!

" #$ % − &+ ' >(

− +

) $ $ = *
+ = << *
%$ *' &
>>
− +

− + θ

) $ . -& =
) /% ' ' *
+ / &θ &ϕ *
) $$ 0 ϕ= *

−
' = +
πε ( πε (
1
1
=' + 1
= 1
+ 1
+1 ⋅ = + 1
−1 θ
1
& >> *
− 21 − 21
1 1
=' 1 − 21
= 1
− θ+ 1
= − θ+ ' 1

1
= + θ+ ' 1
1
1 1
$3$ & 1
= + 1
+1 θ = − θ+ ' 1
*
1 1
 1 1
& ' = − − θ+ ' + + θ+ '
πε ( 1 1
1 1

1
= θ+ '
πε ( 1

5
&4 $ 2 #
θ ⋅
' = =
πε ( 1
πε ( 1

) / *
1
) 2 & *

∂ ∂ ∂
' =− =− − θ − ϕ = ' + θ ' θ *
∂ ∂θ θ ∂ϕ
=(
θ
' = *
πε ( 1

∂ −1 θ ∂ − θ
= =
∂ θ πε ( 5
∂θ πε ( 1

1 θ
πε ( 5

θ
' = 6 & θ 2 5

πε ( 1

7 =
5' ⋅ − 1
=5 θ* * − 1
' θ* − θ* θ

=1 1
θ* + 1
θ* θ

5' ⋅ − 1
' = 6 $ 3
πε ( 8

/$ " #$ = = *

$
$

/ $ ∧ ' = (*
'

1
 − θ θ ϕ =(
θ ∧ θ =(⇔ θ ϕ =(
θ ϕ ( θ − θ =( '
% $# $ ϕ =(& ϕ= *
θ 1 θ
' ⇔ − θ =(
πε ( 5
πε ( 5
⇔ θ* =1 θ* θ
θ
⇔ =1 θ
θ
⇔ =1 θ +
⇔ =9 1
θ

θ
' = ⇔ = ⇔ 1
= : θ
πε (

;$
$ $ Γ& < 7 # =
' ⋅ >(
Γ
δ >(

> 4 7 7& ' = ( ' ?@?

& / %$ / 7 7 6
$ & & & δ >(

) #
+
−
(

) & : A4A = = *
) # $ % ( $ *

5
 > 7$ $

/ # #$ '
{− &+ }
= = →− + →+ =− ' + ' =(
$ 7$ $ *
;$ / $ & % = ' ' − '

, B #$ $ $

B #$ $ $ 4 ' &
% '

σ
= ' →− + ' →+

= ∧ '− ( + ∧' (

= '− + ∧ (

= ∧ (

= ∧ (

! % = ∧ (

% =(
) $ % *
= ∧
(
(

θ
θ
(
θ = ' ( C& >( θ = ' ( C& <(

= ∧ ( =− ( θ*
4 $ D 4 (
*
/
=(⇔ θ = ( 6! θ = ( & / & θ =π & *
 $ 4

<<
= ρ' '
∈

≠(
E 4 $ 4 /

" 6 = *

) $ $ *
% $ $

1#$ = (& & " 7 & / 7

& " 7

= =
>( >( <( <(

+ >( + <(

$ $$ − & + /
4 *

8
 % $ G 1)

5#$ =( " *

) $ " &' ∝ & ' ∝ 8

H
% $ )1

• $ $ $$ & % $
+δ −δ
G− G* $ 7 4
−δ +δ

=δ 6 $
' / $$ / 7 $
• I J K

F
 > 1 &$ $ 1 $ *
#
6 1 4 / ' 1
#$
1 $ $ # & *

→− =− ' 1

→+ = ' 1

→
= ' ' 1 − ' 1 & $$ − 1
1

' L 2 5
& ' 1 > ' 1

& → 1
$ " 7 & 7&
2 * / 4 # *
•
$ $ $ *
% $ & & *

' '$ /
'1 $ / $ *

−
+

M * ' > '

→ 4 *

→ 7 M * / 7
7 ' M /$ H & / &$
7 & % $3$
& : A4A 7 M *