12 Chapter 2 Table 1 Natural and anthropogenic sources of a selection of trace gases Compound Natural sources Anthropogenic sources Carbon-containing compounds Carbon dioxide Respiration; oxidation of —__ Combustion of oil, gas, coal (cO,) natural CO; destruction of and wood; limestone forests Durning Methane (CH,) Enteric fermentation in wild Enteric fermentation in animals; emissions from. domesticated ruminants; swamps, bogs, etc. emissions from paddy natural wet land areas; fields; natural gas leakage; oceans: sewerage gas; colliery gas; combustion sources Carbon monoxide Forest fires; atmospheric Incomplete combustion of (Coy oxidation of natural fossil fuels and wood, in hydrocarbons and particular motor vehicles, methane oxidation of hydrocarbons; industrial processes; blast furnaces Light paraffins, Aerobie biological source Natural gas leakage; motor Crs vehicle evaporative emissions; refinery emissions, Olefins, C-C, Photochemical degradation Motor vehicle exhaust; diesel of dissolved oceanic engine exhaust organic material Aromatic Insignificant Motor vehicle exhaust; hydrocarbons evaporative emissions: paints, gasoline, solvents Terpenes (C\oHys) ‘Trees (broadleaf and coniferous); plants CFCs and HFCs None Refrigerants; blowing agents; propellants Nitrogen-containing trace gases Nitric oxide (NO) Forest fires; anaerobie Combustion of oil, gas and processes in soil; electric coal storms Nitrogen dioxide Forest fires; electric storms Combustion of oil, gas and (NO) coal; atmospheric transformation of NO Nitrous oxide Emissions from denitrifying Combustion of oil and coal (N30) bacteria in soil; oceans Ammonia (NH3) Aerobic biological source in Coal and fuel oil combustion; soil. Breakdown of amino waste treatment acids in organie waste material ‘Sulfuur-containing trace gases Dimethyl sulfide Phytoplankton Landfill gas (DMs) Sulfur dioxide Oxidation of HS; volcanic Combustion of oil and coal; (SO) activity roasting sulfide ores (Continued )Chemistry of the Atmosphere Table 1 (Continued) 13 Compound Natural sources Other minor trace gases Anthropogenic sources Hydrogen Oceans, soils; methane Motor vehicle exhaust; oxidation, isoprene and oxidation of methane via terpenes via HCHO formaldehyde (HCHO) Ozone In the stratosphere; natural Man-made NO-NO} NO-NO) conversion conversion; supersonic aireraft Water (20) Evaporation from oceans Insignificant Source: From ref. 4. Sources of emission in the UK \\ so, NO, NMvvoc CH, | vy co CO, NHy [Bl 1. Public power, cogeneration 7. Road transport and district heating WW 2 Commercial, institutional and [2.® Other mobile sources and residential combustion machinery (8. Industrial combustion 9. Waste treatment and disposal [51 4, Production processes IH 10. Agriculture 5. Extraction and distribution of 11. Nature fossil fuels HE. Solvent use Figure 2 UK emission statistics by UNECE source category production and transformation; (2) Combustion in (1) Combustion in Energy commercial, institutional, residential and agriculture: (3) Combustion in industry; (4) Production proc esses; (5) Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels; (6) Solvent use: (7) Road transport; (8) Other transport and mobile machinery; (9) Waste treatment and disposal; (10) Agriculture, forestry and land use change: (11) Nature