BOCTCO:

1. (a) Define Static Electricity with a common example.(b) State some reason of its generation.

Ans:

Definition:
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. The charge
remains until it is able to move away by means of an electric current or electrical discharge.

Common Example
Anyone who has received a mild shock when touching a doorknob after walking across a carpeted room
has experienced such a phenomenon. In such cases the individual has become charged by friction
between the carpet and the soles of the shoes and the potential accumulated in the body is discharged
to the knob. This, though annoying, is harmless. But if a strong discharge of static occurs as a spark
where a flammable atmosphere is present, there is a risk of igniting the atmosphere.

Reasons of static electricity generation :

Unsafe pumping rate:

The faster the liquid flows through the pipeline to the ship's tank, the higher is the electrostatic charging.
To avoid excessive turbulence within a static accumulator cargo, the velocity of liquid entering a tank
should be very low until the inlet is well covered. After the inlet has been submerged, the flow velocity
may be increased, but it should still minimize turbulence and avoid breaking the liquid surface.

Presence of water
Most static accumulators are not miscible with water. The presence of water produces two sources of
static electricity.
First, friction occurs at the surface of the water droplets.
Second, the charged droplets settle through the liquid and gather at an interface, producing a high
voltage at the liquid surface.

Gas bubbling up through the filled tank:

After loading, pipelines are often blown through using air, nitrogen or other gases. When the gas enters
the tank from the bottom it will rise through the liquid in small bubbles, generating a high voltage at the
surface.
Unearthed conductors:
A conductor having no electrical contact with earth can become charged and rise in voltage through
induction (without physical transfer of charges). An unearthed conductor floating on the surface of a
charged liquid actually collects charges from it.

2. Describe various types of tanker based on their size

Ans:

Types of Oil tanker by size:

1. ULCC: They are known as Ultra Large Crude Carriers and have a cargo hauling capacitance range up
to 5, 00,000 tons.

2. VLCC: Known as Very Large Crude Carriers, these tankers have a cargo carrying capacitance of 2,
50,000 tons.

3. Panamax: The classification of tankers that can pass through the Panama Canal is known as the
Panamax.

4. Aframax: The Aframax cargo tankers are that type of tanker ships which are mainly used in the
Mediterranean, China Sea and the Black Sea. These tankers have a dead weight tonnage (DWT) between
80,000 and 1, 20,000 tonnes.

5. Suezmax: The classification of tankers that can pass through the Suez Canal is known as the
Suezmax.

6. Coastal Tanker: are shallow-hulled tankers used for trade between locations on the same island or
continent. Their shallow hulls mean that they can get through reefs where deeper-hulled seagoing
tankers usually cannot.

3.Describe with a graph the flammability diagram followed during Gas Freeing.

Ans:

Flamability Diagram:

The line AB represents the concentration of a mixture that includes air and hydrocarbon
gases only. All the points to the left of the line AB include the inert gas in the mixture.
Those to right of the line AB and on the line AB don’t include inert gas.
When inert gas is added to the tank atmosphere, the concentration inside the tank changes
drastically. So does the upper and lower flammable limit of the mixture. It can be seen
from the diagram that the UFL and LFL narrows down to converge at point E when inert
gas is added. The point E corresponds to an oxygen content of 11%. No hydrocarbon
gas/air mixture can burn at this oxygen level.
It can be inferred that the flammability range of a mixture decreases with addition of inert
gas.

Now let's assume a mixture of hydrocarbon gas, air, inert gas such that it is at point a F in
the graph.

When air is introduced into an inert mixture ( point F), its composition moves along the
FA & therefore enters the shaded area of flamable mixtures &hence it poses a fire hazard.

To tackle this, we need to first Purge the tank with inert gas to drop down the percentage
of hydrocarbon & Oxygen both. The inert gas has O2 concentration below 5%.

The purging is continued till the mixture reaches point H. From H if the mixture is
diluted with air of 21% oxygen, it will follow the line HA, which doesn't fall in
flammable range. Hence safe condition is maintained throughout the process.

Any inert mixture in the region above the line GA (critical dilution line) pass through a
flammable condition as they are mixed with air-for example during gas freeing operation.
Those below the line GA, such as those represented by point H, don not became
flammable when air is mixed with them.

4.Briefly describe the Inert gas Plant of a Crude oil tanker.

Ans:

Inert Gas Plant:

Components of IG plant

Scrubber:
Flue gas passes to the scrubber. Here it enters at the bottom and passes up through a series of sea
water sprays being cooled and cleaned.

Demister:
A demister is fitted to absorb the moisture carried away by the gases.

Fans: Fans are fitted to supply I.G requirements during cargo operations.

Recirculating and regulating valves:

The pressure within the tanks is controlled by automatic or manual operation of the regulating v/v, if the
demand is low and the regulating v/v nearly closed then the recirculating v/v opens thereby reducing
the possibility of the fan overheating by passing the gas back to the scrubber tower.

Deck water seal:

The inert gas leaving the engine room to deck passes through the deck
water seal whose purpose is to prevent gases from passing back to the engine room from the cargo
tanks.

Deck isolating valve:

Allows the isolation of the deck system from the engine room system

Pressure/Vacuum Breaker:

It allows the pressure to release from common IG line by emptying out the filled water in PV breaker. It
also allows to break the vacuum by allowing the air inside the tanks through common IG line
5.Explain the significance of chemical Cargo sampling & analysis

Ans:

Chemical Cargo Sampling:

**Significance of cargo samples for the chemical and physical analysis

Immediately after the starting loading, a sample of the cargo must be taken before
it enters the ship’s line system. This is usually done by means of drain cock just
before and or just after the manifold valve. This sample should be checked for any
signs of contamination in the shore line.

After completion loading and before beginning of unloading cargo samples have to
be taken again. These samples have to be compared against from the shore tank(s)
samples to check for any signs of the quality cargo changes.

**Analysis:
a. cargo temperature
There are a few models of electronic tape to determine cargo temperature.

b. Cargo density
The density of a product can also be determined with a hydrometer

C. color of cargoes
The color of a product is used as a measure for the quality of that product.

d. Flashpoint (F.P.)
The flash point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off
sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture with air, which can be ignited and
will burn momentarily

e. Contamination by hydrocarbons

When a mixture of hydrocarbons and methyl alcohol is diluted with a water, a

milky, cloudy solution develops, which turbidity is caused by the hydrocarbons.

f. Contamination by chloride
Silver chloride is insoluble in water and methanol, so that the turbidity which has
developed in the test liquid, is a measure for the presence of chloride.
 g. Contamination by water

The principle of the test for contamination by water is that a special paste is
applied on the sounding tape. If the colour of the paste is changed it means that
some quantity of water is presence in the cargo.
6.Describe the General precaution taken as a measure of fire protection in
Chemical tanker.
Ans:
Precautions taken to avoid health hazards,
such as:
1. strict control of entry into pump-room, cargo spaces and other enclosed spaces.
2. proper procedures to be followed before entry into enclosed spaces, including
thorough ventilation of the spaces
3. use of adequate protective clothing
4. thorough cleansing of personal clothing after contact with cargo
5. continuous monitoring of the atmosphere in working spaces for petroleum vapor
and toxic gases

Gas-measuring equipment common on board tankers:

1. Combustible Gas Indicators or Explosimeters

An explosimeter is a device used to detect the amount of combustible gases present in a sample
of the given atmosphere. This gives the reading in terms of percentage of the LFL (lower
flammable limit).

2. Tankscope or Non-combustible Gas Indicator

A Tankscope is a device used for measurement of hydrocarbon gas content in a sample of given
atmosphere. This instrument is meant for measuring the hydrocarbon vapor in inerted
atmospheres. This instrument is not as sensitive as the explosimeter.

3. Multi-Gas Analyzers

Multi-gas analyzers are used to detect only targeted gases and vapors. It is very specific to that
type of gas only, so care has to be taken to ensure that correct tubes are used for the particular
type of gas.

4. Oxygen Analyzers

The oxygen analyzer is a device used to measure the concentration of oxygen in a given
atmosphere. This device plays a vital role since with the reading provided, only man-entry is
done.
7.Discuss with a sketch the basic tank cleaning method of a chemical tanker.
Ans:

Cleaning of tanks is usually the responsibility of the ship. Tank cleaning and the cleanliness involved
have different standards depending upon the previous cargo and the cargo to be loaded.

It must be mentioned first that the majority of cleaning operations on board chemical tankers are being
carried out by means of water washing only. Further chemical cleaning is required for only a limited
number of cargoes, but these cases may be very important.

One must take into consideration the nature of the previous cargo and the cargo to be loaded, time factor,
available equipment and cleaning chemicals etc. It is stated the necessary degree of cleanliness for a
number of products, in line with what cargo surveyors normally require.

one should use mechanical tank cleaning methods, that is usually washing with water, before applying
more expensive methods involving chemical cleaning agents. The most expensive, and least safe, method
is manual cleaning, which should be kept to a minimum. Manual work should preferably be reduced to
inspection and possibly to a final drying up of washing water only.
8.a) Describe the impacts of oil pollution generally takes place at sea.

Ans:

Effects of Ocean Pollution

1. Effect of Toxic Wastes on Marine Animals

Oil spill is dangerous to marine life in several ways. The oil spilled in the ocean could get on to
the gills and feathers of marine animals, which makes it difficult for them to move or fly
properly or feed their children. The long term effect on marine life can include cancer, failure in
the reproductive system, behavioral changes, and even death.

2. Disruption to the Cycle of Coral Reefs

Oil spill floats on the surface of water and prevents sunlight from reaching to marine plants and
affects in the process of photosynthesis. Skin irritation, eye irritation, lung and liver problems
can impact marine life over long period of time.

3: Depletes Oxygen Content in Water

Most of the debris in the ocean does not decompose and remain in the ocean for years. It uses
oxygen as it degrades. As a result of this, oxygen levels go down. When oxygen levels go down,
the chances of survival of marine animals like whales, turtles, sharks, dolphins, penguins for long
time also goes down.

4: Failure in the Reproductive System of Sea Animals

Industrial and agricultural wastes include various poisonous chemicals that are considered
hazardous for marine life. Chemicals from pesticides can accumulate in the fatty tissue of
animals, leading to failure in their reproductive system.

5: Effect on Food Chain

Chemicals used in industries and agriculture get washed into the rivers and from there are carried
into the oceans. These chemicals do not get dissolved and sink at the bottom of the ocean. Small
animals ingest these chemicals and are later eaten by large animals, which then affects the whole
food chain.

6. Affects Human Health:Animals from impacted food chain are then eaten by humans which
affects their health as toxins from these contaminated animals gets deposited in the tissues of
people and can lead to cancer, birth defects or long term health problems.
9. a) What is reactivity. (b) Describe various types of reactivity hazards
associated in chemical cargo tanks.
Ans:
What is Reactivity?
Reactivity is the tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reaction, either by itself or
with other materials, and to release energy.

Examples of each of the above reactions

Polymerization:
A chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules
that contain repeating structural units.
Polymerization, any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine
chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer.
An example of alkenes polymerization, in which each styrene monomer's double bond
reforms as a single bond plus a bond to another styrene monomer. The product is
polystyrene.

Oxidation:
The combination of an element with oxygen is called an oxide, and the phenomen which is
produced by this oxidized compound an oxidation reaction.
 A classic example of the old definition of oxidation is when iron combines with oxygen to
form iron oxide or rust. The iron is said to have oxidized into rust.

The chemical reaction is:

2 Fe + O2 → Fe2O3

The iron metal is oxidized to form the iron oxide known as rust.

Auto-oxidation:
is a chemical reaction whereby the substance itself produces the oxygen for oxidation.
But auto-oxidation reactions are started by oxygen from the air.

When chlorine is dissolved in water, HCl and HOCl are obtained.

Cl2 + H20 HCl + HOCl

10.Describe with a sketch a hyper mist fire extinguishing system for engine
room.

Ans:

Hyper mist:

The hyper mist or high pressure fog fire fighting system is installed for all important ship’s
machinery systems in the engine room (ME, AE, Purifier, Boiler etc.). The high-pressure water
mist/fog system provides water mist protection during emergencies to engine room areas and
machinery spaces. This system is independent of any other fixed fire fighting system such as
foam or CO2 system.
A fresh water pump takes suction from fresh water tank to supply high-pressure water to the
sprinkler system. Each area is isolated by valves, which can be opened during emergency
situations involving fire. The system is kept at constant state of readiness.

The Hyper mist Fire Extinguishing System has the following effects:

Cooling effect (quick cooling by evaporation latent heat)

Oxygen replacement effect (replacement of air with water vapor generated in a large
quantity, and absorption of radiation heat)

Shut-off effect (the floating fog forming walls of water)

Smoke eliminating effect (the floating smoke particles being adsorbed and settled by the
fog)

High-pressure water is injected through a special nozzle working within pressure range of 150
bar), which breaks the water droplets into fine mist. The distance between any two nozzles is
very critical as area covered by one nozzle must be such that no space is left unsprayed in the fire
affected area.The following conditions must be maintained at all times to ensure hyper mist
system is on stand-by for operation:

Sufficient water level must be retained in the fresh water tank

Make sure the power supply is available.

The fire alarm system must be in operation.

Drain and test valves must be closed.

The area around the Hyper mist water pump must be clear of any obstructions.

11.a) Describe with a sketch a simple reciprocating pump. b) Why air vessel is
fitted at the discharge of a reciprocating pump?

Academy ; pump and pumping technology

12.Write short note on:

a) Chemical Tankersb) MSDS c) health Hazard

Chemical Tankers: Chemical tankers are those cargo tankers which transport
chemicals in various forms. Chemical tankers are specifically designed in order to
maintain the consistency of the chemicals they carry aboard them. These tanker
ships are applied with coatings of certain substances that help in the easy
identification of the chemicals that need to be transported.

Chemical Tankers can be classified into 3 categories as per their type:

TYPE 1: Products which possess very serious environmental and safety hazards
which require maximum preventive measures to prevent any leakage of cargo
comes under Type 1 Chemical Tanker.

TYPE 2: Chemical products with markedly severe environmental and safety

hazards which require significant preventive measures to forestall any escape of
such cargo can be classified as Type 2 Chemical Tankers.

TYPE 3: Chemical tankers which transport products with amply severe

environmental and safety hazards which require a moderate degree of containment
in a damaged condition can be referred to as Type 3 Chemical Tankers.