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An accurate and fast method for moisture content determination

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An accurate and fast method for moisture content

determination
a b a
Lars Fridh , Sylvain Volpé & Lars Eliasson
a
Skogforsk, The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala,
Sweden
b
FPInnovations, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada
Published online: 22 Oct 2014.

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 International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2014.974882

An accurate and fast method for moisture content determination

Lars Fridh1, Sylvain Volpé2, and Lars Eliasson1

1
Skogforsk, The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden; 2FPInnovations, Pointe-Claire,
Quebec, Canada
(Received 12 May 2014; final version accepted 6 October 2014)
Downloaded by [Uppsala Science Park] at 00:09 24 October 2014

Moisture content (M) is an important quality parameter of wood chips, strongly influencing the net calorific
value as received, and consequently the price of fuel chips. The oven-drying method, the current standard for
determining M, is slow and may sometimes not be concluded before the sampled lot is combusted. This
increases the risk of inefficient combustion and reduces the value of M determination. A fast and reliable
method for determining M would therefore be valuable. The Metso MR Moisture Analyzer (Metso), which
measures M by means of magnetic resonance, was compared with the oven-drying method. M measurements
were carried out using one machine in Sweden and one in Canada for a total of six different biomass materials,
where M ranged from 17–65% on a total weight basis. On average the Metso overestimated M by 0.23
percentage points (not significant) for the machine in Sweden and significantly underestimated M by 1.84
percentage points for the one in Canada. The results for repeatability of measurements showed that 95% of the
measurements were within ±1.53 percentage points of the mean for the machine in Sweden and within ±1.91
percentage points of the mean for the machine in Canada. The samples are measured in standardized contain-
ers of 0.8 litres, which limits the length of the wood chips that can be measured to 10 cm without further sample
preparation. The Metso is easy to use and a single measurement requires 120 seconds, allowing quick M
measurement even if multiple samples are needed.
Keywords: biomass; chips; bioenergy; heating; pulpwood

Introduction same pile for dry matter determination, and three

Moisture content (M) is one of the most important
quality parameters of wood chips (cf. CEN 2010).
It strongly influences the net calorific value (as
received) of the delivered fuels, and consequently
the price per ton of fuel chips. The Swedish
Timber Measurement Act stipulates that the mea-
surements must be both accurate and precise. The
standard method currently used for determining
moisture content involves drying at 105°C until
constant weight is reached (oven-drying method)
(CEN 2009a, CEN 2009b). The method fulfils the
requirements for accuracy and precision (Figure 1)
when enough samples are taken from the sold
biomass, and thereby ensures correct payment to
the seller. However, it determines M in a way that
is not without potential sources of error, including
sampling errors, sample size, and precision of the
scales used. When 30 samples were taken from the
laboratories were each sent 10 samples, a coeffi-
cient of variation (cv) of 2–3% was found within
labs and a cv of 3% was found between labs
(SCAN 1994). Given the overall dry matter con-
tent of 58.3% in that test, this equates to a stan-
dard deviation of 1.7 percentage points in the M
estimates of the three labs.
For buyers of biomass, a disadvantage is that
the oven-drying method takes at least 24 hours
before the moisture content of the delivered bio-
mass is determined. Many heating plants have
limited storage space, so it is very probable that
sampled biomass loads are fed to the boiler within
this 24-hour period. Consequently, the advantages
to the boiler operator of knowing the moisture
content of the fuel fed to the boiler are lost, and
the result is an increased risk of inefficient com-
bustion. Boiler operators would benefit from a

Corresponding author. Lars Fridh, Skogforsk, The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala Science Park, 751 83
Uppsala, Sweden. Email: Lars.fridh@skogforsk.se

© 2014 Forest Products Society

 2 L. Fridh et al.
Figure 1. Definition of accuracy and precision. (A) Low accuracy but high precision, a systematic error that can be
managed. (B) High precision and high accuracy the preferred result. (C) Low accuracy and low precision, an unacceptable
result.
faster measurement procedure that is precise
enough to enable efficient use of the biomass in
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the boiler, and it is an additional bonus if the
measurement is accurate and precise enough to
meet statutory requirements. Sellers of biomass
could also benefit if the moisture content could
be determined in a few minutes; they could decide
to deliver the next load of fuel from that landing
to another customer if it is too wet or too dry for
the customer who received the first load. When
sending biomass from larger landings and smaller
terminals with no measurement stations, it would
be of interest, especially in cases where the custo-
mers are far away, to have portable moisture
content meters available to ensure that the bio-
mass is suitable for the customer before it is
shipped.
For the above reasons, moisture meters that
can quickly and precisely determine the moisture
content of biomass would be of great value to
many players in the biomass supply chain.
Sjöström (2011) reviewed the available measure-
ment techniques for determining moisture content
and the handheld devices available on the market.
She reported that a number of techniques were
available: electric (resistance and capacitance),
magnetic resonance, NIR (near infrared), nuclear,
radar and x-ray methods. Of these, the electric and
nuclear devices were small enough to be easily
used for measurements in the field, but the nuclear
devices were considered difficult from a work
safety perspective. The other techniques were con-
sidered interesting for lab use or in fixed
installations.
Fridh (2012) and Volpé (2013) found that elec-
tric meters using capacitance technology had a
fairly high precision and were relatively accurate
if calibrated for the type of biomass tested, as
long as the biomass was not frozen. However, the
resistance device tested by Fridh (2012) was not
accurate enough for materials where M exceeded
30%. Volpé (2013) reported that, although the
Troxler nuclear gauge delivered promising results,
it requires a lot of permits, safety procedures, and
radiation exposure monitoring of the staff handling
it, and so it was not an interesting option for field
use. The tests of the handheld devices showed
that, although the best are good enough for mea-
surements in the field, they might not fulfil the
requirements for determining moisture content at
a measurement station at a large biomass consu-
mer. As these stations have their own labs where
they determine the M using the oven-drying
method, they can use a stationary device for deter-
mining M.
Metso Automation Inc. has developed a meter
for use at stations and in laboratories that uses mag-
netic resonance to measure the moisture content of a
sample in less than 2 minutes.
The aim of the study was to test whether the
Metso MR Moisture Analyzer has the necessary
measurement precision and accuracy to be an alter-
native to the oven-drying method for determining
moisture content in forest fuel trading.
Material and methods
Moisture content was measured by use of two different
Metso MR Moisture Analyzer machines in two differ-
ent labs; one at Skogforsk in Uppsala, Sweden and one
at Port Hawkesbury Paper, Point Tupper, Nova
Scotia, Canada. Six different types of biomass materi-
als were tested.
The method of determining moisture content by
nuclear magnetic resonance is based on the principle
that a spinning hydrogen atom makes it a magnetic
dipole, a small magnet. If the hydrogen atom is
exposed to an external magnetic field, it settles in

the field direction with a rotating motion that
depends on the strength of the field (Sjöström
2011). This can be used to determine the amount
of water in a sample.
A detailed description of the theory and technol-
ogy can be found in Järvinen (2013), but the theory
of magnetic resonance is described briefly here.
Exposing a sample, which is already in a static mag-
netic field, to a short and powerful dynamic electro-
magnetic field perpendicular to the first field could
excite the magnetic dipoles. After excitation, preces-
sion of the magnetic dipoles induces an electric field
that drives a current to the coil wound around the
sample. A higher moisture content in the sample
increases the induced voltage in the coil, often called
FID (Free Induction Decay), which has been shown
to increase linearly with moisture content. In addi-
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tion to the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in water, pro-
tons in the wood also induce a voltage by this
method. The time taken for the different particles
to induce a voltage varies. Hydrogen nuclei in water
have a “relaxation time” longer than 300 μs, while
wood has a “relaxation time” of approximately 15 μs.
Measuring the voltage at a carefully chosen time
interval after the sample has been exposed to pulse
will screen out the effect of the wood. One drawback
with the technique is that it cannot be used to mea-
sure moisture content in frozen material (Sjöström
2011).
The Metso MR measures the electromagnetic
fields generated by the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in
water, and uses the result to calculate the amount of
water in the sample. It also measures the weight of
the sample using an internal scale. From these mea-
surements it calculates the M of the sample. This
enables the user to calibrate the meter with one
empty container and one container filled with tap
water (Metso 2013), and the entire calibration pro-
cedure takes about 5 minutes. This means that the
device does not need to be calibrated according to
the material being measured. Once the device is
calibrated, all kinds of materials such as bark, saw-
dust, paper, pulp, and forest residue chips can be
measured. If the temperature of the measuring
equipment varies by ±3.0°C from the previous cali-
bration point, the machine demands to be recali-
brated, and no measurements can be made before
this is done.
The Swedish part of the study of the accuracy
of the Metso MR was conducted on stemwood
chips and logging residue chips. Stemwood
chips, mostly from spruce roundwood with bark,
consisted of five main samples of 20 litres each.
Four of the main samples were dried in an oven
International Journal of Forest Engineering 3
for 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes to create samples
with moisture contents ranging from 20–60%
moisture total weight. From each main sample,
five subsamples of 0.8 litres were taken, giving a
total of 25 subsamples. The logging residue chips,
mainly of spruce, consisted of four main samples
of 20 litres each. Three of the samples were dried
in the oven for 45, 90 and 130 minutes; the
different times compared to the stemwood chip
samples was caused by a slower initial drying of
the logging residue chips. As the logging residue
chips were less homogeneous than the stemwood
chips, nine subsamples of 0.8 litres were taken
from each main sample, giving a total of 36
subsamples.
Each subsample was inserted into the standard
plastic containers and measured five times with the
Metso MR. Between each measurement, the con-
tainer was taken out of the meter, shaken, and
rotated one-fifth of a turn before being returned to
the meter for the next measurement. Finally, the
moisture content of each subsample measured with
the Metso MR was then determined using oven-
drying as a reference method. The oven-drying
method was carried out according to SS-EN
14774–2 Total moisture, Simplified method. A
laboratory balance with an accuracy of 0.01 grams
was used to weigh samples.
The moisture measurements in Canada were
conducted on four different materials: (1) softwood
bark mostly all spruce, from local sawmills; (2) stem-
wood chips, mixed species of roundwood with bark,
comminuted in the forest; (3) pulp chips (bark-free),
mostly all spruce, from local sawmills; (4) mixed
fuel, comprising all three of the above (bark, biomass
and pulp chips) mixed equally (8L each). Each
material consisted of a main sample of about 25
litres.
In Canada a slightly different method was used
due to limited time and availability of the machine
and oven. From each main sample two subsamples
were taken, each of 0.8 litres; these were inserted
into the standard plastic containers and measured
five times with the Metso MR. Between each mea-
surement, the container was removed from the
meter, shaken, and rotated one-fifth of a turn before
being returned to the meter for the next measure-
ment. After the measurements, each subsample was
dried in a large aluminium tray in the oven for
15 min at 105°C, after which the trays were
removed and allowed to cool for 15 minutes. The
subsample was then weighed on the scale and then
immediately returned to the plastic container,
which was closed. Each sample was measured five
 4 L. Fridh et al.
times and then the entire procedure was repeated.
This was done to generate measurements between
20 and 50% moisture content, and in total seven
sets of measurements were carried out per subsam-
ple. After the final sets of measurements, the sub-
samples were dried to a constant weight to establish
their dry weight. M at each measurement point was
then calculated as:
M ¼ ðfresh weight-dry weightÞ=fresh weight
In Canada samples were weighed on a laboratory
balance with an accuracy of 0.1 grams.
To analyze the precision of the two machines,
three parameters were used: (1) the difference in
moisture between the two methods (M_DIFF),
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(2) estimated water weight (WW), and (3)
total sample weight (SW). As the machine actu-
ally measures WW and SW and uses them to
calculate M, it was important to analyze the pos-
sible differences in WW and SW in order to
explain possible differences in M or lack thereof
between methods.
M_DIFFijk was calculated as M_Metsoijk-
M_REFij, where i is the sample ID, j the subsample
ID and k the ID of the measurement using the
Metso meter within each subsample. In the analyses
the material was grouped into moisture content
classes (M_CL) as shown in Table 1.
In the analyses of M_DIFF, the following mixed
linear model containing both fixed and random
parameters was used.
M DIFF ¼ μ þ α þ β þ a þ bðaÞþε
Fixed parameters used were α = moisture content
class, and β = raw material (Sort) or machine
identity (Machine). As Sort is confounded with
machine, they were not included in the same ana-
lysis. Random parameters used were a = sample
ID and b(a) = subsample ID nested within sam-
ple ID.
In the analyses of estimated WW and SW, the
same types of mixed linear models were used, but
with the reference weights added as covariates.
Table 1. Definition of moisture content classes.
M_CL M%
M1 10.0–19.9
M2 20.0–29.9
M3 30.0–39.9
M4 40.0–49.9
M5 ≥ 50
To analyze the repeatability of the machine, the
variances within subsamples were used to calculate
the average variance within subsamples from which a
95% confidence interval was calculated.
Results
The analysis of the results showed a significant
difference between the two studied machines
(Table 2, Figure 2), which had to be addressed
before the effects of different raw materials on
M_DIFF could be analyzed. On average, the
machine in Sweden overestimated M, although
not significantly, by 0.23 percentage points com-
pared to the reference method, and the machine in
Canada significantly underestimated the M by 1.84
percentage points. For both machines, M_CL had
a significant effect on M_DIFF, but there were no
interactions between machine and M_CL. When
the effects of raw material on M_DIFF for each
machine were analyzed, no effect was found except
for the machine in Sweden when M_CL ≥ 4
(Figure 3).
The repeatability of measurements on the same
sample was good, with 95% of the measurements
being within ±1.53 percentage points of the mean
for the machine in Sweden and within ±1.91 percen-
tage points of the mean for the machine in Canada.
Total sample weight varied from 144.2 to
348.8 g. There was an almost complete match
between the weights from the machine and the refer-
ence weight, and the machine had a small but non-
significant effect on the estimated SW (Table 3). On
average the Swedish machine overestimated SW by
0.4 g and the Canadian by 0.7 g. The sample weight
can be estimated by:
SW ¼ 0:0853 þ 1:0030 REF SW
Water weight varied from 26.0 to 216.7 g. The
machine had no effect on the estimated water weight
(Table 4), which can be calculated by:
WW ¼ 5:426 þ 1:0181 REF WW
Table 2. Fixed effects from the mixed model analysis of
the effects of machine and moisture content class (M_CL)
on the difference in moisture content between the Metso
MR and the reference method.
Effect Num DF Den DF F Value Pr > F
Intercept 1 15 12.56 0.0029
M_CL 4 337 8.73 <0.0001
Machine 1 337 18.65 <0.0001
 International Journal of Forest Engineering 5

Figure 2. Effects on M_DIFF by M_CL (left, machine = SE) and by machine (right, M_CL = 4). The bars show a 95%
Downloaded by [Uppsala Science Park] at 00:09 24 October 2014

confidence interval.

Figure 3. The effect of material on M_DIFF separated on M_CLASS for the machines in Sweden (SE) and Canada (CA).
The markers show the least square means and the bars show a 95% confidence interval.

Table 3. Fixed effects from the mixed model analysis of Table 4. Fixed effects from the mixed model analysis of
the effects of machine and reference sample weight on the effects of machine and reference water weight on water
sample weight. weight.

Effect Num DF Den DF F Value Pr > F Effect Num DF Den DF F Value Pr > F

Machine 2 337 0.20 0.8200 Intercept 1 16 10.74 0.0047

REF_SW 1 337 13267.8 <0.0001 REF_WW 1 336 9959.28 <0.0001

single measurement differed from the other four

Discussion
The Metso MR meter performed consistently with
a high level of repeatability between measure-
ments, regardless of the material studied. One of
the major causes of the variation between repeated
measurements was the few occasions where a
measurements of the sample. Measurement preci-
sion was high for both machines (Figure 2), and
the main explanation for the confidence intervals
shown in Figure 3 being greater for the Canadian
machine than the Swedish one was the smaller
number of samples per sort in Canada. In terms
 6 L. Fridh et al.
of measurement accuracy, there were clear differ-
ences between the two machines. The machine in
the Swedish part of the study was very accurate
and, in most cases, average M deviated from the
reference M by less than 1 percentage point. The
machine in Canada was very accurate if M was
greater than 50%, but increasingly underestimated
M as the material became drier. This would have
been a logical response to a constant underestima-
tion of the water weight in combination with an
accurate sample weight, as this would lead to
increasing underestimations of M as the amount
of water in the sample decreases. However no such
underestimation of water weight was found. The
observed difference between the machines in M
estimates may be an effect of the care taken when
the machines were installed, as there were no sig-
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nificant differences in measurement of either sam-
ple or water weight. Differences in the test
procedure between the trials in Canada and
Sweden may also have influenced the results. All
handling of the material increases the risk of mate-
rial being lost. However, the almost complete
match in total weight of the samples between the
scale of the Metso MR and the reference scale
indicates that no material was lost in handling.
The advantages of adding the Canadian material
to the Swedish were threefold:
(1) it increased the total number of samples,
(2) by including a second machine we learned
more about the general accuracy of the
method, not only about the performance of
one specific machine, and
(3) tests were carried out on more types of bio-
mass.
The tests were carried out on six different biomass
materials, where the stemwood chips in Sweden and
those in Canada were very similar. Both were
chipped roundwood, including bark, of mainly
spruce, although other soft and hardwoods may
have been included in the mix. The dominating
proportion of this spruce roundwood was not of
pulpwood quality. The pulpwood chips in Canada
consisted of debarked pulpwood quality spruce
wood. M determination by the machine in Canada
was not affected by the type of material, and the
result for the machine in Sweden was mixed, as the
response to material in M_CL 4 and 5 goes in dif-
ferent directions.
The study design used eliminates the sampling
error, as each physical 0.8 l chip sample measured in
the Metso had its M determined by the oven-drying
method. For operational determination of M where
only a few samples of a large amount of chips are
taken, the Metso will have a similar sampling error to
the oven-drying method.
The Metso MR is easy to operate, and an
obvious advantage is that the machine does not
require recalibration for different biomass materials,
as it is done with ordinary water. To obtain good
data from the machine it is important that the con-
tainers are completely filled, as the Metso machine
needs a minimum total weight of water in the con-
tainer of at least 20 grams in order to perform a
reliable measurement. This may be problematic if
the chips are dry, and especially if they are coarse.
When a sample of ordinary wood chips with a moist-
ure content of 17% was measured, the deviations
between the reference method and machine were
great. On closer analysis, it was found that the size
of the container in relation to the thick and long
chips made it impossible to reach the 20 g total
water weight. This problem can partly be remedied
by further milling of the wood chips in the lab.
Another option is to use a machine that accepts
larger containers, but as an effect of the technique
used this would make the machine much bigger and
heavier (cf. Järvinen 2013).
Another advantage of using the Metso MR is
that the machine only measures the water and does
not harm the sample. When the oven-drying
method is used there is always a risk that some
volatile compounds in the samples are lost during
the drying process (Samuelsson R, Nilsson C, et
al. 2006). Depending on the material, losses of
volatile compounds during drying cause differ-
ences in M of more than one percentage point if
the drying is carried out at the standard 105ºC
instead of 80ºC (Samuelsson, Burvall, et al.
2006). Moisture content measured with the
Metso MR can always be checked, either by simply
measuring the sample in the container once more
or by drying it using the oven. If M for a sample
has been determined by the oven-drying method,
and this needs to be checked, the original sample
cannot be used as a control as the moisture has
been removed from it, and a new sample must be
used instead.
One of the limitations of the machine is that the
technique of magnetic resonance does not allow
measurement of frozen material (Sjöström 2011;
Järvinen 2013). This has not been tested in the
current study and the effects of frozen material and
the thawing time needed before M can be measured
needs to be studied. It is important to develop a
standardized method for thawing the chips, accord-
ing to material moisture content, in a way that does
not damage the sample.

The precision in determining moisture content
and the short measurement time makes the Metso
MR a very interesting machine for determining M at
consumer sites, such as heating plants, CHP plants
and pulp mills, where obtaining information about
M is valuable before the biomass enters the plant. In
the long run, measurements using the Metso will not
be more costly than the oven-drying method, since
the machine replaces the ovens, probably uses less
energy, and simplifies the measurement procedure.
Investment in this type of technology seems like a
sound decision for users who carry out many ana-
lyses of moisture content.
References
CEN. 2009a. Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture
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content – Oven dry method – Part 1: Total moisture –
Reference method. EN 14774-1:2009
CEN. 2009b. Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture
content – Oven dry method – Part 2: Total moisture –
Simplified method. EN 14774-2:2009
CEN. 2010. Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and classes –
Part 1: General requirements. EN 14962-1:2010
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