeing} Chapter, Une uations with Constant Cowfents [28 “To find (Compete slain is 5. olenlge tenga) e+ Zhe > eames Ste (eb gh ae vr) foun Solution: Pats feu th ad hence the equation change fo EY gut 6 ae Ge Now pt: ‘Then {00 1) ~ 49+ 6hy =e ~ a0, (F —5840) y= CB. Ae + Be = Ai? + Bub Ale +0) Ble 6 a 06 tm loge and et wi my ‘A introduction t iets Equtlons + 4y = 2ein{2log(2+2))- (CHE. 2009 Solution: Put 2:42 =u thn put ue and D = then {DD~)+D+444y= (0 +4 ‘ram work-out Ex. 7.8, Examples V(G) ee Loser ll nas S fet. 5B all tun (e200 Be ehrab sans eo egesett en eee (0) 2 $3 ~ 8 09 = et rem 208 ex. ey sey. eet vsake atten fy at iat, ots a ek wrt oat sae PE fia) 20" (anne sty alt oo erordt- ow orm cmt —oo 0 arate oo erent cc com SE ster 4, ty und yy 256 ‘An Insodcton to Dilfer uations Caper 6 ag ie ‘Tins, here cuits «dered easton of (9 ~ 1) odo we, Cox tinge ctity Pate eee (2284.3) 95 het Py atest ‘Tei a near eauat Bos. Malling by the LF which, on difecentation, yoke quation (63.1), Hence the quiton (62.1) i ean atd-the condition i thas suit 4 Note 6:31 Syston (34) isi clad Fit ntl futon al (63). 1 (634) is exact we may ain ts st ntl in a sine wegen. we obtain ‘ranner Tis wil eel Sond Iga of ereton (O31) The roves canbe peated te provel ty eatin of torr ws has eaectyntedependent fet sntean general, of denen ‘at store eua abr othe one f the eptn hae bon obtained all the diferent coifeents can be elite fim then 30-0 to lane the promi Esaenpe 6.3.2 ay!" + ( 21 Veriftat te option (2? + 82) 96 (00431+ J i eae! and then sae tea 0m Soltion: Here Rarer = 2 Biot Bae 32) z 22atero glee) fb inagral ey" "The condition for eines etd ° Sint scone (24432) 90 +(62+9)n +90 4 aie Mee +32) yp eet +30) m+ (406 dpe chia tna eget {he compte pit veel oy nk ome pare fom Sn "waxion wo Diets Eavtins: MIRE Chgtr 6, Exact Diferential Equation: A few Spc Ferme {255 satin of (2 1) od, fat Integra fe gen gusto e cava (seen vtue [lore detent se fresco ona oy Hy 2 yn ty de" eae apa eee ho) ‘Thies «nea equsion of ist oder; th ntagnating factor it on (653). BD ees. set andthe codon fs this Mulityng by the LE. we get a Sooersy td Fret Integra feqution in frat inter in.sie Maglof eration (63:1), The {tht any potion of onder tata gener Drier ofthe eration have bo ten Be eiminatal from then Tauégratng, we obeain W2e4 3) ae Sologe p sample 3.2 4 24 ye 4+ to av se erty slew Dy +m eon nity Onecare Fa Cs OW He fee settyy cea eeu fon ae 8) 400 stin J a caring tris) R=? , (0a mbtiation (Gs +20 499+ Gi Ge 45) tees may @aeiy429 ‘tet Geeta ia + (2 4-2-4 2y! + (20-4 Dy =e ‘Slat sted tages Sabet) +29 wy +(e te+ ty: | ss) teron | een 28a compl pri ie dette ey [sob cos fee dec on +2 i 28 | ‘a lneduson to Dire! Squitions 6.4 Non-linear Exact Equations: Equations that are not Exact the aqui (6.1) of at. 6.358 nt lines, me have no sp tat for enactaea, Bat we yo hs ‘equation of on lower ander mich it may be obtained hy 8 tone cfeestiton ‘Aga (6.3.1) not exact we may somtimes Sn an Intagrating Pastor. “But uo geocral rue can be ented for determining 2c) Integrating factors & Example 6.4.1 Nontincar but exact: yi" + yy Solution: ai +g" Stapp ei sag? Ovabeisen av dors th gh lin wt (ph te eit aac tins [ave oath Licryiayieat iowa ‘cond integration yes da Hhiztazte, since : Zw eew wo the comple iv : Pm erameralereeie™ sigs Ae? B26, he oqutin exact by producing" Chapter 6. act Diten > Grample 6.4.2 Lina By esy Solutio We can vesity for Poe RF Hovover, an LP. 2" Areata eation. Mi yn sant (02 ~ 2, Abie now equation BR mus bold ood. Le, = (aa™-+ 2002 45(m+ 2) oe, (ma a}amt 2nd Using, wee, a . Ze aay ale+G-)r Dis Satara ates Goce ‘Woduction to Differential Equine Equations: Equations t ot nat, me have 20 spl teat | the dation eva by prac 2 whch ¢ may be oblalnal by ay somtines fad an Taga be sated for determining suck et Bay + yy" = oy" sty yar wr ough not aes); fr i can be [Ptéta ‘Chapter 8, xa Dierenal uations A fw Spell Fame (° 257 > eample 6.42 Linear it net exact SY Se'y' + (02-2) (24s) y aoe — ae Solaion: We can vty Wat hie near equation i ot exacts foe R- MEP" = (-2-24)-0-22)+00)~ 6) #0 Hower, an Li. canbe dadaced, whith wil mike it an enact Aizen egiation. Mulpestion by 2 gives MP 4 Samy (Qe — am) (2am ga) y (0a — aso this new oquaton i erat the the condition Be PeRl Pe =0, mos hl ood hey — (22 42°!) — 2m 4 1)am 4 (me a)e 5 on-+2)(m + Ye™— (m+ 3) m+ cr, (babe + (m3 (mit) =, focal alan of ‘Then m = ~2 and 2"? fan icagratng factor alg i ave, arsare(? 2581 An nrductin a Ofer uations, ‘This seoind oxler equation can be tanslored into ene with constant couflents fe make the trantimation y= of aad tho ‘ples slston sil bo vesyn det + Bet pcos [is acc wit be explained i art. 72 > Example 64.3 Nondinear and Nowezact equi rdegating {ator by napectionzeosy y"~Secay ¥y" cosy y*—200ey ) + say(a"} +ecasp Y—einy =0, Solution: Since (cee) = eega the last two tain of the given equation suggest Jas a possibte Integrating factor ‘logit and integrating on, ony y! tiny)? ay =o ‘The trasformstionsiny = x roe I to Pbrmae > Example 6.4.4 2yy/""+ (ay! —y)*~ ay? =0 . as (eye) = yy +ahy? = deyy— dy? Suite tian Chapter 6, Ext Die We" isan LPs te Bay der for emctnas we he oguaton bce ‘Tae Se intel This again ant ¢ tho secoed integral} (es » 2 dee ‘aston wo Oaentit Equations, (Chapter 6, Exact Diterenal Equations: A fw Special Foes & 259 tbo transfonge ite one with 12" isan LF, ean malig yt we have ssnoipmation y = o/s? ao the ey) ay wae ee ayy aay? al bey ‘on-exact equation: Integrating: eae aaeied vi/y" ~cosy y"—xeosy iy’) + for exactness wo iy tke m+ the equation becomes 4,01, mm 6 Dey Ae tert oo den ame 648 Ste (+43 SY 5 to salt 20 reat Solutio: Here = 142-429, R=8462, A= 6,74 =0. Now Pe — FEA. Fif = 0-04 0-0. Beat, ‘The id integral is “9 1 ep AEH R Rea ow Grew igpe sm =a his is again eset, sae Fy A+ FI =. "The econ nega i, heer, (ete) Prasanna se a, Z(ate+2)a) waste otegrating teste valaeearee 260 | An ntaoductn to Dif Equstions > Example 6.65 Shir that fy sins — cast esata oe i completely [c.2000, 98 Solution: Hare Py =sla, P= —cone, y= eine Sino Py ~ Pi + FP exact andthe at bg : nse oy, sing - ayenes Rete 1 of sine 2ycons Thats Coote = Be f a ete Mutiplying and intgrting ye fao mate =) nz wars - k : i . Examples VI(A), é saive i i Sarrivanignmiaiinn t 2 yey +250 ; 2 a Sh satevey : i ovsite()'=0 Ge +30) 2s bern rveterne. — teht rss Saw ini =o Chapter 6. Eset ier (AP et integrals MB ey" sy ©) vata © 42 yy Movers tts 6-9 fhe 2 2) Gna y © 2" He in @ Bottne ©) veEb rr Iris: ue = GUO (smsty" — eo © etme 12 ad te ded aa Se 6p + ils: 1/0 nen Mw 8¥" an" Fins = ean LF ‘hetion to Dien Equations arb 2+ FET +0, [oss shostna/2 Se) de PR Doge fa? wih of Linear Equations 4 squatlon. letegrating once we aA ‘Chapter 6, Fact Dien Equations: A few Spal Fos (268 second integration gies EX [{] 10 0} serneee = Proceeding i this way the complete integral can Ve obtain by example 65H Example 65.1 2 = cin, Solution: Intograting ones, Bow [ene des as = Bene + 2esine +2e0ne + Ay Intagatingseso, . © y=-2%sinz—decnns + Stine + Ave Ae wy (@) Equations ofthe form £2 = 4), () Hn =1, then teeqution ecamee « =m . Binds, on, [Bmeeas Tos" | Fyne () Ten = 2, ee equation becanae fy as ptt ii 382 en et 82-10%, « £{(2)}-0018 ae Eromple 65.3 0 Seton Put © gt os = a+eF a wer ¢ Le Paces oral Invratingan Vee “We may write the slut o- Case 6.5.2 Byvations oft ction to Dierotl Equation CChaptr 6. Exact Diflerens Equations: A few Special Forms (265 Suppose tht this equatiga ean be sled fr g and et area a geet as Gaba det Ad, sued in Dynamic "This cago othe cave (A) ghven abo: tod) Pa Example aft {14 (# vy 2 gs reamoeess ft-{1+(8)} 4 Me soni: Put = Te eit bese wit 2 ares wel agg Bo VET TF tt We may write the etn Ine orm Way =P -(2- 9 cn 682 Bt ee (G2): » (Be) ‘An lotioduton to Dern Equations Cote 6. Exact Difrs Than the equation tenons Ihiegatig once, sag. iterating, Tima” 1 afer integrations hare been cari out the equation can be solved for gin terms of, say 4 ~ fe), whore 0) wl involve the“ Genta and, he (22) teat wl id the print Otherwise, wing seafasafsma}” Eafnog) and wo proceed in this manner tit 9 gt y 84 ftion of g. The ‘imitive wl hon be the elimina with rempoct tog ofthe equation 4 avecig y, and ¢ sod he equation consecting 2a a fe gfe > Example 65.4 #4 - rf 2, ‘hen th oquatia ates be farms ciel PO set #49, = Bh eaeo, os, (Dae: oy azaettenes, te, SE 5 @ ction t Oifenti! Eaustion 1 becomes ata, —a “raaiva}” ‘ed out the equation ea be 1), where O(2) wil ntl the“ "ec atoeaion wil ya the woah” ads +f saa) got y 08 funtion af g. The ehrepoct tog ofthe uaten ‘oecting = nd os takes ee ors jan0 frmez*= 8] ne exe Chats 6. Exe Denti Equations: A Tow Spc Farms [257 Integrating ono, pow tees A+ Det Oe + Dee where 4, B,C, are arhitrary costnt. 22, fe > Example 65.5 29S Solution: Put ¢ = £4. The equation becomes a homogeneous suaton of he fxn 20 4 ax EL 4 a%g=0. CChniging the independent variable by means ofthe sabeitson 06, bog weet (00-3) +ai)9=0, [vier “Tho lary oquston mt mo =O gives tmo alsa ms erg Case 6.5.3 Suppose da! <1, Thea 1~ Ae? ie psitoe = 2 (oy) and Lek Ink Then OP pel, on, Seoe bon saad tel, on Laas soe! Invert ties y=AeBess! (col ¢ De) \ i 2} ‘An itoduction to Dire Equations Cave GA Suppate ab > 1. Then 1— da i neptie = “(es ‘hod 224 at ebes2) Tintagrting tee tho complete pine can be obtained. (©) Dependent variable absont, (0 I the equation efron of 3, of te form HEEB nda) eo sm emits wl educe tn ordrby ep Tt may to posible tocol for. Suppose” maeaust jedere, - J Fle) dein the patie. (ost enn thm (CEE afhe) <0 080 | Beige Ge ay Gecatatitation E 4 wl seduce dhe order of the equation by & Now we solve fr ¢ and there y by son integratic. =» Beample 6.57 SY. fs > Solution: Pet p Pups a sn HER SEIS BES ction wo Deer Equations chapters, race Denti Equities A fw Special Ferns {260 4 is naatce = —# (0. + exaie 626 24 () jes Map Tere Solution: Pur =p. Then we gt SVP, « By S-vOP, « TBy ce, sinh 'pazte (eis an arhttary constant) 8 peetni(e +0) on, Ma paniie to) pestle +0) +b (is nother arbitrary contat)-— 5 oc pp de os dake Lertallte Feta see to sl for. Suppooe | ¢ Yash oetalt+arte sat Gents i Fie 4 ° sce 1 et tim. sedge Qetall ray toete oS | Womay mate o J oy (5 105y =4(@r+0)F + AP + BEC, “Be | where A,B,C and ere alrary constants | sate ear of the ution by yey Secmtensa (£9) 2284-8 yy eaconive ntgrations. a0) ‘An troduction to iris Egatons on: Pat £4 up: Solution: Pat £4 « p: Then (BY +sB-ra0, ws pose, frames le ‘Tis ea Chrous equation. ‘The gana lution is mpmared, ated vars Jasttdeto, ony () Indopendent variable absent ike equation fon om z, 4, the frm ss at: ($) 1178 mtom ‘Thus, tho eguiticn wil be vedoed to fio order lower than the rgd equi, Suppore now i oeatble tole ory 7 4 Fa), the 2 a4 int i the imi, fe si the & & > Example’6.5.9 a Sotition: Pat 4 = p Then we have open we a Chapt 6. Exact Dies the cae 9 PPL, os duction o Diferentil Euatins 2 gone olution ie to one onder Lover than the is poole to save fae ps7 Chapter 6. Exact OfentlEquton: A few Special Forms [271 aang th cep © mich tiv, we ave for #0, & utrerta, on painted, os axons 2 logan 6) oy she prtv, > bam 6830 ben ++) F sotution: Pot 3 pT he tion eon s(t ~loguin + (+ ogg = 0 oo Ho LER ces 0, Integrating, . = [igevetye [taf ser. = [ete | F-* | ae = logy +2}on( oes +s p= fw opt gy wan ey cnt a= baw =O Ce oT gy Examples VI(B) sate ction to Diller Equations one Oweo stan vive of (7 also a finetion of, Then te | gu ae | Pu Bet oe hy (729 hy (723) ere nearing itor ehh Wilying bythe Lae) a2 fhe oP de, (Chapter 7 Estos of he Second Order (2m Now, snes» = de we have, pea f ees war f (eS e fuel ash ae Hence th compete pit of (7.2.1) fs amen f eel wie | (etre funsir aa) (A and belag two arise itn) ‘An Important Note ‘The problan of deducing the complete primitive thus eave ato thot of finding some sltion of spe eqeation [et (721). Ia ental, for ariteary onetime ofP and Q itm ot easy to law such ‘olution Bat in he following special cassis posible to determine Sch a slain by mee inpetion For he equation (D?+-PD +Q)y=0, where D = das, wapatioler stan —— P+2Q=0, 1tPeQ=0, 1 PtQ=0, Sem a pvc colason f m4 mP 49 =O, ‘The truth of thes statements canbe ely verified. Ore 5 Pirt@o- > Example 72.1 Vory thats ie & olution of the raduced equation o iyo, . afy ae Sole the equation afer raducng Hf fist ontr linear euation. Solution: a edueed equation of th given equation js vty Sty PB Bryno. ‘To wel that y 2 ea tlition this reed equation. Now mm} ‘An Introduction to Dieta Equations wheieby a ya oft 2H sj a0. ‘Next write y =r (0 = viable) inthe oie equation, then Bae, $Y gO ya genta ae at ae nd the oqation transom nto ‘leh frst onder linear equation. insets ating aod integrating px [sees e & se cp ie ne ape ai4 8, ieesevaigs ts eos Pb eiehge ta > Example 72.2 Krowing hal y frstion of i ihn f tm eff -aevatlsteeay-2, se rg pt 0 Solution: Lat becomes ve (9 =a fine of), shan tho given equation fot 8. (Choptr 7, Equations the ~Pise fg = pnd et = Sis Bpaele. Now p=db/ds =aet ‘The complete primitive > Example 7.2.3 Sate omg Integra a ection to Diferetiat Equations + i orginal equation, thes vaetalget 4 Sltion of the reduced eo =2, lnc pution. (8 186) 2): then the ren ein Chapter 7, Equals of the Second Order 20 Pit ff = pond lt 20, then B-p=1 Cine) Sco Bem elmert, pete fe +a, [Now p= dodo = exe" —1 aerating v= get 2 +e. ‘The ompte primitive y= ae == +e. > Example 72:3 Seve =z), een tht y = a solution of terface eyition: (G3 000) Soliton: As befor, lat y = thon the equation beste sa-aftea-2j na. fe VIF 1, VEE rare ets Intepang win ba and puting © = of vi eain 2 oe (Vine tanta} +02, 2-day 20 | ‘An Inodection to Diet Eis > Example 7.2.4 Sole bythe metal of waitin of printers ay > Bcample 7.2.5 Seve ey ey Ore! fy fo, 200 Solution: Apply Condy. Euler boregeaeas ness equation of at. Si toita educa equation £4 4 eff 9 =O. Pot r= ef, or, t=logz and 2 d/de = J, then reds to (900-1) 40-10, 0% = Dy Avsinyeagaton: m1 = 0,m 1 CP ad tet wae hols ‘Then the gin equation rede to rt. 674 ‘Sete the method of eration of parameters a a tees! i bing gin that y= = andy = Iz are to incr independent alton of the comeszondag homeyensras oration. 5 ‘Soe that = and 2/2 ar independeat olson, since Woes) = We hive, akeay, CP et o/2 PL. Replace by ve byt, then Now eo are foo by sn, hoz) sad hl C2) n(a)-2-boste)- it) Solution: At in Ex. 7.2.5, 14 Lat y= he te out the £44900, on, & Integrating. ’ Solving wf = Jee Jett whey Ljster set | Pte ny = (8 Compas atta ye 8 +E £48)=5 pean or, & tral coution iy = e* fe ction to Dirt Eauations Chapter Eautions of he Second Oder Faria of pramiters Example 7.25 Solve atiar ; after the determination of ation of ts edo eration cm, 20s1 coos Hoes equation of at Suton Wen in the frm fy 2898 Yate, BPE weet P reprget-fi24200, + anton cftbesedcl ots, Ase ec arrbetn Beas os Be (icd)oe? waa wevecngen, «, E+(oH)ere darametere “where p= dvdr and the equation reducing to first order Hear. Mulityng by the LP, = ef?" # = SF and integrate, err eat o*) ae mney teint Hy = JS dene nay oe Integrating ve BP Hg (P426+2) ot Lee a Cams tae EJ=-ge0. ena aoton i spate yy Ayer oman r8 Shee GE rote na and hence ets pactolne Solution: Asin Bx. 725,147.40 iti. a at y =e, then the equation chaos to 25 + 5 I)=0 ys)=e @y ® rien 4 2pa0, on, Integrating ne on, eae obit oy =e (6 oe omy ‘An Inoduction te Difeental Euat Paice, tite of ‘Tho complete pthitive ieee fot Him = er any positin fy ast ae 72.1 Relation betwe: ating = pon ferme Integrating, tae do, on Domb laes B=) 7 Bap, Br rp=o, 5 Tim te preuing fst Poin ven th eae ic lt otter tre ase Chapter 7. Equation Sotto: Hore Rellro, wag es eee, = A (a constant) or /0, the the equation (7.2.8) be aived by tha methods of Chapter 5. Solving Sor we can gt fh cexplte eine of (73.3) ermne 791 2-28. (24 2) yee! Soto ation redaces to ‘This is near egaton in with eielan.cotiins 9 = Ameet Bait Acse+ Binz +}e. ‘he complete primitive ofthe given eto pave HP wr kscoe Basins Jeet ; 3 > ramps 73.2 £8 1 4 4 (psi 42) a0. ae Bae tae tweductin to iteenta Esto Chapter 7. un ofthe Second Order (289 (13.2) becomes Solution Hace naire sy 4 2 then th equation (733) can 8. Solving for» we can ge ape, (eit. 100) IB the soduad easton beinee . es Ea “fe tluion ofthis ormogeeous equation it Ast 4 Bf, and therefore the complet plo ofthe given equation fs p50 eT de mo, th ge ye (etn) Mee cenetne Examples VII(B) BET Py — aol + (sett) yma inde ver be, (ty alt sadyane vives eqution en et 4 nll anyon tbs (ssi Pa) £4 nimelt ¢5y=0. pate 306 | ‘a tnredction to Oierental Equations oc iatince sf we are to soe he soutien asa Ale ve solved probes he ey Ghry=0, fiveny=2loe 20 and y= 2 whens =F The nlton of which iy (sn sins) are wl hive cy fees nti fw wish Uo aay soe coon ach fe 0 it Ws oor ex $50,400) = Oat az © = 40) an og ands the heten fe nor-ti Probes this tnd are ead Douadary valu problems anit suger hey ace mse lan arsentag tbo ya Fracce~thet Un al vais oon “ Tot up al a ta eA eam > Seri 121d te cnn Md A lc atin uC) for he ire pation fy 2 coats sty iors : ‘vi0) cond “y(n) (824) Solis ety ison’ a Chopter 8. Simpl Eig, Case 1. Whe Bot y()=0.and y Saad nance = 0= en ‘And thr els a (Case UL Ror <0 = wate (8) and VK ie only slain ‘Case 1, When 0 Ox But (0) = 0, hat. “Thi wi beat Ef Hentclly soo, which eny oe, Vis Jrothar monde 3am Pas ‘elon te Dire! Equations a lone ask sin) ean rw ih a uty ct values of or example, at (ual Dan Ut the atin sandary- value problems and ‘reselag—tn both they and ‘i form of 2 example 2 hy ond the egenfontins +0 (a2) uo ea) fo. 2909 ‘Chater 8. Shape Eigen sale Piles Case 1 When A = 0, = 00d enor the otiton i ye @taslnaton But yO} = 0 and y(e) = 0 whey and henco = 0 "And tar ets ea eatin y =O. (Case I Por A <0, the slation sere m = 4V=A) nhac (3) and VT ae poste. Now spy (0 ‘Than 9 Hea #Oand ee ee" =O, | Again es ett 8 tii ‘aation y=0- ‘Case IE, When A> 0, he sli is (xe m = V7) ie Vie oii Ve ‘But y(0) =O that ithe sotion sto vanish when 2 =| dea ead tats ay er a0 ‘Therefore the solutionrbecimss yeeasinvie. ‘ter g(@) © 6; tht the sclution ls 8 ves wha # = hin os exsin Vin, “tala wit be true of ours if cn = 0. But thot leds to yDosoeing scattcay ao which is 3 srioial solution, Since we ge tered acre! sltin, the ony aerstive is that sir = 0. Thus, sini = opis Vir 0 or, Vien, that ts, A= n? for 1 lr wc mst be a to one he mrs Pak so he dn bes 128, 310 j ‘a lection to Dien Equations Grape 8 Simple Eig ‘Thao value ft be denoted by Ay art cl the agen-values ‘ft problem and th exrepndingnon-tlla sitons As HL Ber <0, sing, as, snd, yn oy Be ar (n3) acd VOT sod ia gener Aysanr are called cigenfanctions: Here the : ‘ottion sein hat th attiarytontant dyran bo diferent for een valves of ‘Conclusion. Casting the rls ofall hs ee, we conde hat the egeraluar ate Ay =n! and the eoesponding eee anos 6a = Ans esa te rob ‘scompealy ed ‘he only slats ‘CAs HL. When Observation 1. Avaug@t for whith proba’ 82.1 has nontiviltton a Is alo an elgen-ale sd the noo ial soliton ie called a Sp Note that sa tigen-fnetion. Tt sto eigenvalue of te rable called ame the epectram of orien, eee Obsarve tate v But a age and 1. Tego value frm an mre segue of fostiveminbars that approaches TL The nth fubelin,win’vaiabes atthe endplate of the tote [Qe and hs exactly (.~ 1) sere i the interior of {et ow work it. ew spe ox Esanle 822 Pad ge ond pe bntn fre ‘gee ean Se eayuo, ishing the lonidary conions yf) = 0 andy) =. Solin’ Ths aut eqstion em? = 0, ‘CASE L. When A=, he solu fe y= OF (4 Pie) = 6 Hi nse mi = 40 (0) #0, 9) 4 0 what 0 =a, 6 heh eat othe ta soto tio to ifn Equations ace cla the eigon-values trivial elation pre igew-finctions. Here the (Serant Ay canbe dient sal ee eats, we conlade (i the cormepending ene 3, a the potion 2: bnta.nomsevial tution ‘betvil oution called an “alu ofthe problem sealed peeoence offsite mumbers vee at tho endpoints of the 1) sates i the Ineo of ind eigenfunctions forthe os since m = 0,0. Om a,0= e+e. This, etter Chapter 8. Simple Ege Problems tm (Case I Re A <0, thoi it where (<8) and VK are pase, Now apply (0) =O and w(t) = 0 exten a0 and ge Fray =a. “tne oly slations ase, == ey. Again tev stony = 0. CGxse TH, When A > 0; she sluion is ye creo Vie + eatin VIx ply the boundary canton (0) =0 snd y(t) = thes = 0 and ein VIO. Note that sin #0 iand only IF = nx Porta, if be posi hen mast abo be positive ‘Obeern that ensin VX =O implies there = 0 ors VE = 8 ‘Bataan cies and Uh, both ond Oth pation Secs tral. Heoe fore none lation y = ens Vx, we Base snvi=0; wihcey VB = ym ein 2 aie inte PPT other words Ny must be oma to oe of he Be Be Pe et, rinse vlacs of are eli the eigenen of i ifecntal anion tn the cxmeponding (oor) sluios are ovine ‘where postive intge That meas th coxespodng Teiculke words he eorsponding eigen felis are Avena, Asladnd, Aasindes, stare Andis tation 1» Example 8.23 Find th eigenvalues and eigen fonctions of SS ERE some m1 ‘a introduction to Dieta Eqpatons Eke 8. Simple Egonsr Solution: Prosted bin examples 8:23 and 8:22 and oe that caly AMM “Sco ee pen that tv eoton y = Ols found wea 1 Oo Ale megative a ‘o we conser the case when A> 0 ‘Thesolutions ye ercos Vie + sin Vie vie —— wy beng ual ‘Tho te ln rn ty = Baous=n shen Vinca Snead 0,50 = Op ony 0 i tio i ib cr incon w tS taint Cn=)f ena : "Thus, tate boundary condition we mut hate = Oa either | Bs 20 or cos Ign 0. The cles y= Ovanle isthe ll sion | = Bot con Vix = On emulnt to that in y =O at = "Than, the eigen de andthe corespndlngegen-fureons ar eat (oad) vimana > ample 8.2.4 Fad the eige-slies end egen-fenctons for fun Shay stisiping the Boundary contions (0) = 0 ony) =0. 029) (at u(n/2) =O wher (Ve e328 ep "Solution: Proceed a blo ands that his, the eigen-aues 3 yea cevirt cia vie damn suction 0 Oiler Equations Chopte &. Simple Eigenale Prelens (38 2 and 822 and see that coy ees Sine ena yy) =O andy) We bv fom Vif -aseVietoeoevie} ' 0 = avi and 0=Vi{ tio VE meee} ose 0. Tena =o ow being equal to 0, sin X= 0,0, VT no, vein Vie ‘Thole, the igen-vals are deen, 21,2) Uy 3E0 iso postive odd mile nd the igen fnetions wl be (omy sin Agooense! where! we mutt have; =O and eter venus inthe tial solton 2 > Example 8.5 Find the eigensar forthe diferent equation \| 4 Etaye0 050 saying he bowndary conditions y0)— 0 snd w(/) =. ex 3005, ys cowie tonsa Vie Winey =a «=, at 0) sd he soln eee en veome | and te to or Eitri aad Next yr /2) = 0 whereby 0 sin (Vi/2) and here ed enet) (sur fe. 2905) a nee, he ston is ‘Tas, the eigen vale are 5 fat for 221,23, uy ‘An nodcion to Diet! Essar 8.3 Regular Sturm-Liouville Problems Aue te rd ps henge ie ee Ee xteny tunis py feos} + ersten tert 0%, Hana =0 . ‘at satis the loundary condition eux) + P(e) =0, anit) + Aa sce o,f) 1) and) ae rota continues nto faethe) an 7) ae pate on [2 tha co lingam arirary parameter ‘The pruntr 2 spar In St uve probln oy a inated above Tet he one finetone pg andi hs deel eqeaton ae indepcdee aad he el mbes yy Ba a independent {em BPs area contr Sth to a aoe bth Sef ad yar bt re 5 1 toss wethr ewig vo boundary vals pce MLA” Conversion t see Stra ioe poiene iti: Has fs) = 1 Fe 0, bh fe) 4 oz i Storm > Example 8.3.1 Determine wheter the bandary soe job 440 - _ Sereno; yo=0, xe) =0 uf of Ba! 821 isa Star Liowule protien Solution: Hae p(e) = 3, os) = 0, r(e) = 2 and on the intra interest (0,5] bth ple) sd re) ac postive Hence i Stnm-Lioavle problem. Tele +12) aml 83:2 Dame etre oye on : fee ey Larn wit Cite y= 6 10) +a/0)=0, 2-9/0)" +i 0 Sturm-Liouwille problem. Pviding by F(x), wos Lereinsef $2 of Stumm Liowit ential and Fi) doce Solution: Here (=) = =, g(a) = 2-41, 1(2) =e end onthe of interes 1,2, bot (and (2) repose ence i Sturi-Lowwle pioblan reduction to Dien Eau (ss vuville Problems Probstern Example 8:3 Deterine whether he Boundary sé problem & Seraronne v0 veya) Storm Liowile pote Soletlon: Hate fs) = 1s qe) =0; (=) = 142 and onthe ater of Feet (0 1] bot ra) and (2) ae postive Henosit ta Stur-Liowile problem. i> Example 0.3.4 Detérmfne whether the boundary valve problem (iy) sei xoe0=0 sO 4 StarmLioeile pollen, (2) = 1. Sino ple) isnot ‘his lanota Sarw-Lowile sais aaa lia i Nattsnetiencntiens ~@ti vette mentite pentane NO ms ti me op reontoyns iN + Heo ee So ley ten) seen aero = Diving Fe), woe stein) (ie + a0 Sued {1g +6 Sic, wf Semtiowite frm. ts tance He) on pono ad) mst mane, psn ) ae postive ‘lem, = i i 36 | ‘a laotucon to Orel Ear MMe 9, Single Eigen > Example 84.1 Consert Aulory equation is ey ar te euB sermyao 7 {ato the form girl for @ Seern-iowo problem. Solin: Hoe pul) = 1, p(s) = 2, pas) =, (6) = Now, PH A tee ro) 0 these 4 DMuldpgag the even diferent equation by (), ee i it. y2) =O, the eb re ee ce Phu, y = 0 becomes a tr (Cvs riety (IE ovsv tin renga oa) = oa form of Stam Livi ith pe) = oF, a) = fe BA? Fd the pwns nd igen ft of ale problem se aaa Sturm 0) Soltion: Thi thesia A) sterniety Beop(e) = dev (6) =e, 18 whee pe) and (2). poate. enc is «Sturm-Liowleprobian Simplifying hi ven equatin, we have FY aM ey ag rety a0 tet Eh teh eye aety {ats on, ft coo fer oulary equation is a(t) = 0. tot — (CASE I. Let A= 0: ‘Thi the equation becomes (wt~4041) n “eduction to Dire Equsties fe4ae=0 “tite poten. roa) =a, ra) baety tatty 20 hese t]y 0. and the interval 1) re) we have Beetyrretyed Bretytn 1a sapaton Becomes heady: F cooper 8. Simple Egen-abe Preble tar Artiary equations bn fmt = 0 =m =D, ae Souter veel (a tem) 1 then ey Oa solution becomes 9 = eons thea eB (+29) = 0, why os = 0. 0 become teil solution Put (0) Pat x0) They (Case IL Lat 2 be negative. Mae 2 ‘Then the given eqation reduces to (0+ (0-)}y0 i wha wis #0 ‘The salary equation is br ame (0-4) Setution sald Hee peel oy and sein ‘But y(0) =O ad y(t) = 0. Thes E hectic. ‘Case IT Lt be pave, Chonee "Than the equation becomes (aot 404(0+0)9= no ress sation dat ton sas wet (oscar dyer + cnsin hae. vost fomoromby) then o 0. Tan solution becomes 22 focnts} fp nontayonis £510) = 0, 0, y= O whe Nex (2) = 0, bes {aan ju} =. "Thus, fora none ation noe = Bs and A= po = da “The genres ae there its, n=, de sd the igen fontions re ins dae snes nm 42,3, 8.5. Reduction to Gauchy-Euler: Form -£C8)4r-00>0 and y(et)=0. eat x00, 00 2 ‘under bosndary conditons yl) Bow A being > 0 the sts Solution: Th oqutin ie y= eeevi a p = acai woduction to Dien Equations vege} ‘slaton booms ab) hy-Euler Form es and ele -fanatons of 0 a>9 andy(e") =0. Ie. 106, 9, 2001-4 GF crete 8, Simp igre Pots [a ‘This bng homogeneous nea etn, pt abgs, ox, | Thea the transformed equation bosons, taking D = 2, {DO-N4D+Ay=0, oF, (DEY) ‘der Boundary onions a(t) = 0, er, y= 0 when ‘Thus, y =0 when = = log) =O andy = 0 when = lg gc the probtan bozos, oition of £8 say a0, (0) -0 00d x) GE + av=0, (0) =0.nd x) and ye ‘hiss worked out in Bx. 82.1. Ths, tho egervaes aro y= _ 7? and tho orerponding gen fnctons ie the Agstans = Apslo(nlogs) 128, . fe Example 8.5.2 Find the eigen value and cig fonctions of E(B) tree vorsony (er) ateease (et a Suton: Kein crample 843, nists 2G yo, vQ)eoav a ae sad again ar pting 2 =e, of, ¢= ln somes fy Shera Now A being > 0, hi slain e1eee Vie + sin Vie e1eeeVi(log2) + exsin Vig) y m0 | ‘a Inroduction to Doren Equto Chapter 8, Simple Een ro or a nontrivial sla tn = Sian {Vitogs)} « 2 { Veo V Koes} | am Paty) =0 and y (2*) #0. Hence oe Via (2V%e) = 0 Bence 0 sad 5 (oVin) == ene sot. I=, Wea (0) 8.6 Related Problems ym cveatv it sn) = 0. Hence > Brample 46.1 Find ie igor sacs and eign fenton of 5 Bay atsving the Boar conditions (0) =,9n(6) =. Solution: The ausiry equating itm? + ‘Case 1, When 4-0 he sition ie wher () an VF ee an ith 0) =O Ne n =V= {ae } Wien 0) = 0 we Sawer = Od wap) ore 0) and fe) = ent roution 9 Oiferentisl Equation 2 { fixers} 1,281 egeunctons es and egenfencions of ° e0.nle) =o, Chapter. Single Eigensalve Probes tm ora nomi tion for oy ade, we met have the solution y= 2, and yy = 0 ut (0) = 0 and s(n) = 0; Bees, 2 =. ‘And the problem has slution y= = 8 constant, Cate Il. Whe A> 0 the slution Ss 4 = ceaVistadavie Vi {we ne + open Te} sd the slution fous 69 sy e1c0e Ve whereby an = —V¥ey sia VR But pf) =0. Hence o sin Ve 0 “To ctnn a notsval anlation, we must ve oy #0 thes ‘Therefore, the vena ere n= 18 sd te ego fantloes wl be t= Agcosns, n= 12,5, > Exariple 8.6.2 Find the eigen saues dnd egen-fencions for ft yoo a> Ei wa0 aro where yn(0) and (6) 0. ep-at 2] ‘A Ineodueson o Oerentil Equations. 4 © Ghapter 8, Simple Eiger Solution: As before, fr (23 0) we ave the soon ‘Ava the ston bec ¥ = cyeos VAx + oy sin vIn. w= Wen ote Ve 4 Dita = VR{-auin Vie +o.VIe} . Ssesondng epee sre have the elation man “Seonple 6.4 Find shenby Vie ne, ne, Thus the egenealns a 3 coespondingege facton ae toa Ayen Manat 23, > Example 8.63 Pid the dieu and the corerpinding ese, Sanctions ofthe falling boendary presen Eee Ay SOCA> 0) wth (0) 44/0) = 0 ond y(t) $y'0) 0." 9 co am Solution: As bef, f(A > 0) we ave he tlio 1 = nesVietqaa Ve Diy = Vif Vie+ mouvie} ow, 20) +9 ‘Also, (1) +1/(1) = 0 means. (om VE esl) +i (ada Vite m0), Fe Since foe 0 > 0,cosé BoP zrtha ist 8 (2m FT to salty boun Bis y= 0. The choice Pastog o = —Vey abd simiting BP ce VN =O que all Asin, Vim (on But (1442) #0 an for a not elution we cama ait ey (,sice then oy alan wi b= Hence Ths the eigen-valaes sin VN =O that VE-= ie, A=1,2,3, 5 da =n Iucton to Dilerential uations + and the ‘and de comesponding ego. andy) +90 (em. 03 he sin asin Vie Fe+.qcaVia} Jey in VE omvE) = 0, tone eaaaot asst oy = ens, Chaser 8. Sap Egos Prlens La ‘And the sun becomes aVioyeiaViz + sinh “Ths the cige-atus ate Aye wet, ne ,2,3,0¢ and the ‘crespaning ege-fnctios are ie Aafenns —neciring)s 912.8; 6a (se Vie Vie Ve) > Example 64 Find the eigerelas and egs-fnctons of tihng the Rndary condition (0) = 0 ond () Solution: The suzy Gquation fm += 0. {Cas I, When.A> 0 the sli y= 6 cas Re rent Vx thon the sation booemesy =crsn Vr Bat #() =; that sx () = Veco VIE Since for 8 > 0,cse0 = Oi an oly 10 8a postive od ele of thi for = (201, when “Ths to ety boundary conditions we mot bate ee cou VBI = 0. ‘Tho cic o = Oral nthe till sean Ba eae Vil = 0s eglelnt to Vix (an, on X= nF "Thus tho eigenvalue at dae (ana? a] [An intron to Diflrosl Egustions bape 8. Simpl Ei aud the conesponding egn-‘unction ae Foca nontrivial se t= Ag sina —1) 0 21,28, > Same BS Rade a od ect of Seve aro SS ee That, we are to [sewtapaen sutsping the Boundary condone y(0) = 0 ond) Selution: As ul ce A > 0; the soon Ss 3 ye eicosvie +o din Vie, Tho cgen- aon re thy ‘Next y{0) =0 gives o: = 0 and the solution byoomes y = oysin V3, 3 them by simply writing Agno, oo) =0 given oyna Va = 9, but x= lade 8 kal 4 sotaion, hance si a da a where 1 Viet, nem, ni is comerponding + ‘Ths the cigsn-ralues ie Fn = 1,2: and the sgn functions eee wile (com y =a V3) 3 Sigel 067 Pind nade ME wenn, &y ae Exile 8.66 ind the eigen! asuse den font df <9 . fy, = q sot the boundary sondton (0) 0, byl) Syl) =i where Nisa pative cutee. Cppltyiog Whe bowndeiy ie Ny OHNO) for eae ath E Spleion. Aniiy oq) Bee ee: 7 elution i y= Sn Sic 30 dn sini ea tiny. Bi fine Vie ~ 6 ing} el vn Vi6 _ eyo npn eafVXe wisirhyle) +if(d = 0, the eve UTES Ya V%e) =O, eben y= oy om Se an? ool pon functon of aso) ) and yo) = 0. onsinve ‘won becomes 9 = ein Vis, 0, but ead to 8 tid 2,3, and the igetanetions ond eigen factions of phrocees, =0, tule) +Y(0)=0, whee 15 econ toys Ve -oevie} we Vio Vain Ve Chapter 8, Singh Fgenvale rblems (2% For a nantsvia oatlon must be non aeto, Hence cot Ve = Vista Vie. Stace \> 0, we may write A= a%(a> 0), then the seton beesnee and heveae = asin or ta ‘Tint i woaretotave ensigns A= a¥(a > 0), shesamber ‘mut b's point ofthe uation ‘Tha eign are the mets Ay = on 1,28), we entity thers wing Aas af wher tana, Meo, nanan nt tn cepading dee ncn ae woos Neha, nile 67 Fd te ejects ond tpn ton of £4. Bsaem=0 a>0 etoing tary cantons 0) =0 ond VC) 0 Sala Any equation me = whey m= ie Satan yee conve reine) af = 2° con VT + sin Vn) + VRE* (en 008 VF ~ sin VR) io. = 0, henge y= een Ve Nom Now 9 = Vegi oie Vie ~ 6a Ve. (6) = pes (VK Va='n Ve) = Oy sae #0. ar nov eltiono #6, hence ea Va = Vos VR, 0 taviaon vi 25 ‘An ltodaction to Diwan Equations (Chapter 8. Simple igo aie Ce signs om sting We alorng to ieee ‘That fe arto ake an eigenvalue A= a¥(a >0) the nanber ‘ust be a port too of eh equation tana Sa "The egonlues ae thn the nbs, Borns wha tata enlos > 0) ed te corespoding genet ce 4 fog win tom Aegina; n= 123 ‘Sate~vy-eanne a e(#)+3 . Examples VIL a Joi hc n bw he ge tis 6) te E(B) stem SEA termine tbe eigesvalaee Stary buna we tee meester i Satine 0) =0 8 tem. 1005 HO) andy) =a é Outen. a “l0)='0 wnt » (3) <0 tote gh Orne n0 HO)=0,y10-~8 B(O=8ane) = Sow hte dea i =o. —— PB a a itis ye) Hho (3) =0,900.—-9y Sewveo 020 [ems ase $vi+ pont sping hearty nin Pree ees n= tn cca 0g Det OF w)=Vsed mG) =Obewn= Zour me Yok te svn * rth acs Eo f (0) = and x) 0 viva > 0, 0) = 0 wire 50 He) 0,9) sO when a ch (0) Gites oge

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