YOUNG PHARMACIST SCHOLARS

WEEKLY PRESENTATION

EFFECTS OF COMBRETUM HYPOPILINUM DIELS

(COMBRETACEAE) ON HEPATIC PARAMETERS

Mubarak Hussaini AHMAD

Moderator: Amira Abdullahi
21/02/2021
 OUTLINE

• Introduction
• Statement of Research Problem
• Justification
• Aim and Specific Objectives
• Hypothesis
• Materials and Methods
• Data Presentation and Analysis
• Results and Discussion
• References
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 About the presentation
The Young Pharmacists Scholars (YPS) is a mentoring platform providing support and guidance

regarding research and career progression among young pharmacists in Nigeria. The platform

has Nigerians studying in universities across the continents (America, Asia, Africa, Australia and

Europe). As part of the mentoring activities, the platform has conducted and published many

research; and two national workshop in collaboration with Bayero University Kano. Also, the

platform conducts a weekly presentation on any career or research-related topic. The current

presentation on effects of an important medicinal plant Combretum hypopilinum, is part of the

weekly presentation delivered by Pharm Mubarak H A. Mubarak is one of the active YPS

scholars with vast experience and years of practice in pharmacy education, pharmacology an

toxicology.
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Thank you!
 INTRODUCTION
• Knowledge of traditional uses of medicinal plants
contributes to the search for new bioactive
compounds for treating many diseases (Easmin et
al., 2015).

• Medicinal plants are easily obtainable and believed

to be safe. Therefore, they have been gaining
acceptability globally (Mukherjee et al., 2015).

• Some of these medicinal plants pose safety

challenges (Han et al., 2016).

• Therefore, its important to investigate their safety4

effects
Plate I: The plant Combretum hypopilinum in its Natural Habitat
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 INTRODUCTION CONT’D..
Ethnomedicinal Uses of C. hypopilinum

• The fresh leaves and the root bark are used to treat
cholestasis, diarrhoea and stomachache.

• Also used as diuretic and blood tonic (Fyhrquist et

al., 2004).

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• WHO recommends use of medicinal plants for the
treatment of diarrhoea (Agbon et al., 2013).

• Many medicinal plants have proven biological evidence.

However, there is inadequate information on their toxic
effects (Izzo et al., 2016).

• The plant Combretum hypopilinum is used for the

treatment of diarrhoea, inflammatory diseases etc
(Stark et al., 2013).

• However, there is no any scientific investigation to

ascertain its safety particularly on the liver. 7
 AIM

• To investigate the hepatotoxicity effects of methanol

leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum Diels
(Combretacea) in Rats.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS
 MATERIALS
Plant Material Combretum hypopilinum
• The leaf of Combretum hypopilinum was obtained from
Galadimawa, Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna
state.

• The plant was identified and authenticated at the

Herbarium Section of the Department of Botany,
Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

• A voucher number (012063) was obtained by comparing

with the existing specimen.
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 Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello
MATERIALS…..
University, Zaria.

• The animals were housed in well ventilated cages,

fed with their normal feed and water ad libitum

• The animals were maintained under standard

laboratory conditions.

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 METHODS

Extraction of Plant
• The leaves of the plant Combretum hypopilinum were
cleaned, air dried in a shaded environment and size
reduced into powdered form using pestle and mortar.

• The powdered plant material was extracted with 70

%v/v methanol using soxhlet method and concentrated
on water bath (45-50 OC).

• Solution of the extract was freshly prepared using

distilled water (DW) for each study.
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 METHODS…..
Phytochemical Screening
The presence of phytochemicals :
• Steroids
• Triterpenes
• Flavonoids
• Alkaloids
• Saponins
• Tannins
• Glycosides
• Anthraquinones
• According to method of Trease and Evans, (2002) and
Sofowora, (1993).
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 METHODS….

Acute Toxicity Study

• The acute toxicity study was conducted using
Organization of Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) 423 guideline.

• Nulliparousand non-pregnant female Adult Wistar

rats were used.

• The rats were fasted over night before

administration of the extract.
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 METHODS….
Acute Toxicity Study Contd…..
• Three rats each was orally administered 5,000 mg/kg
of methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum.

• Food but not water was withheld further for 1 to 2

hour after the extract administration.

• The animals were observed individually for signs of

toxicity at least once every 30 minutes for the first 4
hours and then daily for 14 days (OECD, 2001).

• After 14 days the study was terminated.

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 EFFECTS OF THE
EXTRACT ON HEPATIC
PARAMETERS
 Group I
Group II
Distilled Water
MECH
(1 ml/kg) p.o
(250 mg/kg) p.o
(6 Rats Per
group)
Group III Group IV
MECH MECH
(500 mg/kg) p.o (1,000 mg/kg) p.o
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(OECD, 2008)
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES IN RATS..

• On 29th day, all animals were euthanized.

• Blood samples were collected in tubes without EDTA

and centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute
(rpm) for the evaluation of hepatic parameters.

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 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• Data are presented as Mean+SEM in tables,

• One way ANOVA was used for the analysis

• Results were considered statistical significant at

p≤0.05.

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•RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
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 Percentage Yield of Methanol Leaf Extract of
Combretum hypopilinum

• 1,000 g of the leaf of Combretum hypopilinum yielded

126.24 g of methanol leaf extract (12.62 % W/W).

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Table 1: Phytochemical Constituents of Methanol Leaf
Extract of Combretum hypopilinum
PHYTOCHEMICAL RESULT
CONSTITUENTS

Flavonoids +
Cardiac glycosides +
Saponins +
Tannins +
Alkaloids +
Steroids and Triterpenes +
Antraquinones -
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Key: + = Present and - = Absent
 Result of Acute Toxicity Study
• No signs of toxicity.

• The oral LD50 > 5000 mg/kg in Mice and Rats.

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Table 3: Effects of 28 Days Oral Administration of Methanol Leaf
Extract of Combretum hypopilinum on Hepatic Parameters of Rats
Treatment (per kg)
Liver biomarkers DW (1 ml) MECH 250 mg MECH 500 mg MECH 1,000 mg

ALT (IU/L) 61.17 ± 0.98 54.00 ± 2.38 62.00 ± 3.29 54.50 ± 3.23
AST (IU/L) 106.33 ± 5.16 105.00 ± 4.68 89.67 ± 11.02 87.00 ± 15.39
ALP (IU/L) 49.82 ± 2.94 50.55 ±2.47 31.67 ± 4.01* 26.22 ± 3.03**
Total Protein (mg/dL) 11.73 ± 1.14 12.30 ± 0.51 14.47 ± 0.78 12.28 ± 0.70
Albumin (mg/dL) 2.98 ± 0.60 3.12 ± 0.87 2.90 ± 0.93 3.03 ± 0.61
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) 11.48 ± 0.46 11.33 ± 0.66 10.58 ± 0.61 11.62 ± 0.55
Direct Bilirubin (mg/dL) 4.88 ± 0.34 5.68 ± 0.19 12.25± 6.98 10.28 ± 6.54
Glucose (mg/dL) 90.67 ± 5.58 78.33 ± 4.71 72.00 ± 6.33 51.83 ± 9.04*
Data are presented as mean ±SEM; one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s post hoc test; *p≤0.01
and **p≤0.001 compared to control group. ALT= Alanine aminotransferase, AST= Aspartate
2
aminotransferase and ALP= Alkaline phosphatase, n = 6 4
 CONCLUSION

• The extract is relatively safe on acute exposure and

at lower dose on sub-acute administration.

• Therefore,should be taken with caution particularly

in patients at risk of hypoglycaemia

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THANK YOU ALL FOR LISTENING.

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+2348032391159
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