meer fart Sor ork age oS offcatts 0 eens Fremar wee 8 eS cont cde Fare Srmrarces Pom, Akebono, SST STE RTE PET meer Gace of cea warettiore set ats a Construction Process-1 § , =, from wg ast ‘he Bente (Fra) grr ofa AABBSS; yerat FRETFOR “fee feria erera-or-ahTe fea fon Uitrat (G53) canes 6 fer gs (Paton afar fret) SUP aPS BAPSBET we aNETTS ets Cac; ETT Bess (Frio) Sra RAAB ET a Rahsaan sare Gere WF 47 2 { HAQUE PUBLICATIONS by, ATATEIA (2H VMN), VEFI-2300 |Be refer _03 ors ae wee Ee Oy ARATE (aN TEN), TAS 309 OTE peoese lero ame a Ty ca] er CRT 3231S Sabb SARIN a ronite mE aaa ert > CEFR 2094 eroer RE RTT Fare om ‘fare fi, mem eFetae, SPIE ETE BCHIC 4, som aI ar Fe rom FB cot vos Shy ary om, querer, Trer-y300 ISBN : 978-984-8980-02-6 eros pe eo Rar 9 ae ah Pax OME ondeeerorn fant Fr ans abe go30 A REE BTN THA Hats EM Hom, sfeirene, sitters ste TDter fats ex arermmcctm Gecnefiet erections o€ cbr wey “ERE ete" Scr wT eR On SoHE, aT rorern eq ferrawa Fearn weal are cathe efce erdin fone Serge mcf en 9 och ety Se RR | TET SATE Ce TE SE rere oe mefied, ied TORTETE ry ATT A aa gemce cafafaenft ct ra orNRR ROTA RT Faeae, WTATS FEET wag aR am ox TH HE aT ST AIT TRS CAT fea wR Ah ore cot ae ee, Bow THT Res) oR oats THATS ark DSR as TART woe TIN TRIN oboe BHAOBET CS eer cat SA SHOE ATR 9 BOT RCE TAHA I TE cea SIC rT | AR ra aT Re CTT THRE Fao SITE HERS CATH TTR | airs ETS Gra ators ora | oreTe ET. RCA SN AR) CHT cence 9 cu, mvs BORE ABI athe ee ene AA TAT BH SICH TNT BART MES EA |6444 Construction Process-1 Tee 334 AIMS ‘© To sppty relevant dheory and practice of eonecete construction and its quality como] metinds © To provide understanding and skills for construction ard supervising of all type of foundations B29 © To assist on understanding the prices, techniques and materials wed in silosen types o! masonry PA Concrete, Foundation, Shallow foundation, Deep foundation, Brick masones, Companite nasa Parution wall, Cavity wall, . 4 DETAILS DESCRIPTION Understand the features of conerete. State the meaning of ennerete Menuui the different kinds of concrete, {List she uses nf concrete in the constrection industry List the ingredients of different kinds of concrete. Mention the tuncons.sf ingredients uf concrete ‘Mention the advantages and limitations af concrete. Write the characteristics of materials used in euncrete Understand the properties of conc Define he *erms: sirensth, durability, workability laitance and segrepation. State the meaning of w.ae?-cement ratio, 2.3 List the factors stfectony the sirength of concrete 34 List the factors aPiecteng the durabihity of concrete. 25 List the fsetorsattecting the workability of conctete 26 Describe the afect of s.ster-cement ras on the strength of concrete Understand the techniques of proportioning, mixing. transporting, placing and compaction of concrete, 3. Explain the significance of proportioning the ingredients of concrete 3.2 List the methods of concrete mix design. 3.3. Deseribe how batching of concrete mix is achieved by volume and weight, 34 Compare the satious provesses used to mix concrete 3.5 Menuon the advantages and limitations of ready mix concrete 3.6 Ste the various methods of transporting concrete. 3.7 Mention the sequence af placing conerete ia different situations, 3.8. Describe the prucesses af compaction af conerete Understand the concept of curing concrete, SL State the meaning of curing, 42 State how the curing process affects the strength of hardened concrete. 43. Describe the different methods uf curing. 44 Mention the advantages and limitations of various methods of curing. Understand the need of different tests on concrete. SAL Interpret standard west information to establish the properties of various types of apgregates 5.2. Express how to draw the grading curve for various sample of ageregate 5.3. Express how to determine the FM value trom the grading curve,State the necessity of the following tests on cxnerete: a. Slump west b. Compressive test on hardened cube. © Compressive test on hardened cylinder. Understand the features of different special types of concrete. 6.1 Cimpare the properties of polymer concrete and super plasticized concrete 6.2 Mention the procedure used in the production of Ferro-cement construction. 6.3 Explain the term pre-siressed concrete 6.4 Mention the procedure used in the production of prestressed concrete Undérstand the supervisory aspects of concrete construction. 7.1 List the specsal precautions to he observed for concreting under ater List the specnal precautions to be observed far ennereting in cold weather. List the spectal precautions 19 be observed for concreting in hot weather List the factors to be considered while supervising good quality concrete produaston. List the factors 0 be considered while supervising good quality RCC eonsicuction List the factors w be considered while supersising good quality pre-stressed concrete constriction, Understand the aspects of foundation. 8.1 Define the term “foundation 82 State the furctions of foundation, 8.3 _List the essential requitememts uf a good foundation. Sa List the common causes of failure of foundations. 85. Explain the remedial measures necessary to overcome the failure af foundations. 86. Menon the precautions necessary to prevent uneven settlement wf fouradstions Understand the features of shallow foundation. 9.1 Define the term “shallows foundation 9.2 Mention the advantages of shallow foundations 9.3 Mention the limitations of shallow foundations. 9.4 Mention the suitability of various types of shallow foundations. 9.3. Draw the sketches of strip footing, wade stup footing, eccentrically loaded footing, raft Foundation. combined footing, stepped stip foundation, grillage foundation Understand the featurcs of deep foundation. HL Define the teren “deep foundation 10.2. Mention the classifictinn sf pile foundations according (© Tunetion or use, materials and compusition, mathod of vonstruction 10.3. Woe the sdsanages and limitations in cach ease of deep foundations 104 Descrihe the following methods of casting and placing concrete pile foundation 8, Cayo castan-situ comerete pile b. Pnoused cust-in-situ concrete pile , Pre-cast conerete pile 10.5. Identets the tspes of hammers used for pile driving. 10.6 Describe the methods for driving concrete pile groups and placing pile caps. Understand the features of brick masonry. 111. State the meaning of brick masonry, 11.2 List the tools required for brick masonry. 11.3 State the specitic uses of brick masonry tools. 114 Distinguish among diferent types of masonry structures. ILS. Define the following terms: header, stretcher, lap, course, bed, joint, closers, perpen. 11.6 Idemuify the detects in brick masonry. ILLT List the factors to be considered while supervising brick masonry works.Understand the purpose of bond in brick masonry. 12.1 Stave she meaning of hond in brick masoney. 12.2. Mention the fonctions of good brick bonding 123. Describe the steps tor brick ying. IDE ldersty citlerentaypes of bonds 4m beick mason’ rot the neat sketches of different types af bonds tn brick masones E26. Dutereoriate between English and Flemish bors. E27 Describe she bunding artangements seound openings and corners Understand the features of composite masonry. 13.1. State she meaning of composite masonry 32. Idenuts detferent types at composite masonry sketch details of brick bucked stone slub mason. 4 Sketch deals of ceintoneed brick asin. 135) Mention the advantages and limitations of using reinforced brick massary 13.6 Mention the adantazes and limitations of hollow clay blak masoney Understand the features of partition sll. HEL Suste the meaning ot partition walt E12) Mentoe the common requirement of partition walls. 13) Mention the functions of paritnan wall 144 Listdifterent types of partition walls 145 Describe the provedute of construction of the following types of parition walls: a. Brick partition w.3) b. Concrete partition sl) Glass partition wall Aluminum partion wall e. Light weight partition wall(timber stad work, Ferro-cement plate, hollow blocks} 148. Mention the advantages and limitations of each type of partition will 147 Ditterenmate armong {he load beating {maia) walls anc partition walls Understand the features of cavity wall IS.E. State the meaning ot cavity Wall 15.2 Explain the necessity of cavity wall construction 15.3. Sketch the general features of cavity walls IS Mention the advantages and limitations of cavity Walls ober solid brick walls. 155. Identify different :ypes of wall ties used in cavity wall 186 Determine the spacing of wall es i used in cavity wall 15.7. Describe the consiruction procedure of vavity wall. 15.8. Mention tie precautions «be taken while construction of cavity wall. Practical : . Draw the stading curves for various samples uf agaregates to Find out the FM value Determine the siump for diferent concsete works ‘Conduct cue test for concrete and interpret the results Conituct eslinder test for concrete aed interpret the results ‘Construct sample brick pliars ot sizes 25cm x 2Sem to 75cm x 7Sema with English bond Construct surmpie hrick piles uf sizes 25em x 2Sem 7Sem x 73em with Hlemusa bond Construct sample comer iL yunts of 25m w) ?Sem widia English bond brck sal ‘Construct ample curner spurs of 28¢m 49 75cm width Flemish bord rack wall CCoasteuct sumple ize 1 joints of 25cm to 7Sem width English bond brick Construct sample teg (joints of 25cm «9 75cm width Flemish bond brick wall Construct sample cess (+4 jv ot 2Sema wo 75cm width English bund brick wall Construct sample cross (+1 joins of 23eno tw 75em isidth Flemish bord brick wllOTE-0 2 ORAS ATT TTT sn en fois fe mE HE TEartes off. me ae BiG Agha We GAT ~ ‘fe praia ae waRe wets sora AH Wa ae ei Gs rratas oreten fTmOTE-S 8 : fora oerHea aR-30 3 tases s fara ae-38 3 weetre Fey atateas tence Wer ost Fou omy he a1 Ream wet ef Prey ati vie a Bbw. enfnie tola irere O IT (30 x 20) OARRITE Cem (90 x 98) OPBAROM ererd erated BI Fre ROSE MIT REE Ce x 20) CPOE cre (90 x 90) caFOROR oreMEEE Teta RE Frera Nfs asa GEN TORR 2¢ ERIE cece, ce APSR SERA HER oH ea aT Om OES Refi Tee Mey qe sveseeneeneteetnne Re ABAD Cte se CHER sets omen aR AT oT oS afi teen ates eee: eo Re PERO ce ae APSARA OTTER cxonteTA 1B weWs Relat Re OPA core oe CTR wenaE Boe ewe 1 Toe pfs asa TTS eee SA so R¢ OFRRTE cree ce CPS wrerae Boba Heme OT wTD Riel esa sige ayeeRY sseenangeonee 2 AURIR ce se CHERT wee WE reuee wT SOD 328 R04 383 284-30 Rae = are3.9 FefiB (Concrete) 3 GS ca wae Ba eal | FG SETTER CA at, mae MINT @ OTD ATA SoA wae, FREE AE Fs ait ce IRE ane a 1 Res ars hes eRe ecarsts TeTCA veTe RI eH At 6 aed Serra Fam, cr cone aro Fase aS aT one era faire ees ea aT ot meme me ane aberterh Soros marae FART OS ae SATS ARC OF FT| ‘wefinca AETV we, A AAT BoA AT Mon Berea UTE, WiRTSCT MR LCR | ATHY Rermera WUAS Cu AMT PISTOLAT TOR, BT RH AT ae AT STC CAB BL MITA ND SINTRA Bore ea este em Ue alee Gores we ATE o ATG SoC cn ner, Me « fica tee fae | Gar atet Serer flores seca Feat >.8 fafey aan sefarcta GorarrRR (Ingredients of different kinds of concrete) 3 ‘RT BERS (Lime concrete) # EF, THe, corm ee “TA filers wre a wT aE TH EE TTT rea aps eden. rece Bw GUE SINE Ca TTR wT ge aie ot RIMM SES SCRE ite | 2 oe eM et ate Roe weE Tm em Foo Coc RS tPA Re Sree “REMC 2 os ea a POTATE we sie afET aq em TE ad o ReMRDE TATE TE Fi creme ome ware 6 oRESS TARE we TE] TTR EAT she Ges, aR BOS OE ye ew, onTTA er chad rape RCH AI | ‘fara WERT (Cement concrete) + —fataalirs Tamm fied, af, Bebe cere at ome cere Rice me te saerre fate o ae eye se eT ewtce ow dete Semts fore ares Sa aE TH oe Fa we ace 1 fog fink SonerRoneT oe fiere eH oe ATT TAB a AE OTH | a TET GI. core rere ware ear UM raw Rica Ore ote @ TE eT Fr 9 enface ce arn FSfarm HEME eT, ra os Seceeh worms Face aeaTeM | wD Fen arc te, COR ee BRAG MeN A Oo CATH Lo Geb ween ee eres seen ae mT hE eee ereENTS Fe ee Fea fffeeen ae faeora C8 28 Yo. FH oes eeu TE Free a ATS ln we CoM oT aH fis Betton wane Fg Te cece) im fafeea. o orden ofa are TE 6 KOTS Te MTS aR BGG aA oe ATE ATS | fT ery 8 a re eT eres | 8 onlren finda IM eC Go BTS FT RH aA. (Reinforced cement concrete) $ KAT SAS Drea a VIR eae ye | iG DIM AE-TET aera caf Bt freenes wmTEmenstce OM he | SAR AEF NNT CH ATA AIMEE BS, GIT CH TH @ fru am 7S ace RH A a ORT aS ARTA HA wef COMETS TAAET (Reintorcod Cement Concrete) #1 208%" wre fF, (ALC.C.) 2041 B.C FEHB (Prestressed concrete) § 60 HRD awe afta @ Fegfee sores Aha seca AT eu, Se aftee a eee See Ags He TEM emis are, ore cE wef aH | >.¢ aefarda Gerarenger ste (Functions of the ingredients of concrete) & wefiecda SoATPOTTE FIRMS >. fre fs erin feree) | 21 7 FIAT (Fine aggregate} | 19) GRIT FTA (Coarse aggregate) | 8. of Wate) | waTsfisra (Admixtures) | FRONS (Cement) 3 acer are Fore em ake Berens fence seme en safes fofey Bee owen HA mee ee Bemede ea Broce Tee afae IS aI faire Spl eA aM we! faastce WRITE (Kiln) ea SAL Gres fees RH a fra (Clinker) FRE ce Syl aT yn Grew eT "OR | CRATE aT ear GD ape Ha, ot Sie ee Iced eR] ect SICA eR Sota Fels a Pha frmcte men cotterrs fied cafe ares eR tee renee aera erm CTS Frees TRS EE rar nacre pe ance em ELUTE, Keng 31 mrasBe cous FERS (Ordinary Portiand Cement) 2 BE sieve Fe (High Alumina Cement} ‘¢) qos aTeces rx (Super Sulphate Cement) 8. eigfee fra (Natural Gomont) Facer Farsa® (Special Cement)sefaaa ti se Serene ois are RIAMAR codents StucBe wcet American Society of Testing Materiats (A.S.T.M) scan FAFRcArel (Specitication) HMB wor Tey 31 AS.T.Mtype 1— 1 aie an arte au ee ay res caret fs oe az | 21 ASTM. type—3 ae SBAhee Gore u 4 fats a wine ea AAT Tee PAR TS he SATE * epics (Aggregates) & fers techs cu aM ome oe (Filler) RTs TIA FA TM Ti STENT ars ftw | a, arco, ener toe Rene re force armas eM eer ROR Ye ert Rone recta qaEs aoe: Had acfinda ty, ofa id aMECTE aM Ae SHI STG eee 1 Teh (Size) Sa Free are oTRIeTCs TE Se HT FR TH, TET 31 GRISI HT=I (Coarse aggregate) 3.|. HH AIH ine aggregate) | GaIPT ATA (Coarse aggrogate) & smrSreita anecm wf 3.00 fae ¢S”) ora fem Pron eta ot ace creer carr FTI (Coarse aggregate) m1 see spares ca arm aa ag fae aR me fae eR crea firg 8,¢ Fate raf eens we, OF RT TOTS TB ATR eT CE | HT egg Boe Fa eR CP options wera fade ar ER TRS STH (CER TR) AAI 20 CAT SreMT STEN ) Sam eRe yee 1 Fara mr are mon GETTER TET | 91 caver ae ipl att tue Seen rae a, Boe RETA MTA FAT AAT | C$) STA. an afte s ery TER s aa ae UTR 31 SRFS aA Re SUTETES | 31 SSeagE, “fet ox fala seTEEE ae 91 abi stamcuratre wre cece mmyfaree Rr | 81 an fiance eT Cath | Tw AUR AAT A COTRATANG WRT TAY HH A | @) CUP RTTR a ERY TS AE TT | 1 cara ererR TELS eTOTE OR ATT | 1 Berrrtsengy fey fegetes aCe wer Soret eee TATA EE Sat IT wr Bamrerce AMER RCN TR CATR a CaP oA at ST | aA Aa CHARON t 31 RCE COTE =I Cone CC CRATE a a CHES | 1 ker a otc TER RE 2) femrea 9 atone sere fhe (1) Bi-calprs efron ten @ HTT 3 fa.cipre weecha tet 31 facts areta wie ctw 7B, Ta BEN Impact, Shock and reversal of stresses-at efocaTe TET RCC.-95 OTH TT cape | 2) Fae rem re AL arate oe aH a, eet ae afetaere sO EAT ce 1 wefan adios Diet fae ae ee nw Bis ae apace TCO MCC TAA AT RN ACH a GPT roe Ca aE ore Re HT) BRT HRMTRE TCHRE SINICA NT ATM MINT MO ATA AT EHAARH EAT | | GB orem cere RT SO RR ENT em A HONEA ARO AT Bee rae aes ATE TH | 4.1 Se GH (Curve Tendons) apreta wen factors carers Frere efecane we! ze HT TH ‘acaprw weft wegen s 3) ae ear ay PRAT aM, 2 aT Fe Manes TO KE THR Jacks anchorage TET | 6 re ca a a erat ae Baw otc ITT | 0) BRR Res wT Bs TEP, Coren eT ACHE, MT eu GAR eT TR WS Blo oe wa cafe 8) Sm caren Fare aed atgase ack os ate la TATE |Re wees a. 9.9 RR RRS Fie Boe 2eAABS (Characteristics of materials used in concrete) 8 one SormTenn iat wef ange al aH OTCR FAME STEN IM RT CT | CORR 31 saier® (Aggregate) : (2) cnfft tet (Coarse aggragate) (0) 7 art (Fine aggregate) 21 Guid ahah ome Bincing materials) 2) of (Water) | aera tafeBs (Characteristics of aggregate) 3 ‘srr fer, fliqe (Uncoated) oe “era, wg oz wa aTpiea wer gent Boe: ATR sitters were eargyt 2BT cent ems 31 -Ata OTe (Shape of the particles) s ETeneba emer: rarer, 2PM (Regular) comTpE ae wife (orefeti@) orgfce a rc ohare SoReoiberI LO ee et SOE ATS. e orn TMOG eRe eH Tb ORTMEE FT BEATE (Ratio) 7 eTary we fea ene eeuram eH AR aan rte arctic Sen aw | rg mes cae Prexrba ang Sea Tes 2 ence TCR aT) IR So MENG RT one oH | wom wrgtin Sorta sg ae 29% SOS ce oon we siesta ae aR me cath face extort | oem gfe soe coor 2 eatina am FaRBT cath, farg Sup worn mend ae eet re ete a cergfs enfirertba ss arm 80-83% SURE TR: nae an cath ate | AR uD Powe cathons retiree AMER oe ee, Som Tea BR AE om Bw MHEG aD ope TD | ‘softiencBs seer A (Flat), ANGIE (Elongated) Teer wie (Flaky) Fen SMafaeR wtorcaber we roma pif eeronm AEE ETS aE, a eye eee whesa. wD weer ANMfite ae gE aATOTAT EPHT 30 CHT el Co CoM BES AT 2.1 ob eo (Surface texture) swede wer ery oe sec Son, sTIETD wae Frond code waG BoR ‘weet Bia GE CER SAP (Roughness) ee FATE (Porosity) ae See Box wea frees erode Te ca (Glassy), TP, wetgY, AARBINES (Crystatine) swe ef Me Tea co oS Be SET ee een Bae cen Bare | MIRON oes coeN IE PR Se THT TR Bee 61 fienTTE ER CHET (Porosity and absorption) ARSE eee HB ate ome ferme EE RRR Fee CRE aT fa ARB cE, ere wa ea era ae maT mE feet fa Fee “cen Sere fc cao, re cam TRIENE (Bone dry aggregate) AOR « mm RecA MO Fro eTre Frg Softee Om ETS, EUR CEE CEG TAT Te Me's (Saturated surtace cry aggregate) 1 a Temes range Ee 31 cbr eee ws, wre, Tare ame tare TET | 91 cbr era te sored, ctem oe wets SeTAy wfeTEe NET ET 1 sree Corea ee | PEARS TaRE Ry Dept tof ET oe ened a ef 1 erafoe Bea are ere SEN, CoMf aR WMS SMT fone Sef areas em RU STR acre eargyy sof at omnes Fm 5 31 FS (Strength) a1 Sra (Size) 21 38H STAT (Particle shape) 81 2b si88 (Surface texture) @ 1 cxtfSe (Grading) 1 SESATET (Impermeabilty) 9| sifmera-sfatmgfr (Cleanliness) vy | arom FefarmB=r: (Chemical inertness) >) Bw ora angfes cee arse qUET (Physical and chemical stably at high temperatures) 301 wrfitn arerrratee 211 (Co-etficeint of normal expansion) 39.1558 (Cost) | ‘eofitens errafrosre firm, ome, ee, th ww fase, orate cori ere Te ete, cB. fre (Lump), UM ee SE SEO (Residue) ote Oe sen Se erofwae ere Boe ay coiRtor a nfies tora octane esa are | Ang Be ce ST ae RE om omacae STD Sie feed arom expen Sora cord wunleeneda wrgle fide ore LE ore oat ae wee aCe eRe Sr o@G Kom Boe se A, erm wpfoes sede ster go FE ecw ge fa me: CaM ame FINES OTTERS, SN TAH (Ieregular) | 7NE (Fineness) 1 BRB eet aM (Setting time) ©} Bre& (Compressive strength) 81 Bf (Tensile strength) @1 388s (Souncness} | IN BeoTAH (Heat of hydration) | FRE (Fineness) + frac qeree Bea artis fifa Sse wor) frecba we we aR Te, ow aprafie farm we erpreny Sime ara wae wrpTerty MAE eR waa CT APTA facts OTN aeERT Fico fren vem wre, us Rem wee ABST STE OE TR estore wore erat aT whe ore AE a Set RENE IE Cr fee ones | orgs fate OPT om MANE TR, ICR CaTHE Mom Eee sta OTe Premciba peel fare war ern errs seca aS srw Prema ob care (at cot aretcer ear wet | Sa 7eTE Tart | eee | wear oe she Fre | feet | Pie Seo WR DAPSTE too as Paoid 30 BAG Aw ie agi we] So @ 6 BR PHB TH, er OT A BIT RAR TET CAPA A ET | RH Te Akto eRco 200 EM CONTE (Air permeability) “Bers wat FAB CREA (Specific surface) ONE, rf S03 FR ece a ‘wats eT Hau (Setting time) # OND Thea wacae Boa PRACTR Fey, sieTRaR we GR oe ee Fer TE eres erafire aad dre a ae Rea ay | are Fea BE fe EOE OS Le RTE, WIA ee I Oa MY Re Co TE ter | Sars wD UR TAR TTR 3a pre Me Re TOT IE Breve eneite yp ow Hen orn as RT: BE + Peet SRR CHET FeRE | are wai Aen Pe | eH Bete eww > entire Seman MI | eo FA ‘0 RRB ee RRB 31 gRS wad Seq ae 30 308 30 ‘went (Compressive strength) + Frocta seis ote eats onr » 2 0 wrgstcen Frente AMET FHMC wD FEB Tele GATE Are: SSUES Ro 9 fe eee eta ta Bt ee fe MMC a TR oa Tes Eee HS wa i Pew So See ae] aT A 3b Cae taf ane cofepasterti afr 7a 330 catatonia - ‘Fer (Soundness) + Few wey SST TS (Free limo) ae TUTAvte Bafa Tege Pick | ora dea front ads sre ee FET GOR TUTE 30 Afi caf ROM BIW AM) he oe awmtifran orafere 1 Xx | reTp! WBKFE (AUtoclave) sreFET tther arm FrcecA AREATH! AIF 0.0908 omar88 THR AT ‘wet Bers (Heat of hydration) ¢ nf aa frexcba Bermters men eras fate ee RerTs RCRA TET AEA DTA MNT it Bey eH seh TE Ee APE TIN Bey eH ae wes TOE WR FATS ee | IY Serra teres Soa TaEs Soci wera fess wea fore Beet BES a Bam ee SERS ares WHS Cr HOW MICH | 4 TERT AMETRTS Low heat coment EUR Fat SPS 2 | Low heat coment-4 af arta ¢ fire we ret comm caf i Beng wace a | | Low heat coment. fs arta ay fata ae arefta coma cafe wrt Seg SALA AT | ‘Dre (Tensile strength) ¢ Proms Grete ohm sare wT 9 fo SEER Fert aoa een ene rms ‘aide Gea’ (Briquettes) 2H Far eu | wrayA > FA, w fir wae 9 faa FR iRe ware te oT ee oy Tee PRA OAS ar nara conan Frere Be UID aT FETS 3 feta == 30 cata enteaat ofa 30 ala aa “20 Cafe eraTa 9 fra ot 20 rte - Frucba amis «Hf (Chemical properties of cement) ¢ THR @ are wa ae covers PramE fratafre wt wer Soa e-ate erEMTO- [Ret o0UOOOOC~CO SC—CSSSC~SY DY We % OM, a, SOT, SEAT Smee ae Pewee eT A. | CaO - 0.7503 BESET 1S AGOg OREFEGOG 08 WE D.02 | QR) STS TTT LTS S | O.WU% SH Sree sronosa seo wae | 9) settee omand | s.qnam caf =| 8 aprefim oar 96.8 AT OTR Set 9% CAA AB i y) RetES oa gtr afore 8-08 AR nif (Water) 3 BARD TeqE ofa oats a eM fas 21 whee cont are wits ST Pifierret amie era | 3) Brea aaa fete oH a, ei a RRR WUT a A TA | ‘91 Sonera orca Fracoa ect af SH | 81 otters orf ee, ice abate Rafters err ercrendta on emits wee ones a ee | €1 GOR (Mould) forex, wees fer Reema RCT TET ee8-6-1k20 MleolM oe er @ ats ere Fg? - leretteat-2002, 30, 28, 38] Bea) whee oe caean zien oreaor | RA ETS SRT AMEN Sores (Pees a), arava Set ann), cub rat Gorm (CeTaT at Te EN) ee oA ere Ee ea eae rae a ten was gs em eH Reet a ra eK etre aT ToT ATH | ato es ey HAY (BenQ) we oe cer, wer 31 mite #25 (Lime concrete) 21 Fras’ #25 (Cement concrete) ‘S1 STa5.F% (Reinforced coment concrete) 81 fa.cire we (Pro-stressad concrate) TRE BARD CHUTE THETA HT TH taratfeca-zooe] Bae) zee Feirarce cee ab 4 on, one arbre Fins R-cdre wD race ae AE a a arr wha sere Es mre ae, A, foo, aR, co, ot Bari fet are | we Ree Gar feterfrat-2002, ob, o&, 30, 38) (BeeB) aes ees oer ye oe ate TAA wre ot pereT sae ce wry Piaicte “graramerated cam le eR A MITT ATR EES HH, CR TEE DG FT AG FTE ey, Cre wef OG RTA AS ATARI | Mea ATS ore wD a HCAS ONS (Reinforced cement concrete) 1 7c He. (R.C.C) FA -wetaon ATCA AT A fereritca-2o0a) (Seah) aera Brwsoeey ee 21 Ors oe a1 -aPRSE STEBFEMIET (Binding materials), cow SH, 2) FFT (Fine aggregate), cre at 121 eRfB Im (Coarse aggregate), CTA cat, mara | 81 -mrererart ord (Helping materials), cra otf @) smTeFraTE (Admixtute), crm BE, AY A TAIT SHALOM AMT Pe ‘sofivoneba tavern ea >| SIH STH (Shape of the particles) 21 qb nba (Surface texture) 0 | faagxme] ae CHE (Porosity and absorption) 8) afta IRE (Bulking of sand) @) ‘wfeetze “tr (Deleterious materials)Be ere H» 91 aire sea AE wre A pre? (ararfire.2o0%, 0%. 99,98, 38) t samy ae orf me atm tee fs om) ara e sTreR afer ine ime ae SOAR OM CATs VS ones BAG weTE See ETE og WER 20% care Both oe oe oe v1 Stench wares ran oor BA} weer a eae icone oma sorte fynee Sates HE A Sm ere eH 8 Pot exe eS oF oe: erate ste 9s gitge: om am 8 fab corn er | weet ayes anita Zehr APE tnrefiert-20031 (Beef) elses crear oti Berm fig 5 D1 os tee marys ae 2) ot Ree we wre, tee 6 ates oeES Te | 2) arnae BrEE mind, cnomr one eeBe HP Bere MEME RR 8 erage of ora Sec a do | Bronce tafser Fy Gael) ese tine a 3) ater os, 3 sud her orn, co) PremBa serycea a2, 8 e WISERA # Fede, (fe Behe EST | 391 Preacta ots worm Sr ssretfetat-2020] aR) eee eens ‘Semi TEE (Fine resos of cement), 21 BaTB shee > (Sotting time). © ¥7F (Comnresswe strength}, 8: Tes (Tensile strength}, @ $2BRz (Soundness), 41 Tet Serras (Heat of hydration) | 38 acta wat aq a acs My? 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FRtRM4taI-2008, ov, om, 30, 33, 38, 96, 38] SHURE Teta Boeeect em 31 ta ean ete erate, A fthiee Gafie exe, 1 aefartia ardcafiie af ance, 81 aeoR gfe of em6 | 21 erser aren wei ita a oe ae) % 1 VuRteeeba ested at eofecon B p CaeF wines orgy eat een ras ¢ ot “af (Strength), 21 wefe (Size), ‘81 #8 ste (Panicle shape), 81 qb 5 (Surface texture), 1 cafe (Grading), ‘S| SESE (Impermeability), 9) faa.efmege: (Cleaninass), 1 ana fee (Chemical ineriness), a Seana tg ae sors THe (Physical ane che stabity a high tampertures), 301 ert aPepracta are (Co-eftciont of thermal ‘expansion, 391-8 (Cost) | wR THES one Te a KOC fi | faraftat-go03, 30, 28) (Cea) west sews see eves efoem wr Ss RDS Cor wee wits are Peery ere TH ar Breet arrester et cs, a eA eM eR CH 1 soiree Soa Brew eee 8 cH | S 1 Sato sn xs, ws ovate Fares ems carta nf seen ee ce atm @ 1 BOR (Mould) fom ef fe ree meCHet are | 91 eiRa SeCCT TPO eT (Ger new of) 5.9 = sy aes | 1 Sabbtercia Ce Becm econo ay | Cee D5. 5 sere erecta Pa Be a3.0 YfiF#t (Introduction) § Camm, aR ¢ RE ARTA Sor Grows oe nea EMT TE ars aa Aten ghee ora, wR ofere wee | Bh motte of, 2 Smmoner syncs wfaade ore fafeg fos oxfad Tea sa uw ois meme fan ara cave era a ae Bera Fg ee fea ora dreamy FoR Fe eT 3) mn 8) SHR UES 9) afm see) ‘wa er aetna or ara aH, ce eM 6 org ¢ Fife eee wea antyen Baws OT Fara By ae TB ecto] (Workabilty) HATE eres TER oe Kreme wT CoE RIA ae NA e pres en ATE KA Bate ae CaM ara A, afin SRGOTE MATE THE Gl ITE fT ATE [err fawtaite Feemerey EBs ommend ATEN Tes 21 Saas ST 9 Rese Oe aie of 2 aie ee 8 oH remeron Borge Feet fe | 9 BeaRBa Rate eetayy Senko aa RATT AT RH “AF a MAG (Strength) | WRIT os VES ee ws Mice wae STG Aga wie AT EL eH tare FereaeTe oe Som Bee Sa wh er fae ace, Before URS are wate TA Gar RR TER ATA Rca ACS ee TERK eLaRTPR TM ra fra see were Ree wT sefea vffostan arm ween the ae eT aT wR ata om em, faog mp Bee aap De ex ab Fra ofa meena 2 Brea ort Aye ERT at aL YTS Ble Ap (Tensile strength), FER ry (Shearing strength) © @%4 AIGA (Bond strength) 6 Fe IE AIT Ee URETE (Durability) s eee aT cath eof wee aI Ice abe et, Ae fap RUM GU CECH Hm BE Bronce RTS Heater wis FRE etre foam aA TRE eA GI SHOR FACHMAT PATS CH enefie fie she Seq ents qe sara ofeatathe raRteuy a sero igfow ataet arbre ‘sare ABH CATS sres | BeTRETHR AAT EN GH, TET eRe PR TNT FECT FACIL ATA STL cath egies sfaadratie mamma orgie eco an em QaenprewI eae A RE CTS oes EE. ort ‘srratBea® (Abument) = Tuts (Pier) Bentice oreo waar oor Saxe sefewte cateifeen acs we cn we ca on Bet cemh etent cme at BE cH Ronee aefea PeN, wT wae coh fa TENTS > tn: On BE Sw > fooretg Ga ia CT GMT FD 22 GMD 29.8 RB ARTS | BC AMR BTM D BIE 48, D425 8 SST are eH A) SI MCT on Fe aT UIE va BID EOE e ERS Ee TE [SET STAR A | THCRRTETTe Reet Sone TON Rice en ce | one TTT Bo Fea ae Pes em wa we Tare Fs we Hem WH ape foe Era ere CMTE Sgorre meres firme eeu ets Cy Fafeg ateta oicort WaT atectcarMs aefeS fart (Recommended concrete mixes for various types of work) ® wee ‘we ete RTCA FR 31 [aR ne ais, Rae os were wom, Ae Rene oer See] M5009 173) ed Rear Oran | 31 [RGR ae, wer RH, Sa Re STET GAS WS A OTS wR 3 sea, ere Gabe are ome enh M200 ( 4 93 #18) 1 | SRL oe, wa, reed am CHEMI are HTMTAM TE FET] -MT5O( 882 8) Fee HBA ow, era, Ge Re 81 | FP1 #9 (Mass concrete)- 2.3 wae cd cy ats eat aM SETTER M00 Bo 8 Tr Mxeo 20 a (sae) Fry Moo Reo 89 ston Soe 3432 core Ay Heat 3 23S Far Be GED FETE TAI HE Hhgg, Min, Magy) RT M = Oe Fes om aan = Be at eres ab Pics wie artes af cofa/ercria Tre #9 89 se SMR GRD fae See SE FR Premcba ofa = 2 x = 3.¢ walla = 8 I = 2 xen a wittte eat ca = xe =a.0 REY “AeA TET eT (Minimum voids method) 4 eFEre wen ex BEATE Me IT COM AH TE taeda Te meat Re ROT TSA STR Ca ae WTR na as SIMA Fi ea cRtorba gargs fewer aa SIA ween ca Mt ato WRT YE SN A) TOR TT ATE tf core ofirorita Safran ats ff wat ze mHITS Ps comt obs TRI We s0% wef cam wee a fia ame Wits aBionde Saree 50% Sfefre can ora Praca fame fore eet eH os WAG AEF (Maximum density method) 1 < wafers wT ETE aa amex fate er wR me cad ed ta AR UH EU GATTO GH CA TT OT YATE INTE CA AT ae amt cn | fis YATE (Me Fuller) ATER aN oeoce Sree wee a wKed eds we Fic poe mre) reas cas fon at CR porM=s00(S)? exns, 0 = cert wliereba medi ita, d= Wite alice meth mete porM = oMraE am 2.9 3800 28.9 ‘Weet, FTUR TET UA a5, Sagy GES) GSS) se teay 2 pase roeor RA OPS FTES! WaT FE (Fineness modules method) ¢ bight Feature areeN STAT THTEICE COM ae ceo Tere eee es em ra Os Mito aE Ge Ba TRE mE RR oetw ATE | Ro TYG ARNT FS PET OT AE RI mes nF Feom = an oT, m= GoM es ata na Wis aorta afar Fo = cont afinnta aH core Fen ares woreda 1 orm ices fires cart eae ita nfiendia wight ecama.ae weTeR cont eH: CF aid (30 cate) FR AAC (3 cal) wrtimpie | SO oe | cairo [eer cer | cad oR | cat ware Al ITE CIT % ar OT or a 8 ‘ : 28 32 res T a ee & Z ee Ba a oa 2.08 . 08 Fae (GR) a ae S 208 28 38 3.20 FRAT (oa) og abe ay 9.30 2h oo "boo ARCA (2053) 2 ve 320 ae oe a S00 WREEIS (@2 AR) ° 20 300 00u ors we 30 MEE (00%) | o ye 300 ese 300 Sea roe , Fr orp; = a0y er oor tena wet seta = Fe or pp = 6.88 RTS Tel ere Fata ae APH eR Gry UES DKEL ee ao we wisaatae Aus tee vith a soa sae 0.8 Tas BimrenpET ses Sits (Calculate different proportion of concrete mixes) § Dare $e afiemdde oie sro a0 GR oR wie aterdR mete arene y AAA Fae we areca wma Meee fire ffs oe p=300<(S) = 88.9% “Fest, Preot aae afin SE co £89 cee RE COTA OAEOT GBH (300 — 66.4) = 00.0 FF fs Prd ae I (RR + CODH).ce MATES Ee BM, ETH oo cee fers Freee afro = 72 — 3.0 cof aa ara faa = 88.9 - 38.0 = 90.8 CHF rere Brews, aife ome Co claneba SaMTe (OETA) TAH 98/9 140.8 848.9 38.2 v0.8 eae 3882 TdaG0 *Su00 5 (SS) x (28) (222) « ca) \Saeo) * 38.2) *{Sea0) * 38.6 DEd.8¢ 10.87 5e93, ONETR WATE EO pase bet Bares 2 SRE we eer @.08 ees Sora iB ane CoP ali ARE OTe TTR) TRE nr alerartn sre feta se FMA $ FETT STR, p=e.c8 Praaey P2= 888 wa BoP x S00 = *p=b, tester 330 FFgy = Ont ae = RBH Wf, w = 00% 2 Bit ae cont ofiertta WETS = ¢0 2 S00eee afd eaves eIrR 8s 0.¢ FERS fist *TefS (Mixing of concrete) ¢ ata arog cows Bal selina ffeg Samco or flee cer steer 1 ofefiemeBA com amt sonar srice ret 38 arg fern ores mw ATE | A-BAT a adm ie RE fifo ware ace mets 8 raters ef firme ey, Tene () are Fee (Hand mixing) (2). caf fee (Atachine mixing) 7c feet (Hand mixing) 8-78 TET ae Forse US rahe ea eat aH | cou fee EE snee TE Fr se fer NaH RCT A, CreTORS of sTafoce EET see ea EH | Aare FARE ordre Fa # 31 Prewt s wits artis om fier, 1 co aie’ Fear, 91 80% saa oni wat rer ere Fa & 8 ate RC% on ra we fet | ea Pred 6 wit aBioiteg os oreET att ofa ME 3 fit steeds Boe Fite ea TST ae eh aR RCA ea, CEE Ee FTE A | Sa ae OHNE, oo fiPeg abuata Bar con! cferice mabweM feiey OM aT | a Boe FER ks ekaerBe fa omBarwre EGCH TAT RU Re SET FTA aM FEMTCATG BT shovel AC A BH sree Pet ee co me as BCR, wae Ae TART oS aR NEAT CRIT tA 90% oF GER Sowa Fee ape ee | sca ae oth fr Ret x wes arene BATE Ke ARETE 30% FERS fete oma cafics fie (Machine mixing) # 32s wm conc wefaecha oa aS caf, TR cae UD fie Te Sore SS aE CU) CPI FRE RLY lke Hey oe GMAT FH TAR aOR eH) wT Fees ary ea cult wea Fara 1 Hm SHR UT (By steel pan) 2TH SHE HA im MG wae SN EH) ea TAME! WE wae Re aimee cere afin AE aw MMT ce OTR ATE face eH IB SHRETE (aE TEA CTL ay em) sefistee Some sare TE Oe ARN GT RN TA FE Tw SACS AH STS COS TATE wpe WBE TT Mo RATS MACHT TE ATH TATA Br HM A TT 21 ResoTfTe on Wat (Hand carts or Wheel barrows) #2 watere Sete Bes eerea wa eM | ATA ae TTL MTT 9g TafaTA ae TEI TAL TH feTeuS Drea (Preumatic tyres) sae ee argh ea 191 RG a Feet UAT (By hoists or skips) # SE Tz (Tall structure) Primers aed Eres eae ere ai fen ree eat 8) Der wat (By Tepper) @ Fafa yg Te hora wT orATH CBT (haulage) HST TIA FH KT @ | Bre a8 WaT (By truck or lorries) 1 24a Erg caf en wee Coe seins Fierota AT rhe WIT snot am i, ore a safece acid one eT RH dre al ofa cafe fam zfs (Ready mix concrete) WTI Bey AeA aT RM IMATE con flag ee era are FoR TTA Ae EHTS ca ree Gite, aR a ATER cers OH wate BG OT TERIA wat TH) a efere Hite aeAHTTH 20 fafa ee rare rd HINT ACE A GE FIRM Ca WH (By Cable ways) 2 S78 ate od fiers, cours efetem aye ofa afd aera #21 eo, ores 6 refers weed TATER AT EH are oo af Domed Bee evel ea, wa 98 TE STE OF ATS ITE | ATH CHES SHER COTS SAD WTA Se AE 9.4 EUW (By crane) sfoxfa, Been at By was Rorta Fkererce AR LTS AY GOAN ATA AT ‘yt WD Wat (By chutes) ¢ mieres mba cram cere fies DR ae afd HeTNTAR Bao oafe Tea a ee BaD Soe faa ora TONS TER a1 Bre O28 mr fey veT ATR Eoafe oT wa) oa mate aeftre were anda OT 1 “Afr UH (By pumping) # sia Sea wea Sy ETS TR aUS we were oth Ts afi Te wace ee enfin neFETS wefinS tea sacs en) CrUtE Ff oe ME oR TR RT RST AT ey EH | 6 wie Bie SCHR AACA © LATTA at aze 30 orf cee 33.0 CHA TITS TR RE BAT TT | HCA Boo FRGTR SRT se tro FAB ATT EAC MCN MTeTCNT BOTS HE EAT ear Ure TERN ee Say ee eT ETE Sate omy Tee YAR SecuTT weft FETE TE 89 19.9 ead "IAA (Placing of concrete) & ccs TS rer san Ta ROUTE RR RAND EIT a TEN Te SES | HED te Reo EET were entra | By RTE BALKD care tm ee Se nee ARCH AEH HTM eR wef SoRTCE carer eb | wefitd th aA OUT oe ere SnTERS Ota Oe BEET INA SITE AH a SA CHR STETS oe Fabra ca By He ee eT CT BIS A echo aren A a oH me my FO ER Hox Fm I ft We CHUTE ATE A SHI SE sar of @ BERT RCO RE | CTS TAT eR TEAR I HT | A WeR 3 OA CATE 9 CHEE ETE fed ra ATE RCL | aA UATE eM TE A MTT Gow ART AIO TE | TO TTT AR aed qerwand Ie ARTE a) GH TANTS BRAT: nt aT MA che eT aT) He AOE ATR 1 ecareRhy rae we aie TE | HTN HA TT CE MTA URS TERT TREC (HIE) pace er, CAP TRE ATNCS CH ore Ge, RNA eM HOTA] FT AAS STE EAT AT ead orang An Fantae meeTeTR GHA SPS 9) Rarer cS MIR TE Ke | FRA ee MIGTETER CNN TE | i wens wie ina EE HTS SISTER LOTS TITS EY 01 weed era TAT TE rT 9 RarePieNCe STAGE BATT), By cota rer ee aca | TR 3 FADTAE a By MIA ACH ARLE co BIE AH 21 Pa me ee Bo eat BOT | “br SIF (Mass) TREE cwcE af WTA eomBe CRE eet TER ram CHT sa~00 Gas oh Ey ‘seed Go ATE GR 9 SB omen veh fhe wT oIAe AE | 1 eR ee Ae ND coe AP COTES HEA 9,y Bad WPlswt (Compaction of concrete) 3 a0 BR BATA TC A SHSM NEE oTe STE Oa! BBE mG coca TTA ataM (Ar bubbles) ENTE aca este Ch MCG ALT OTT SAY THM at RL TaN Corea ob ewe onde ar ER we re Up, Be fe STE aCe ea Sea SmeTHETE BT HOUT RO AE A TE ETT a) WR SOS MTRATE | TR UHC TERT COW. 0% TEaTEN Batefiors wef MIS co% ks AM Coe CR | STON Bed FAT CHTS TER | 3 |S FTAA (Hand Compaction) 2: cafier eTEKA (Machine Compaction) 9:19ts FETA (Hand Compaction) # afEe, Coe swear aT a Ay MATER ATE SAM A | IA cee ers core ine | A TR Ta wa A A TN ENTE ca eA OE eee TH POMS aE a AOS aR eG AT wef CTH co CfA ae TL Ries CHUM 3 oi Rom BES) SER a sp THT Soy RfeRTE Se Wied | Biefee eemTencHA BA cont eT Rey BOA IH oe WER aes @ Hira Gece wee HET | HLH Faw (Heterogeneous) xia Zefa BT) 2.1 GPA FERPA (Machine compaction) & SAE Tears eee wis Soy STH FH Sa TT cera wre feces wen Tutfhhe Te TERA GMT ca CHNTAR BS omingR Fern sare vou SETA See aT A SARA ARTA IA BERD en fo am Foe a, MCE are SARE eR Te IC | ‘erry Ca ROU ATR 7TH TS RRS BOM wows MT ae ANG TE MAE oT TE “gaara Suh Seabee scare, ls 91 Ora SNS (Internal vibrator) # a1 Karger (Immersion) SRA AT ATS | Oh ge AEE mae pcb eM AT TART aT Uo BRC IR 3 TBR cat a = BESS A 1 WBE tA WIR (external or Form vibrator) $ HMA LAT SITET GAY ATT FE | 91 AIHA BRD (Surface vibrator) + ae Are, CATE VAR wa CTRL AAT TAT | 81 WRB CFM (Vibrating table) # f-eed BEATA wea edt AeA FATD 31 RRS eran eR Hy ixaPra-soce, 08, ol, 08, 30, 38] HRY, FART Ref ere BN | (GeO Bee orrerg aes coe em ten ee x OTRO ETS eH ga 21 seed Sermere SEIT, 21 RF refbce aeftetes Sores peat om xu? letarera-zoo8) (Gea) wes corner setts leew oraece Fae ee ee 31 Saati nef, 21 TW PTE ae, 1 edi wry ora, 81 RT eR ores, 1 fe fre seme et | Miso/Maoo HCE Ft TATA faranfarat-2002, ob, om, Se] SeeD) ces = wees fee oe meer = Be ached fixere 36 Hrs whe CK Mf 150:200 crfeyenforte | cats afore Camrmeme 1 2224 ETE FAS mee 24 fea OE HR 150/200 cfs RL ECE Mi solMane FAT RI 81 ee wARD Rens Rta eRe A Fr Ieterfieat-2039) (Sea) ace frees entice fag 5 3) Prom @ wits afterds o” fee, 21 CaF abies fern, 91 90% ae a eT Fie, 81 af 30% fe THT I Ft | : 1 ea fitare caters 30/9 ace a gear [ararfatca-2030, 39, 38] (BseY) Srae cathore ser sara oor Be cere rae et za Se ae eT RH aR BCH do See oy Sy coe et ore FORD CS GR WIT aaa FA eT ea of Her HRT RTS 9 THI wef TT Me | 1 200 NT aR 200 TICE HEATH Frrathcat-2008, 2008] (]eeB) 200 Nr-atfsaca 200-Fatm rae wer og Be Rear caf °eee RGSS eYCEE Mtoe 8e 91 eer as arene HA frretfer.zo9al wtb ae wR ett 37 Sersits sitabs, 2) afte a mi eteta, 2) qo stats, 8) wits Ofer ve anf Ar Ge] shnete ores sipriice ars Rea wes Gok aU, Wits aie, Free ame te -fimist efiocer ante (Batching) 1 1 abietd ota cra a arcs atc aI FO? isratfata-go20, 93] (GeRY) cv are wc Fos WH 80 CAN, 98 CA BOG Ore 20 CHE HS » 31 ree Fea Aeteta etree ast eH Frefira-goso] 4 FR GTI RAT | a1 SS eaibew aefed gaa ee farerfiea-sos0, ve] Gee) ew se sq ata 91 RAE Arta ar SS Tek) re FT RE arstralzooy, 30, 99, 33, 28] (Beef) 0.5 x soe gee 81 Fefoq crane wrtcatena afar Ts (Seah) ov a wae ats: DY rocure aye] 31 RD araPs arora ARTE STOTT FE | [aratfatat-2008, 30] CearreroB) 2.0 5 ce ae 1 BARC TTT TERT SICA | Faraifitra-2003, of, ob, of, 90, 93, 38) Gere coe a whet Fit tel aa aa (Gee mcxof) 0.0 1 mame ats | 8 whee ypeRH Colm ate S| (Bex reo B) ov a oR Bees | : 41 Fea Brrrrecn area atoms CET OM | [ernficat-soso) Gamma eh) 0 see He Ada Sorc ofeaTEaM ae CNT Cre [aeifien-soo3] ° ®8.» feBfae (Curing) 2 rritaan sare cece fons woke afin nde fofacn arte TE, sem foe ct a oer cefaiba oes cam were eforre 0 ont feRlae wal en TE Ae are aR mF REE eats Gore efecan mae fra or oan eon en wD Hee wh 6 Sag ToT TTT ‘eso ary ere ee 6 TE ce IGT MT AA eva” ce Se wt VARKG eTTOTY eT ecm qe eka ice ee) efaem fo ne wes, ea Toe oe corer wet a (AR sca weeenrsce a ea) ens oS ate wom FARKAS (Curing) AH weeDD wieree eT Fred 4 eiRcgrEr (Hydeaion) 9o7 Ace he Peto tes | Fay Bee as eer fans wea I HTS, cane aefantbe mg Reare afN BCE MT | “ecfad vimaece = cos 36. WO) on ca Faiae wet aT Bege ee eee on Fee OTE a arrye fatleeca warcers os weld ofa ws wars ad my sa wef Bree 3007 ov'C OF cine crn Se ig RT: FT RHA STD TRS SH ae MM «SANS UTES | FE secae en seme ca cm, WD cB RES EE TU FBR THEN wR cee Fee sane tou ere ami en, ofa seca fnahe @ wiew Ange eve ace aml ee ont es Be Uae smen erm a ease Tw eins we Th fe ae SHE, THT oak aTBIONS cent SE FEIN 8 fe wee FoR eat ive et are ee Fa Ree He SG em 9a ft Flag a mT et a es saxty feBiee m8 Sa 6.2 Feb hie orefea FIM (Effects of curing method) Gotan ers eine wre KORTE Ba be ope MT | EE ae Te TTT FHT een eed oo Aye aa aed fs ae | NN FART oH eT om me aah he OTE cece ree fin a are pe oe FABRE A Omg ek ee ow | fare See SE seca yon fathom ge mgs ewe STR Ba FBT naa Boa wR oe see FA S| Barn FESR a Gren FRTTE 5) eeu eferee (Wear resisting) 2% Bremer! afermT ose gS TF | ay wefan rere ee eget 2) ASK eT TE 8) Abrasion afecer®) exer af om eo) Sigg wre oeSeer ‘weft FebFicers 8 8,0 FEAR TEAS (Methods of curing) t Ra ae cae TN TET Bo Fike wee ORR orate Redon wet an | Fea afore FRR meet (%) WaT Fe (Shading) (%) Bowe aTge ex (Covering of surface) (11) st fetben Spricking water) (8) cm tefa aca (Ponding), (8). fe SBF (Membrane curing) | ‘WUT ee (Shading) 2. srefen em ye SKS |e orafen Soe A TARR eee afore ae ‘steers fafoen are at win, saat eae wae arom cerwe BefRG spice eformt FACE TET EH Or, en (Shading) wer meres ea Pree Fare ore wee | rg Dien, ene wr ene A Fee erten afin so | eM SIGE EA (Covering the surface) #9 THFECE TI, UH, AGT, Byer Verte wat STE Fea wre wre ca Bera of fan Fein we eT a TWAS MIST ame OTE Cha BT TeTOTE Teatre eT fathoms omcn Se TE eve Gece rom Bie Hf FEA (Sprinkling water) 2 secs Bla ware eR afa CMT RN ae FAD ome og afi -oafere Soe fbn cram ex Sat eRe TOTS BeICS CAM BET =M GFF HAE (Ponding method) 8.401 acs Baw raf 1 TERE we one eat wea Faefte eH, cH Gm, WI, ae Sapte aE ATR oH GACH Canvas WT TRC GTS CHM eH | 38 WB a TRA BOT ct cat afore a erarorara ca tof ee aR we oR et Re | AF RT Ce GHC eH a RAS Beem rte ec A | FER cee ere aT gee EATS | ‘Fa FeRAR (Membrane curing) 1 Face ceMER we EARS hem STONE aca og scUTE HBTEE a Wee gig ca tm at eH as heer efforme wae «crore HBF SORT aT SR fifo ae, Ripe aN aI axe AVE AB Rent neta come Rois arms eH aD fi ‘IBS (Sealing compounch fects ABE | wel Rashi oon 4 wefece BIRR wee fe a TH “arniu FBRRR (Steam curing) # ce cut Fars crates we are eeMIN rE TR HCE PARA FEI eT S800 TAT eH caf ela FERS a TTT eH 8.8 FafSy She tefoa Beet cae AaTAWEI (Advantages and limitations of variou: methods of curing) 8 (@) war wide afer 6 ATE afer 3) SRRSU ae cee TERT bce em eH | 2) aefecis amtiom efeeny ara star fete a | (9) brome seams ace feeBa Ferm snare ee | Serres s 31 9 afeR emer RE | a1 erg Dien, ean ere at eae HG eet wT aT Ca |weedets OD (®) teem sigs tefee afr 6 tareweT afens Do Ty see ope 2 orate afeeeae | 1 FA, TH, VED, phe Rea Teas a TA TH A A TH) Feet D1 FR are orf FRBICW RE ae aR yf ee (7) oR RIN states Afra @ fee xfras gman of from an ae aa oh STs ores a 2) CRC Tb oral efector Anaes 91 6 wafers arpa nit arcane feura sae CoP RU | (8) cae etaféa fon © Frater + afta 3) Fat am wee 2) sen op fe fame o) Sreurda aprutis fefoue AE A | SArewets 3) cep ob a see areas en tH | 1 cab fire errs eH co) Fe carn gb era wal ek SBI (@) Pat rele aaa © Faw: ‘afta s 3) eases afeeme ocx sftara fefare arece aT ce gy ren a a rete fans | co) SRS are cae aE opis oH eR Sareea s 31 a onefere fathee sare eefiedia sf ar TH 3) can a fepfirseg Baceram, Aphis erect) woe ert eee aT a ATR ES CT (©) we tehea aan ¢ Fre afat s 3) re race farsiae 2. Dam a nafere fetfae oa afaerere 2) CaS CRT as canta a rate BATE Sores 21 FRR GB opefe ATTN Bz TH AT) 1 22% ae Come CaM wrormrany farShae Sal EH ATH TTA ET» Cn 8 » 21 FeO eae Hara feranieat-gooe, om, 33 (Bea) weiner morn ra my Ra ccm 8 Oo em A a Fy TE BE Toe foc: arts eran ifs iSHTCA a eB HE AH | Sam FORE ee Teer Fl Hy brrenfiee-Rooe, ov, 20, 92, 38 reat, POSRR eH SommTOCT Hy ‘ser, Fe hie com a ear (Bem) Bee fechas eeren 9 rwecm pN 37 Fm sreetam afcare cated 9 CE 21 refers wrenre vac finger ge aCe) 21 HRCI STA | 81 SARITA (Abrasion) scare EI 9 3 | 2) sfene ere gf 428 101 ROAR Te refer Rr Inreifrca-2o02, 30, 38 fafa fore (Bhan wate | Ue 2 31 RRR, 8) cate oa, 31 hens sage a, 1 Pat Feb, 1 oF RBH, 1 aA RBA Ed ies acare :] D1 Watee aca Sheree PSB sat (SeaD) 0.0% saear-r ar ae 31 RoR sige wea SRC ome wR aA (Beef) 8.0% eRe ce ree TE BT) $01 CHA ROAR wee MER were aA ET THY Beef 8.0 spr ce ore seat 8 | Fete FBR aoe fire) a7 8.0 Fe SER aa fae SARC ABS | oe | aren mec brmfira-2o3e (GaamrewaBh) 6.0 me gem aa a1 Scr tee one er ee . ’ (revere) som emer ata 2€.0 GFF (Introduction) ¢ CER STATOR TT TTR OF, SoraTOMRR set fiers en fateg fees TD Cela eat or | “aire Say 2 wears weft Taf aw wea, ST eS tae eT eT | cas Farm ee AG aT ote ears ea fg eaeires iP Sees SITS BHAT SAG AAAI (Sample) SmI fox fog sATTE Tet eee Le PRT eng war ETA Ce ETT fe eng TERT A eas ecemhH wer <6 aration 80 orem wa, CF SgeTeCA Aisa wal ax oI oeTeIeme oT aTEM SATIES AHS from ara emiem @ Sore Bere sea NC | efit 2 aera other omar wet ER TTR | ete TTAteTTTET FtorE se AAS FAM (Slump Testy wae fRShue fs opera om heres FORhRe wa weft BI ceNTT sh Ate ares BTR fala ara rafts oefad ace aT ere ee tthe ET ag 9 afi orefoe he aa TREE Soa TE edietia WER Mie coe eam sone cafoe ER CGAL Re HET G GT ARTA Tosa ee om A ST fires ace wf MTT ER SIT TS ATT | 2.9 Sr 2-1 wray4 GT (Interpretion of standard test information) # aibiereBa cafe (Grading of aggregate) # omar enecen ware SU qeFieeeR x Grading of aggregate | 8 Ttseria sates we au (One sizo) ee, BT RIM eA eK CHEN oA ira TC | SOT fic, erent a eee area eh Fg mM KH, TER MEAD Kee eC Ie Ce AG STI “eetscera rar Ys Ca STATE BMOTAT TM AT | AOR cafe AG 1 MAB (Properly) amen sme “yea BE WH BELG (Dense concree) TS Bat ML AT MRR SHLHCOAG, HAH aw ATER BE fafeg vighia secortce eoere Meet Red Sor wee SMaEBA cfg om seat eH CHM eUNGCATA Sm vo ffi, Bo Fit, 20 Fafa, v0 SH @ 6. 9@ FA Bm axe RH eaten A UH 8.9¢ FHF, 2.08 FATE, 9 3b Ff, Yoo RRIEER, 900 ARERR, S¢o ARTI FFE SIH AMET TE | cafes Seno arctica, 1 cro, fab, Ae Frets ecmattrer, wre, wT at Arete ‘sara teftarce rages ace | 9 feemecet fies eeecba tf, sree ofteta, ger ee eae nee Ronikee awe a1 sofirertba ar cH arte cree cbt (Universal ideal grading) 7%) GR wa, (18) «oT ed fae tha Faas ore ewe Foy a sal ks raTa-eTgY, oe om, suena eraTE, "FE ATE (Flaky) fiona Beem) sree creda Boe ASA ae cate Nicer atm TCM, AE eR STAT cemtacns sore caf antes feeiine au Fag com sutbiondie cafSe MIcesa (Variation) «rem execs Bam or aTeTE MT A afiare eraere cont ten can Ficus @.oae CRC Cm wtcat wutfter® cafe (Coarse Aggregate Grading) 3 ibn Percentage Passing of graded aggregate of designation nominal six by wt eo mm fo emi 33 mm ve nm 360 - ~ ‘mm = = = - fo mn vaad00 300 = = ao mm oa-8o d¢-300 | 300 yoo 3mm = | = 00 = ska mm ~ = = a 3emm dese 20-00 eto aove 3.52 mm oe oe oe ete Rv = ~ - = Freer aE Care aren’, SFT Re me nfs Pca ence Bftom cores | SoG seme prrerena Brera EL erghen RM, wee Prec means AMGEN ae | recta aiterg cat suthter® (Single-sized Coarse Aggregate)? af rnd sue bw Weiewe ‘eo me Somm se mm >emmm de.emm _ oma 300 = : mn Geese 30 = = ~ gomm oe vase 30 = - - om oe ene cd 308 = = dem = = = weno 308 = Re nm = = = ~ e308 yoo 3o mm = oe one 88 oie Saaee 8.9 em = = oa oe oe 280 3.80 om = = oe wie ore a, = ae SoC a {Combination 6 Ba -aTTUAD (All-in-aggregate) #1 we BASEN. a cafe FaeR 0% COPTH CANT BH 3 (Gie-ce] fox PE-ST-RA-UINATG (Grading of AU-in~aggregate) 1 een Tor albinmaggreate 1S sieve designation 40mm woninal eis by weight | 20mm tutinal sie by welght vomm 300 me ‘so mm 30-300 300 36 mm 50-90 Bed00 8.80 mm 20-8¢ eo “wa0 mie ¥y-20 . soot Sto mio oe oeeR RRP a3 @.3 cafe BF Bre (Interpretation of grading chart) & wR ore CaM STREET Fim a 0.5 TE @.c.8 GRA TT BRR a8 EMH wR wae coh softer vi To so erm TCR cfu Fa Lo BHI Um Biofe a acne TEL orerocet rong cat ATE ee aa LU PRROTeT ONTEE Bane Ta abe RN ce 100 ZONET 3 SAND, Bon *9) Set 5 20 Sue 2 i" os 22 405 850 W733 GS 2320 40 eS 5011300600 118.'2:36 475 0+ 16 2 50.89 MICRON MILLIMETRES SEV SIZES {E84 Zine 1 and 20 mm single sed conic agrepte fim 2 @.0-4 alvin aggregate sfc Fm oA RENT FR a cen tee aft ew (Lower) 1 8 ZONE 2 ‘SAND Bs vi Om ScLe ‘F MS PERCENTAGE PASSING S22 aes G50 1738 G3 1252040 65 196300 600d 2.38 475, 10 16 25 3080 MicRON MILLIMETRES: SIEVE Sizes ‘Bay €.% Zone 2 and 40 mm single sized coarse ayeregste “reer cath mt spre oe Ree corer we rare ere cae ct i FAB ate cae ‘Sera srafice eo, Sree wl fear wT TEN wae caf ont eT eT) tT ee oe fie ares afte FrOTG ca aCe eH ae fess enfle ke EAI et) Be 8 Laake 3 of eit a Ba Bo 1S 2 WS" 850 LT SH CS 2520 a0 60 150 300 600 1182.36 4.75 10 16 25 $0 80 WICREW wc SIEVE SIZES fx 2.9 Zon0 3 and 20 mm graded aggregateexes fog ota arrest ee 5 8 tape GRADED. PERCENTAGE PASSING Bs 3 2 212 428 880 17 3.38 63 12520 40 63 150300 60018 2:36 475 10 16 25 50 80 MICRON WILLIMETRES SIEVE SIZES {5832.8 Zone 4 and Am graded spgregse, corm FRE cafes OED orgs cafe STS.am COON Ag eH, Wee TTA SMTA SENS re fem TEE KORO aT TH | cy me Fee (Hard ix) oe oe 2328 $38 88 ‘Om laL L-iN=a¢ PERCENTAGE PASSING ° S22 425 850 17 335 63 2520 40 63 150 300. 0 4B 236 4.75 10 16 25 50 80 ‘MICRON, MILLIMETRES SIEVE SIZES $54 8.6.4 Grading of all-n-aggreate. serie age afte a6 oh eetpe sateH (later) eH) ot Re Aree SoaTCeR STA WAS (Coticioncy) 8 ee | Ger 0.8. $e CTA Ca I a Bae CTH Foo TATA OD FOF wa ¢.9 [Het ets (Fineness modulus) 3 ces oof aoe Me, TT SURE TT A TEL (Fineness or coarseness) THE MST CN TH fen Sees MSE RTA SAM TARY CNM FT Joo RH SH FA Wel VATE (Fineness modulus) ATAU! AL ST eR Ae ae aN wR HO AR SREY eee Fics eC IS TIE TET aT RL CHER. Yo Ff, Bo fA, 20 FAR, 30 AFR, 8.90 FAR, 2.08 FAR, 9.98 FAR, oo MTRTEER, 900 MPRCIRR et deo witears (tend sof FI) | ah fea ae cal ni th Bons sf 1 foar ath eg ore oR aE aa eH ICTR fe Cefe acx | BAI aa Foe wom es Sonor TRU ee AT eS TA RTeS a ser SoD ara 2IMWEI @*TE CAH 7A (Determination of Fineness Modulus) + f T Coarse sagregate (00 Ka) Fina sagregste (1000 ams) weight cumulative] eumulative| cur a_, oumultve cama! suave is sieve | retained wt %ewi. | %passing| retained ™. wi. | % passing | Kg retained kg|rotainedin| kg gm | retained | retained in| gm 4 | kg {gm gm __| comm | o ° 2 300 ~ 1 omni |? 2 300 : 7 xem | 38 = 6 a - : 5 yomm | de 32.8 BA 2 2 | (See eae mm] v6 300 ° 30 we; 8 | aeomm| =) |e 2 yoo lowe, ke soem t= 5 300 2 ve Law | | & wame 88 2 wef ee LO oome | = | > 309 2 cao [owe | ete some | - : 309 o 380 RoS no a Resiave | - ~p see | wo {jem 88 | Fineness | 999.9 | 38e Modulus | yoo, OS Foe 7388 | suegd aba #0 Bo RA, go RAR cee 20 fat reas soMbteN TeRT BH TT STETRD, TR, fecha rte Fev ere 67 FAT ame Gafernas wIew 30 HAE rence sas TERE eM EMT MTS aa. 61 fa, Ore 20 fats wanes STEOS aE Fe ET! ‘irs cafen ore$e fa Gra TR (am) ‘09 SPEER ay 90] z : 80 7 + + +0 & 0} 60, 4 u “rt 3, 50) 50. 2 ad 40 2 30] 30 2 ol z + x0 10 : + io ° 0 ou 02 062 rm @ 8 Results from parle se test and eraing Cureeee vpefantia fafig ee ercmrerst ret ee ¢.8 FERS he BOTT (&) #f8 ftw (Slump Test) 2 7S aefisd oe Kem BE MITE ace ARTA APHIS! (Handling) se sofa mes OTe a TH) RRS fiers eaiee erctieretirer (Workabilty) eH | Res orf fears cafe mas Fee am | TM ATGTOTGT Ie ARTTEN R | METG AHL_RC THONG 9 HT ae FATT seme EE wea ory 9 ee aN ema eT aT les one ota ofan pen wre REA “aah UE) ea Tee eee cae Cm hy TIENT RE eR ere Sw Bee Boren areca se on rn eee racer Se orwhE aet a AP et Slump test ERE Fahey sraMTE einem eT ration re BA Zo GAB a HA ATR aE oo 100 mim —| fon cas TOR fe ore ar Few RIEMYS nea Ge (Truncated cone) TRE RF | SWE oo Cf, fa eegn ATH go ca ee TRH oN ces ea TH HEE 30 OFF craic crea ean SCAT CHR eT BAF CaO aHUAARGE ee wm OAL nN ARH OTH OR Ga con 30 FR CL ) aT oo me sat ae OTR ee PBUH TITS EE | HT A ee TOK oq Defer OTR em wemeTe He ALE | nN TIC RAED TR aT PATH Ct TER eee etereh TA AH spree wean Bowe OH AT | UTA Barer oR Tee ee TR | coma cota fee Swe @ cafR em GTO IC eT eee Fer AB 0 CAR Rear ene aa caf ecm abe cain eR 1 TE HAA ATR CCH iene aredtoutivora Stal Hae ATE | fin writen Ftog cra Fohirarcoa ay ACH a Ee wef Rare afd RI CATR RH 3‘fafeg FORT fess oy SUMS Afea AIS : atte = | Rete or [saat afew, Pfr 3) | eaters ae 20 fit RCE oo Ff 2 SRR ore, Fa ger maTTm 182 BE RE 30 [os | Sam, Fecmahe oum ame orem crea Ren | se fh ate eo Taf 8 net See oe fife me 380 FE ja segs es 3a fife ate 20 5% (eee (Mass) ot Tse fate ere @> | im ree eas ge, Eee am Safe aoe | ae heft Te ae SH 2 SER oem rere am ” eo fafa ee : ta laws 2@ fii ace ¢ 5 (© 36d Pairerae arte ie 8 Paice sqetiee aefete ora “Bret amt oid aR TF A rare none fasta are oo aefS fofirene ote whem em eraTgTS aed ae et Ags he eae cafe mimes othe way CaERTEE (Cylinricaly C1 Mr FER (Test sample) ZF ea et, TH Bw care fests RRA A 36 cf ate Suet oo CHL acK OMTw | aD Defa eae ST WTEN at a Scone tnd cea Tefe Ss erage een ace ath ce TaN BIRTH UTS a MTR THEN Be EK a) Re of OTT eet wy au ora ora ges wR a A wn eH ame SOTET AR aS AY STRATE a flee oT ea | 3 fafa arene vo Ofe ANE ae wet me au, fare ate BRE Tm BY cert ATES Be) FATE eI FE) ATS Seen Beafaarc OTE BF 9 GUTS fires a AE ee aT ou Lem ARR ws a ATER TS HR Ss sen fom ime 38 we Gt Gow ee, TE TATSATAA we fa ofan HI A, ces are 26 TO srrerface fang om Soeiue serra fslee wat Te) NTIS 2 + OCC BTR orn mee 4 fa aT 38 fo 3 rr mt ay a rye ORR te BIR ea te oad TTR Oe hw cE WP wee Eee ee Oe acti we eH EERE Fat Cts (1) ERD wre (cube) 4a FN FR BP 2 aR Or fis oct wr Fare: GB wa frac Fe 4 (cube test) 4 RL GTR (cube) ATTA 30 CART ADT eres ma Pala ay Fare ka Ua oi 5 fier STRSTEA TH ag TM ATs 28 WH wa MTATRDAITS 29 + 2°C war fia UE 9 Fret at 38 Fm a few ume FORGE Te Ac RT TONE BR TarCN nok oer Sige, Few EM oe oe ATES HI sth era wos ace ea Hee oie arett an BD TOW aT TD Ce UT | <2 ceagee sedis sirefoce aaRe SoRCAAT CRUMP AAT ST eecM Gow CHMROTTT Soa ore AFORE nese) a 9 aren wT ArT my aaeeSTeN oe HT aH a Ty RATE CAS oa of (Uta compressive strength) FeATea er eH | gare cmH Bets ios woe ATT fA Aa eV eR FEE voy Stace (a ater wT TH MHA Free wo Apa, tes mee aD wi ANS em 82% RTT rc fr a ay fr wae as ent Prt ae faa A cer cs Bye Fm MHAAS Min soefincia Paley ots eceTeRATET a (er2.2] ose eet erat EE # wera perce wee adres BT (areyetorta) ore ‘Paris feta af ae fr afr ail Myce. B08y ae ma aS 3 Myeo 38888 30m ad 320 3h Maca > are dwo see aw rage Mazo 3838 30 ao sea Rad Trig ORS ab Fm 390.y cofe/etrata oa oa Rent ihe AA [J ad ries acre 31 mre archer BM ode at eT invetfira-god0, 93] ea, eRe CaAMY TT wT SY eee wa TP (Seah) rreaeorce weeds Hae Pero at eI > | ree as a= rerun es we efi ois edhe ieee ftere T 1 wont cafe werce FATT Fareiftcat-2o0g, o&, oF, 08, 30, 33, 38] (Seah) soos enon ore se qestoeee em orterds Aer (Grading of aggregate) | ah rama ATR ek THA RH, OTR SUMRTA weS a aH aT TR Fe TROND TOT wea A fang Foe, INA TONE MO HFT ATH 01 Fron mites stone ace Ar tar ice-g00%1 See] suis eeores warwcnta sera yea EN ee ee Prom mR HHT SET 81 SRR TRONS ace A tie tarattea-2oob} Sew] was eae xe coMh eoeteaH ETTE (Combination) 5-RE-STAE RT| 1 eer esre Br (See) coe ere wt ao aoe Te, wee RUT TET (Fineness oF coarseness) TTF a Ora AL SPR RONTS ET IR aI TE GAOT HT Yoo WAT SM LEN THE ST (Fineness modulas) MEM RIG ANCL Ota AE AAT STRIDE HET TTew SRA AOD 1 refine a ftw com ea eH . {araPrrat-2002, of, 30} (Gea) ore eka ean Cam Bie TCE aCe ARC ATP SAL EE AUS TN ET TT BT Gree pottee exctmutitay wen eu Fae ote fr aa TM aTGTT © VP we wt FT sera ere wfere H TT 6 TE OREN A a GU ETE TE o RETA aeAT “SHE se 5) pee ee Serre wchntbe eer wreTeT mes wr a ate FAT a TN arta at Fe (Baa) om ew Se cee 30 Lo YH RH EA TEE TH 39 EE, SE Beer ce et BR PRB on fire a Fa hae SIRT FET (Saf ete ore a rere ne Ftc orem 28 + 2°C ei eta wredrrcetiren eres BATA farefhter-200%, of, 30. 39) (Bef) ees we eos eee ee me ee ca ITS em eS os SE TA ST Bent Freie « gepa wea retires: (Workability) FH 30 «wehbe Wi fare Sterca wa THe [arerforat-2008] (Caaf) os reece ery eat SS afters acqrod : 21 weftebe afe other ere A gata (Seal) seer os on (a) sev ea 1 RRS fisreae Dror free ada {araiere-203¢) (See) seer ce once) setts) aanean | 31 wea ae othe Goan re AT FE | arate 2008, o, ob, 30, 32. 38 Gerreraf) soe cat an aera ee Fafen area rehome SENTECH ATTA OTM | (ara -ao3ol Garxersl) semeTaere ecard THRE (Special Types of Concrete) v.0 fiers “aera FHS (Special types of concrete) & “ferar seed (Polymer Concrete) + wen efter Pe redret ew aA nro GRE ace TEE ATO ow NET MTT ATTA fh errs, a ore ef ICH ABE 1 ener otf, md BG om rer ere riser | tc wee TTS ea Ta fi ae eT soften wey wert TRG ce get AT TR AEH (Porosity) fers waITS TEN ATT ii ae whinge FR TTT) SRE, we CEH, FRR (Spinning) Rerier mer fear Ars tre av% FRA ATE TTR THREE MGT rRTATEM (Poymerisation)-aee Wea Fp AEA satree RPT a ER ae BER MS 6 AT eC gf A ATT era GARD CoH ACATATE TA A] RE, ST TH | faetter coerarer6 (Methy! methacrylate) © | 35r8fie (Styrene) 91 Sorat (Acrylonitile) a1 sfépbra PORE (Polyster styrene} 1 Stone sBIRa (Epoxy styrene) e1 featRrfeh GerrIeS (Vinylidene chioride} | Te PRAIA TR 31 Recocats rors fret 1 Rcaare alae 21 calte Ts (Marine works) . 8) TANTS 77% (Desalination plants)vo aie aos 1 Reirma nerte ame 8) SHSM Tee tae ree Rea ace 91 Crear Fre eons WL seni arbrestce bo) fetes: firma seartha areraoH 3 3: afte Reeds fF (Polymer impregnated Conerete-PIC) 3 | aftr Firat eS (Polymer Coment Concrate-PCO) ‘© 1 sires BGR (Polymer Concrete-PC) 1 “TF (Hardened) Free eae weal ae ea ey sree fmTmRCEMICHR oe ane eT wed fete eas coders Feet aed aae at mera aang wea CH eed eR I eH ICR af Sree eS em soon Preis ae a ea WR OTR CUMS EH IS oT wD Ae Hate MALY (Suporplasticized Concrete) 1 Bike eR ee ATE gre uIAE site wee (Superplasticzed Concrete) em sabe ore sete GTSATATE HIM ACE Wea athe sere PR FH, wee aH RMTENA YPN Te one) SRP GoraRES ca ET BCR Setter a aT, ef fe ae aT TE ame CNT N RE I WER Bos oor ae orem oa, Srafiive ween gona siOarRrm ea Sr at STE 31 Proce stat fe apt weit he i ey 2 STEAL mi, eefieba acy we wala aac SPE FR FAT ae 1 Cory a aim Frac funda ee HUCK fe ere or oe we a grace Tere, NETS Sa ee | A Go ec ARE MS a1 Um, or Bes ware Gage emu | SRT A Rr RTE we MONA ANE eyROeS ¢ etn Mf Ae ance eA me sie i ofa Pract were am wars Hy aera Fen eB mee as tf ert s0% ots we Wr am oT FAA BATS 0, Quc8 TOR RH ee | . 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STRUT SRR A | are eS armed Eons CHT area ATE AT, wend conte wR Ee ore RD Fao Boe Bde wee ote fotaTRR afin iad we aD soetaeTs VaR BAT TTeNT FAN CaN 0.40% SR eM CN AT RE ATCA Com Botie Bore anne fone aeET eH, OF eae 31 WREMfBees (Formaldehydes) 31 GFRR (Phenol) ‘01 Behe (Urea) 81 fern Grete (vinyl Chioride) @) Fear eafASB (Vinyl acitate) 1 BREE (Styrene) ‘94 cater (Proplylene) 1 Bf (Ethylene) 1 cumtaf&a (Melamine):a Fee eae ft & WR CreaT-Pree aefaFs (Ferro-cement concrete) 3 crit afi, Segara cortis Prod « ose Alans eraarm (Wiremesh) m1 TRETTE KTy (Expanded metal) feaacartin® fesnce areas ara Coral-Fiews UAE (Ferro-coment concrete) 2 ea RE eH mT face fre ergs ene ara cad aI, FIC otis fit ee oterk em eR) mR Rrorre tear cr Hoo THR TT CTS CH Tee SATE See wR 2B TH GN GH eT oR HITE 48 fa OTE ANTE ee cae we od em Gem RL YD CA 8 Co TS RCH TEE Ges, mre pore, sree ifs ee, roars gore arte Defers a co FD ante TATE EO | 1.9 B-cop1e Fars (Pre-stressed concrete)? ‘efice ar Sy cacarm Bonen Abra AR BREH (Structural element) eres Agar Fcerrerce era aT TH, Oe BHI ce iN SICH ATM SETH CUA STE SoA STN EN | eR aS SECT TRAE OA BT RT ee ae Faro fry STH ACE co BES Ate AB eT | OTE erties erent (induced) Arg én farts erefes eon ere | cfiremrba my facts eater are refers f-caAR am) ore co wef axa eam 0 fegfo sreTste Ftps ada a1 et oo, afin A Te ByE AGM He TR sents a ree fps es =H | Breas efarce Bream mee eR wm caTRy TEE FNS eAThe afro’ Dire 7G SATE TTA AI, Greag at a ens ora FoaTR ee a efi aR Te Bay MITES Few ae we Gm CBF (Tensile zone) TCA AS Ay aT aH | HEN wee MMT Rs CE ATMS SA wice HECUMS Frere eA (RCC) RH) CTEM TE areata wea BA Agora afta gh ean ax fey a Te Alpe Pees serGea wee efor wae rea a CaS ef’ rears ace wa wae a afoeme FE We | Recor we rove core Bim ENT aN wa 1 SATE STATA NA aM COs TH, OR we cour EH eT FRR Sieg ATR BPH oa afeA wrt keen FAACHAS OER seek ref KINEN a CH | on fafoy ara @ Reema Arras freer ccobia emesis Gece acid waren sag hee Teed aFARE OR Rooms ela antares Gaffe cm Teee ei AN! 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Sormterfati, 81 afrte oaR, 2) smote 23, 1 FSRRER arts ira fa we ceria eH A (Bee) otters weld few er, wes bi feria Remeirencs Te, 21 fara fo ae, ot aa ae preter wD Ar (Bea) she atte ocmeg eaters greens wT aon | sO erg sore STOTT en rae ea es eT TH, MITE ND TREN FTE TE oe ee Preece Be eee Be form seid nem ATT Score what caret rete UAE FA TP (aretficat-2o0@] (Gea) care wet Fata owen errors TIES EI ASR fi, cals SrasTe, ames oe me one, Tf affeeme we, fae eee AB, amrre Foote cae saan ToT et TCR CNS we TTT | Grey ar tarefer-sosel Gea) scree ca ae wk Omit crac wee wa TU) SIT TPT 3g cers yf OH | TT Tel a TaN at eenGCATCR GPT (Tendon) CRAFTS Cott TARE aT CP Farafire-aoce, o8) Sam) cto, sree Fes, gee ons Sw, sory wera Rosh Beles crea-Hrew’ abreea re ira ABD ARIAT CoRTACHT fr | fareafirat-sore) (See) ratrite coma storm aa aaRS eT 21 Raracadbe wresm afras, y) Ptarae are (8s oat er sre) 21 Rectan afte, a crea Frees Beer, 21 afer ates, bi ented sore, 8) RATS e0Ieb, >| PiqrereeaTa : ¢| ABieuta thew 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AHIR TH CAS TEA, UTS WRN fia Hfece ae BH | 2) ee Ree Tas TEE He a SS: 2) afaonbes wre yA Bea are Bret rf apoE efaRcde CLOT RTA CTE TEE | BaD Reet dren oe een fag ame are wre Bm ea ae oe 21 nfifece eed ag acon ween aTeRE Ba CREE oa | WOM TceM BH eae eThSAR BOE RGD rmenor Sie Rare seme Te arN cae gH, wee eet SereROTM ree feline aCe em ame ATER fr care ef ct ra ee Tea aC BIR RCE ETA 1 83 72m (Deep container) exabce rnwa SH SS | by REED ree op mE re cere Dot ons arm fete face aca ae wehED ace ae come ofa wa oe >. sea mise on a Spe que ane ECE ge MITE Ere ee enhe in SAR EE ots frstie ware ex so Rei worse mex amo are afore ep aa She, ute saK MEMES aa fet COR swofaen 9M ware = ore 9.8 Behind arm fortes fioTyE ¢ Sam org wtiad em afieetioa man Safafits fereeen FeeRoel ace Oe OE 3) waters Workabiity) 31 Semone afer (Batching of materials) © Befa3 fee (Muxing of concrete) 81 was safes (Placing) @. wargfaBaes ersfe (Compaction) y+ FeBlar safe (Curing methoo) 4. arse (Temperature) wt Rea oramonn afe3 gaia wafer |=. aa ate feet SOOT ut ae URAL. aa ofertas fray fear (Factors to be considered while supervision good quality RCC construction) ¢ eeu A, AA, are ate Rite Femoemt FRc ATE ZH 31 Frew (Cement) & eas srerrese ee oes aa, eA eae a CATE a HO EH a, era Bee aN TTT at Fity UBteNB (Fine aggregate) # zee ound fore acme TEM fra ee aid Rom BE | Cae “a Blas wre rat ee | A ae a Fa eH eH, wa I Tea Ate at SAT | 21 Go tend (Coarse aggregate) 3 cre scm fre arse gem Boe | abi ofeere ce aT, aera dy, Get ond Rane one ye Ron She. wefan OM oBoTs wear oe OT (Screened) wx cite wa em Se 8.1 otf (Water) # oftere are Cron ef oar aera ar SE | mTTETS TACIT I A ae ea Seca 21 GEMS (Proportion) + Area Pee age ere Rem Bie ae son Pafor we ena CITE erat SBS | 1 fRaCePIO (Reintorcoment) + fereR, waUN Remcertad gra ea Sires adi whet, ZemTS, ai Ben ge Ra) SAY TERA ered aa Fa Bie) Gere wate, acetoeTTA ‘eotecorere, SH ea ¢ eule Berie orm ea) Glow 1 SEED WlereT TAT AOE GB ANY TA, WCE fttrcertcwts weg ofeaise aH 41 GFR (Centering) 4 sf aTaRe TH ORB at eRe sre fone ox nHaN ToT EE) ene sre a zee | arene (A age at AL TES ST SHE wi Rem Mixing) & FSH GR a) aise cnc aeoTe fet nf er Be Tet cet fea “aera ae Fra cafes wee Sp NITE TR CE Aas SRT AE bi Gata am UN (Transporting and places) # TET sxe ArmA] wR of aefHD TER OR grasa Bs 301 {FRE (Consolidation) # STE Fry SAA areas see weve Pee SAT eT) STATS TT LaNTG sacs Ea, ITE BE ore sonata oa erway eH | wef Fa MY (Edge) ee FELT eI TET ATA: 991 88 (Curing) # Ble afon TRIO eefaee ee aT few ee ACS Te: ER fe cabeen fae fms Fire ea Bre ca wera 30 fee om Fhe em SS AT 38 1 fH (Finishing) 3-278 Fecha carota wafcta a aay eb eTSRTTE FN WATE RE qe fR-clpre wefand ate ofaetca Fecanr FeRTAR e 3) Sper few eas wre | 21 S.0 Ce iE ATONE High tensile steele {34 OTR tendon FRENCH TAIN FATE TE 21 foes ain ahs Bra AGA So Came ae ates eos Ary no kg/mm? Row SHE | 8) eefBS acme fs eee a emt nts wrERTIES Anchors ARICA COTA ATT RR | 0) ea Tae Se RADHA ace 8.9 x dot BBBR/ aN aa aca NEE Te RAPA Te RH 30” BBADs aies aan] 91 BER orafce ie Fre we tre aan UP refirat-rose, 20, 38] CED tra wt ease safooo an 3 ‘Wal (By tremie), Qi ‘aref wat (By bucket of skip), 2) TSBs tef5 WRT (By Grouted concrete) | 81 Gee Fe [eretfra-g033] BERD) ote sre Serum rea Fos eb at mH fe 30 Ho Hara scm Watertight) AfRece GR ae ea | 91 FRAT wRNE ter tien Rear Fermorm Fi Fir [rrefeom-aose, 33, 331 (Beef) B-ctre akes wr aeons Ream fermecer Fag 37 Sage ana Prono ara ace cca R13. Ree AR are Su Bates sng Bho fh wre wn fo eR ATE Bee 81 foes steam Tea Bi ig bo cal aa Teme at Sg no col eH Zee | 8) Gaea SBrens area srs Ree, mane aT erotic Bw flor ere HCH TSA | @) were REEPA a SPEED aa 2.3 x So! 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Frretfteat-ao08, 08, 30] (Greneee§) 9.0 san ars,vy.> F818 (Foundation) 8 acer mie aame 7 seem free oath Syenearae'd (Superstructure) ee Ima tao A Bees (Substructure or foundation) 1 GHA SaTrHR sam eet AT of Fear ace sts aOR Fee BCC etre x fate ate) ob) pment AE (Base) Fem STH eee | SAE AT, TTT fra GT aR ‘Sorry WHIT Gees UB Mes Gea ATE as OH THATS cx sing wer, md 7s, TE, TOD, Grae Rens eT 7 ai porwr ete we xy, ce aha a fafa aon | ‘gfrure are ors Saag aida oa reat Mice SCAT ondonét aera MTR wie) Son afeane felece ATA TT “en | wibrewte a ea gare 1 fOtea Heo Te wis Sta ays Fa | Sw erence faces TypA MK tela SATE mu) Hon ferme te afauern Gag we Bonet Fofioom 3 wTBTSAR cae (Foundation) =H | [fexs v.5] wv. fefea aH (Function of foundation) & “mrereretea xt ah eH c, foFG BTITERTS GOH ae oa | Fog OTT FORE Ee, watcaTA oT FefET (Foundation bod) wEGcR crema TAT Rr TEM FOF eT TH BA BIA GA BG CO GATS, FET Ban oeerce viene GTS NIRS Te, Be GATS (Wind load) Berit oats fetes mas we gfe Sor ares SA ‘fn re aT entice enemy co SA eT ok AC ra FG SIAR est I 31 @mcey Sigel EPI (Reduction of foad intensity) & ETT AH gM Fae Sy adhe SIMs ear aoa ater afgcx cham was, ATE FUME aera (Over loading) MEH ABES THR! EA fafa ora rents ots carn arene feta aba wtecen ETE caf REA At 31 OTH IATA TEA (Even distribution of load) 4 AMERETEW SM orTece AACE AERA GT ‘fees erm) seme wirema Con ae atm Ta] CorSTH mETE wie af WEA (Sub-Stratun cu ate B+ Lo amam 9b eT (Provision of lavel surace) # BIA ws =H a amTEN op aon wa SES IaTEH ‘xdarare aPaeccd UAB TTR AT 81 WERE (Lateral stabiny) # cree Ferre yrRTrenrace wre ates oes sols rate AGE! errr ae Beret aera, sre a (atp, THM) Merete Reve efecareT ST er Tee I CT FRTRT (Safe against undermining) &-SATA at aa sts OrETT eae corre area fra el ATH AT GT | ‘wi mia ma afeeay (Protection against movement) 3 SiGe aia scar ei eeraere At vector Bars rarRerntace warsfg US cece eAfOCR ATA A | ALE fms es meres meter fotgo SRE Oy .9 9m FSR etcuterAATET (Requirements of a good foundation) $ eeemrstTETC Fea s oI {Se arrer Delt ars ery oo ce ce a BIT ons Cm EH ex fees Tet abs A: 3 fe ce (Foundation basa) mt ay Rem BBs, Tem Boe cece BoE cos rE PEE HH, ORE COR ROT wo RE BATS | 2) Fea abe sires gfe mecmHare are ce maT wR = eH CHOMT Fore eee shee ae wa | 81 cy ater gram ane a om fre cx-core tor erent eres eREOe AER v6 fefen aera simhaR (Causes of failures of foundations) 3 raft ara FBS af ere tea 8 31 a-aaeets eer Terr (Unequal settlement of sub-soil) 21 PRs SPRGT (Unequal settlement of masonry) 0) IR Tees SFSTA 7 (Sub-soil moisture movement) 81 crenteme Bes staf (Lateral pressure on the walls) @) Merce (fSfex mg aI) Idee (Lateral movement ‘of sub-soil) BROT ae OER SMT eR TET HSS ‘(Waathering of sub-soil due to trees and shrubs) ‘1 Srerems feeR (Atmospheric action) | v.¢ Oita Ider afer OrITR (Remedial measures of foundation failures) ¢ 31 SRST GEE Prag oe feos a af Sete eo com FBRSTe Bone A eH, eedice tirana sao erat en wrk fafen wba Sem mera fem cam ecee abe ee era ‘stele ea afore ae ot ara em Bie can FG arg A IE | ‘Aaa wae Te rcRM RETR A ATH § (2) (Se ort mre rae eegfS oR =I gem | (9) wit wa age torrets os Reger Ct) Rares core era ora arora afer (®) Biers am ee gem wat (8) BP oe fears cam a cea WIR fee aa (9) mie Sem aint Shera zx | . 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Ay, ERMA TBE ecw arora era ers erfoTaRME RR Bo gle METAR ace | SorATS arate HST TAG cote fof MATTE codrge ee) Tek a was cwcE Charter fElen wre eae ENTE aaa Rem BHC ue afieeE ace csi ef ae ey are rem inbras s Srenfiee rg ea a wt eM we area wees onto cama vrotca SETS een fete eg sae YD tay omen iO ace item aad eee ora a are Cea Ft wr err AWG niet ePrce safe aca cree Fevers aT | 81 mere s erm MICH ERT EAE A SCTE ARH Crore Fae cD ced Te a) OH AEE EH rey srr farang foe wniba ona cones sara wen fofea write Sera veceTbA WE | wea fefare Ty aE ae uae vegatice area EerR ine He eR pleat wen FEF RCE et HAC RETIN Cale ACS RA | eat acters Iowa Sorere ors acy FSG ata Oe 1 GA AiR GRE corn BET LMS HAT fete aT Bie: pfewe grea com emo ay 30 fibla axe TeTaTA qNG CTA sae cof Lom BH autgte Felece arta wits fis ace Ze Teta se UIC no CaTORDTE Ea Ee we BES | av oreenta firm 2 afte ones fing set mia ere tee oem) ona acacia ae Seca TS fa a ora, fetes seneds wfee ores ere ace | crete Fels aft aida nica a eee eee hy vfs ere TE CT fof somnm een npr area eRRCNTE afea I STA HTH onfeeS Mees BAB | mA AE an HECTOR emia CS sr Fes wD | om ore wre fates aH sare am farina ray ges ea Ee (0) Sofa alee ea Rom Bios com sree fen Frees eee ta (4) sracrenema nf Geman way stig ae ata we, CHR ATR-TeRCeR ofa fe con Fen sefom ra WER ARH (1) ores mitre safe arece < saray sfsere ome faa crate fefere SCMARTATK > Re eager fares wefnd sere oparae.ritefe aay Ee | (3) fotea 4 om wt wa oe aa AS wee Free TE | (a) wie rem creme wos wie coy By ata How ea, Ice ata ots are AE pCR COS AT (6) fase crenttrs AIDE vo caf EE ao HM erePAHE fates Seba oe SOSH EH BAT PATE ATE |R ene gery v6 fOfSa ST TPA (Unequal settlement of foundation) ¢ {Sf wh eomstet Tor Ta, ec cer exces aE a A terse eal TEE WIE ZB ae senting ari ave au | fasfatrs grace Shs oTwICe aH TT > 1 ula Gecan arom Bie a Safe yy orectera HT Fe at mre THIS seRSTCA aH TT) 31 BE omnes ace cxféina exe a mr cm Fete Fe xc | 1 aia Se afew OTS AIS etree exer fear Bae | 8) imcas om fefeetrs afepen carafe a TT @) wero bee Sissi (Intensity of pressure) erica Bea SAE aT ET ws Fees freon wd reenges afer cant rR et OH me OM Cem A wl ae oer RECY EOE 9) ST WS (Loose soil] = ann wfbew fiefs Ai arr | br fefere eraes Fiieomradt enema Grae AE ACH CTT | >t ed Rofege com areaR we erereTe EA wie fee CO a 30 1 f8f8 m1 fefeerr (Foundation bea) Bera fre mf fgeR core 33 | FSG offence Srretee ae aT TCT fefea ser rr aforarey eens TREE (Precautions necessary to prevent uneven settlement of foundation) t (SFr (Sf soeTET aT core eT a came ERT TB ca, oa a ReTeN ep rca oN | creme asc, CORN aera, cas, StF on ar ee aos mao TAM ee Sa AE TH Ow BT wren a ibta wie ace ee eh eT EEN TH | DoT SRETTRE we wee (Sia SeMEICE AEH TT tea 1 sae FR Sore ACH MSHI ATH RCE AH BATS IM HS MESES Bag gH ae BFS 31 eft Gea 8 ean orn gry wr medore mw Fore MATS ea Wine CxITEN ag AA ae OTe vr antes Boel Reh SIMIC STATS ET | aa Pe cree era efityer fram oer fSfea Genta ae aa oie ata ep, oxtod Cer eearH Sa CONTA cx ware Fitba care Crete oF Micon fafa fberEa an 1 81 FT ae creators Feo oie faare fetes ere atthe, cee ota Geet aes wba fie ered ware) Sfegee aace AT otc | 81 ware fefburn DTA SEI (intensity of pressure) ERR WN Rout aC el ‘Fefown wibe fears was fe wen Bie, ace Fafa wa afta o say ete see org GTR ner aT | i iba wrecen wares oa fang one o afew earoma arela arate ans erara fom SEM FR ATR FSM TE ETCH ATT ae wo ETH RG NB eM TOM AEG Tm | aa me Tr Fig oh ex Rt fog faq em ata) eforneprs Tey fore t (@) RR Shea em oo er, TCS STEHT ATH (9) flee Retiro xs eee crm Tre ApH eT TR REL CEA A Re NBEO aerficn iba He ee 8 fice Hee (o) SSfeeree Hrs Tem Runble) CAD aire wo a Vahl a CITE MTR, Ice FS Geer embE meme ccm Rea ere aE 9 bras Soa acme ene ae, Fearne CoURT CR cre Tare Com BES | co (Stic oe Sammon as er) Beeg or 6 mie alana of sure wes wh Cama fey coeTI WO, ‘wa BIT CCA (Couple) 3% ees 1 UH fEfewRNT SHR OTRICT Sa SIT AAT | em fisteneneee errata wae aca xl sreate Acute flor weRBaNG ay RU | eT xP kes fg only ores, Brea ND, ern Tea Rene aT aH RT|9 CHT FRR Se awe ae TRA TS Rese) wi sE Fata “SIPHGE (Disturb) en SHE AE a He wom fae fore ‘Sema fb Ranh ae eon ogc am aT A HCE | 30) Com Rates a1 woe Renee ona Go aCe eH DiaTed ara CHeTCe wife TPH CoC TR STS ELA | TIC fa ah rem a GybY TR RCH RP ART ERT sacra sre He ECTS oi aca TET oe RHA 2M] rete (Fi v8) 39 Fae fet cen fee ora ome ower ef wa TE CS ree Pre at ap Bre ee IEG oR wee eT ‘al Sait ware eras crea er | (fom 0) Berra tte on bo cam arrRTOR br Gir sted worentergee aera! 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A080, $9. 901 (Gea) satire re ra sewer sora a eR TR 21 fen ae mreorene agfs eaten a Rem) SQ) TBR ea age STOTT OT frrgeont | 21 Regeofee come scam 1 Ore Mable i98 eres aOR 81 APCs sr ara eefeorcars Corer A Be (Beal) 2 rama son ore afore Sermon 21 Fefere afta ace gem am | 21 few fama nm re Con wide eee EE | ot aia Boe rece ers wee | 81 Feqeaas ore oftara aco wR Oh Tate cera arm eefccaTeN HA ara sree Fat CHET (Bea) ssortts sora om aftocee fate em see an eH 3 Rau afore Soe TRA TE RT 34 FRM RTD rem Bete we 91 Frew cen wt sigh war et aera 3,0 FABeR Booet eae FR wa wal» ABreea caf BHO ‘ingfia era ea Boe oT | 81 watea hgh aro mE sR CECH HM TATE TA 2 RoTeTR COR ores eon RST BT ROI So fi Fhe SATE aH | Ed few acren + 31 FER ere Gompf etm aT FEL . GeeD vx toe ads Qt Baw fee ecarertteer a eaTalh fey : trrefitral-2008, 20, 32] (Gee®) ve ae aes 91 fafa adore wretocm at ae irantiee-2030} 8 Ae EHH BEA | 8 RTS wR cues FRRRCH ae aC erm eS ayeH se Sar CET (Gea®) v.0(9) a wae a: 1 fefea oma etae state HF Ferarftcet-2008, o@, ov, 301 (GenQ) vce sae as 1 Fa org Tm etme A AH rector MTEL sles FAT EP woo me SEDET-ae ATSTTTE TTA ABA | [yy soargere enrafir : 31 Pea ater arecycer fears orm wat eH Frrarfiteet-2aoa, 0@, of, 30, 98] (Crea + seme Fe cor aoe oder TEAR HBS | 81 FRfem opr arr atfScatee opaiRer UTEP TER SOTO ferarficer-gopa) Germeesf) ve aie atearea Tos (Shallow Foundation) >.> wrtdla FFB (Shallow foundation) & Tarzaghi-8 =n SEAT, 17am fee Siew! ca aE FIT a aw Cree SHE HE eo) a wiEA fefece Zs FSFBe (Open foundation) TO wie oT aT ERG wos ee Ran we eH Ie TE at ate FS vee eat ates Mier era WET ay eS UA aT oe wes FREE aha em eH ere SB AEB anda PG qarmreorene Prem soa weyAARE Fee HH eT ord fofee oe BAR (Footing) of ee | ensie fefee alaece teers ye Mw cree eH ‘soa, ie a FoF eH, TRG, pea ay we Te cree aT ee ae Come ae, erbiaE COTE gece ae cose ore pen com FswraaR Sor se ae ens eh EPGecs TET I AT, Te 31 crate (Spread footing) 31 Bets BBE (Combined footing) 91 Bis WEAR (Strap footing) 8 | iD <1 aed fF (Mat or Ratt foundation) Crore thee cafirern Frew (2) BRA Be (Sip footing) | Bre abe (Simple footing) 1 Gbwe Be (Stepped footing) (9) faacierte eefind Fe (Reinforced conerete footing) (9) steoremtbs Re a1 15 wR (Isolated or pad footing) (9) seoftieria ones wb: (Eccentrically loaded footing) 31 sree we (Ottseting the footing) 1 er Whe (Strap footing) (® fare fS*a (Grilage foundation) 34 Bm Gems (Stee! grilage) 21 feet fers (Timber grillage) (®) Brerdis SHS BT: (Inverted arch footing) | -FeRS Bike (Combined footing)-a ATT t 31. ais cortbeone BRR (Combined rectangular footing) 1 aie Hirai wR (Combined trapezoidal footing) 21 afiofeat be (Continuous footing)w SegTOw aOR ».3 wnnela fofea aftePrER (Advantages of shallow foundation) § veorGhs feta aferocen fame & 31 fate nétreca ergy aan on erm word FS ae | 2) atest sheers stew stesat caTe | 2a Siro Be etree we tre oe 8 ea steer at eatige mia Cwm eH OY offre HIM Ratt foundation HATES | Fra aren ere faa co | s) wrahten wa CRE = (Settlement) TATE Flat foundationaey MeTeR owe fee eM eat aftrsss | 9.0 Bish Sia AtatawUT (Limitations of shallow foundations) ¢ sorta fefan Fharearcoce firs ora ams 3) Bina oma wer caf eH oat oe AMEE few ATH | 21 Affe SecrR es (Top sol)nioe ween HET SH AEH | 9) SoMaTE ofc crime cman wee ATED aS EMR BPR mT aE: 81 ATOM wtf Bomar cath Rem ARH ATE AL oe RT tH OH ace twee STS ATTRA; 21 FRE way em tage a RE eae Serge at whe hea TENTS otf CaDt eee (Scouring)-29 RMT eT | 2 wa Soe aor on em wl ATU, Se ae TRGIAy Cala Drewes Pais are | 9,8 fafey fetes aa YS BR (Spread footing) +4 *wfece Wire Rare MTC eH MER Sal eH, WTS BoA SE RT aerate Sa ae ene eh aa farts Siac CREA AMAT ete tel Beg wal EE) a aT SRST UME ATE eo TR | STOR aT T]HE aT ES gee AR ate ws fone © finheora weer lena SeTIT Fate aa en ens aie Peale orereme RCH ers | RE (HU ARE (Strip footing) #4 sem Core Be MTA oS ATA VA eT, GTERT ATS SOT fee FM oe BS Gwe tk che oes 30 Ol epreG wretice ra BD felt a Be Rohe eR ME TET ven oan ery, Creare eras Fem RCH Ice | Grout Bon ame ate ac ¢ caf (RcbR EGA e-wEReN) SHAD en ee CAR a aT ATTN AH RTE | CHA COTA Coc RIDE in CER fay Bo CH (GRE srSteot) Sta ear ep Fafeg ae ae a Fs Ts a YRC cre, RE Baa coon wHENT cafe CET an | 7 GWU eee aah TORT eA Creer me Cae ara ete war Ra: ERT ae TSM RIG RHINE De CH ERE OMIT CatET af TC 30 cates 3e Cafe ant eM) core NICE BABE careR eamE, wre aero coe aH ZEA HT af Keer Bern cons cafe rom Sree ear RanaTER co sre wean AOS MR AYR eye TE OTHas —| ore (2) Steppel Footing fe rns AR DS afin cae Faweite @bioten HOM FTA, TATE 3) RAS cos ea semen ob ets Wee, Te Boa GHIA YL Ge Te SH SAT ET 21 afters (rede) sono oe THT A oy Fefaerme nae eprgre Sara Fare aT ae | 8) en cee BR CTL MURTHA FTE ETT EA GPC HR FHA, ESS 21 fame BAB (Simple footing) 3.1 Gite fBt (Stepped footing) Bre a re sc eran, Uae a ABA, core er Cor Hey wR TRAE bee ae a ar ence ae cca at teers ame Fer mc woe RTOS sa eH SE avin rea Gare ce APTS TANG EH tena cae Foo ay, ka a Tea SEE AT « cerca fafa PO te IG Ha, PN AT aS wen FAG EAI TH Fav ge We SD Wg WRG caceR Go A Tet TT, TH BC a aT et (HE BAK concn) am Sas eT A BGA TH Sted) TE, = UE RG eK = STN CRC corre wefe cares afeercers AT |aw en TA) (9) SA, PR (Reinforced concerte footing) + om 7WE Gromer Bom fhe come MT AME CASTE Te SEA OL a, RTA cuter Frew LA, ET eo Ta a a afore we cas BreM Sue BE Rem er a TL ay CTR WAND a, aff, ars Few aye aT eH (Fi ».3) ara ota (1) SROMME wT BAfertHI5 = TTS Yr (Isolated or Independent or Pad footing) ¢ © ars We “eR AE al 2H AT SRT ST GH CART COPETES cme TeTETEA Nie afer CHOATE eT eT abe saeta en an, aT ace sera BARS AT Ha PR whore, eIMETITA eee GeTETA ETE | a WC sags weage Gone am aie STARE METS Beta fre eH a Go we, GBTA amTAla, Te A, ee aE reer aR RT oun eR fatog tera apf Bare what oem I > Reba Fara BIR (Footing for brick pillar) # Fama wee see Fits mere aes WIRE IATA al RU ace see efis orem en Gems ake aS creer afte feta SER KCL TAT eM sce tee cmomes fre sacs em Fiemme brafite srrcta sree caeca FAME CoE atria at EM (PERE ,0) fin 9.0 Bebe Fee RU SPLP, FHT BHR (F.C.C. Column footing) & cefBe cae we warn weft cscs freer TET waa Sa BG, ThA ST CoH TED ode HAS eGo Tne warts ae waCe EE ate Gre PTs efecate cate ors FREER eam aca CHET sehen RAKE afheaa eer retenspstes EP waaarta feta cry aa G, \. bg reo Sofa 5 Sovtce fonrn.e wre fein, ora QR carafe, worse ques, Sere eee ante EE AA 2 ses in rey wa FRR at CHE ES ENB) | wre fa fr, ere te Fre arta mre OE ITA mar ne wm Rc eet BT EO aL ara Bua HS wnt sefcba Teer TS AB SHE eo) Ga BBL SETH PET Re 81 ‘wefd pa aires case wea Fear TH apcea Dame Ae (Stone pillar footing) #7 Psa Ra Heres set Fg aca wre arabes serena vs ese et Reba ene ve a EN TL te) eect ences HE Fei oe fing) # Fo store ene met mm Re SS apifet Ted reece ORCeN CHG TE AAR CART ATES (OPTS TET | ES Taf TE A RE vias ea wece Ta, Ue Thm Sera wip ART Sao ee mend SHE CON ET EET ETE sa rr tog emacs er wR aR ise ee ome ww FRE Dae EH retour ETE eat HPL (Otfseting the footing) + Matt Tes cars Ft, Fs, ace eet ra WES cern oe rg ra on te PAKS (Rogular) HO RAT am ia TTR a TNH epee ant ap foe ne) aD rH STONERS OnE BACH Coe wee oe fare SH eS ceerere fen Fear Fen cova ra me Tene ek Se Wy = ANTE cms (Supermposed load) Wo = WBLae Gor (Weight of footing) w eaecara Boia ogee te Fofon cacao Ca SING CHD CTE | b= RH ee oo aces AG (Ecenticty) SH ALRITE CMER BATH 4A CHRCTT CRERCAR SALATEIA NOTRE a Spl pg = Ew wea + arena, fe cS (BM) = We ams cai ore Py = Geet REST Fos ng Beefs RAG MAS TAHA aw Wee =p pe ©Fin b.0 sy or flea Girws foots nots aE TT Rae re cafe care P2=“ceawel ~ “ress PI =W_We LW i, Se “ye oe oP o Wo = 2 mH, we P= 0 aR OT Af 0 aw Dac oer Ga eH, Oe p, a AR WaT Ta EE wre Face (oy Tce Dic AM a) ATTA CHRO ATE ea, wR ae awe forte ACE a ue ree CTR Ta rR Feo IC GR SOT CTE EAT CREAR NT Sim fc ‘fea wate ee 31s at ore HC (Strap or Cantilever footing) 8 Ra wrote wen wera ROMS Ba wT Res BEE Os ag Sage ace anf att we UM | ene Pe ae AB aCe eH | Fog sarie ents axe aaa mba ea, Foon ery aT mR Beret cx nH EMM a Baer UIE BHR! serene eriger ont ya’ Revere ey | cosereg, an ere ews sre aftr NCTE OBC STEER SetCNE CMMEST NICH HRW FAT RH seen ese Sa wena we are aes TPR Ta we HALL, Sea Bie ome wr Fn Fm ice ore A SE ITA eH! EA AU, woe AFT STATA Call oT ge Fi wom rstetR ‘Sree Te eu | wD een we Fa a Tg = Wr xLy = WoxLg wilt aWe=U 4 sare fem =, R= Wy ETSES |SC Cees Mlle Carsever Fong TERE TEESE TT se sTaR FOOTE atk am artnes yh ©) Rove £8 (Grilage foundation) 1 431 af fare enema ox afte omemee si® athe omece Sars, SAE SS! Stanchion WR STEER wre IBC wf CRETE Say Rzme wiBcSH TaN ot Sr ere ae TE ay em fomce be an mr a ran ee eTBENY oem cheat ‘au fee Set» Foi nee 3.¢ Ro wee eo aCw eMERE OTE RENCE IT RR MMT Wp COT RE a G8 Wee Bs ST am ee BE ACEI SM EE TR | WOM Be DLC AT oD eee rere er Freie ert Grow wrecSMCe YB Sm MTD: Ns 31 Ber fiers (Stee! gellage) 21 foe feel Timber gritage) > 1B fora # are cree Bs # Roled Steel Joists (R.Su's)- “SAT UI (Loose soil} 90° (tH 8G" 22ro ls pre ai (Compact earth) 0° 3000) jor ‘warai afm (Dry sand) 20° cate oc” dtoo-3kto isi eg aft (Moist sand) 90° CH Be? poo drt le; fem aiff (Wet Sand) 30° CTR 0° dwoo-yboo i | ovat @ (Dry Clay) 90") 400-34t0 a ‘wy @ (Moist clay} (ot? (TF go" sage—beo ly) fom @ (Wet clay) 30° >eto—p300 a SSH (Gravel) 80° Cate ag? 3400—dv20 yo) atfe ace FHENE (Sand-Gravel mixed). 3@° CERF oa” seoo- shoo “ah Seale WB (Top coi) STH eal Gab gE RN eee aa roe CAM KE, wee FE Borer FB ‘inte a Bite 51 Bea cae aban Fas ons =7% (Top Soil) SePTEN TE EH IN THT AGE (Lean concrete)- cea casa Boe Fas ie ware ea (BA. 2¢ a) | 1 fhe RIE GT RR CTE BUH Seera wD (Top soil) THATS ATE aa | Cla AA eR arscar a af A TRH ATE ara | a Boca Hera TRG aE AA (fas B.dC b)s cea ere TAS @ feasase 9.4 Biba Thre Fes BET | TIE SER RET aQ000: cafB/eioTa, ba wT go00 CofayeaAADT, wa ArT aT (Angle of repose) 20° 2, wei Abra Ee AA | [arate A008, oF, om, 32] sates etc sarge gaa ssi 2 Acsind 2 Daw sing!at ee sorta fie ar, p = Aiba IaEA WAI = gQ000 Cafer/as fs afta 44s war = 2000 cele/ur itr aoe xd = 2a fm (am) ¥ wiglwiv ‘p.b R41 Bide (Sate (Design a strip footing) 3 Re we a ater, vers (@)_svecrbeta metas GIR BARK (Simple strip footing without masonry offset) | (a) SrREAIaR RA ABE (Strip footing with masonry offsets) | free we oberg we Bag noy BRN gE 58 foto ATER > ef ier Pata srrferaa aged bene rem oor, Df tzsing ]2 0-8 al ore, p= cabaret Bim ai oe SR TT, Cafe | wa nis cae 6a, cofeenfin : @ = aie Figme come, FEAR = yaa grow Sire, fib | “efRtogR a Be SAIC co Caf sa Fes een AEE TH |BO REA IO) 3 Ea a fea ee Foro rae MEET Bete BBL Bey ay FE BEE aera, W = ae aes Cros beam Gora DIN GTS, Cota Pe ibe fara wreeen ese], cateyenfa | B= ca ay, A . ' 01 RG Catena Fate 1 wefera crore (Hr ay HN aAARD), ET caren SOR oH, ate ‘SaeEe vet Revie Som sels caren ey Psa we: TT Cats, RMR ae Pon Tal fs oe I TE ore | seas ees caf, CEN Fae we aRL RRR TG etn aT TH ae Fe ef TR RR +m = GUF TEA Se AGTH (Sale Modulus of rupture of concrete mix), CE/ATAIR | pen ber erm wes ae = Tepe Mrntony ‘Pee ce Reem re aa en ee (1) BM =E5 xaxg hao om “aca aura oe > eft faeavar oar affre® cater (Moment of resistance) ie OE cco ce att on afore crees aH MT, sree 8. & pa? "62x 1008 boat _ © 2x (100)? xm. ee a ‘m (400)2 Spa? =\J mciooysoba FH a> ‘fog wees rca AE aeroTa fAcR CTU BH (Modulus of rupture of various concrete mix) + [ate dtebacwre (on) In Koi? > era Aa wD (3 WOTRY © GOIN TTR) dee 31) ett een see ef eet sae ( tas 9 ctr OTR) 9) S88 ay cps ee 3.88 BI 33026 ceta Be (M00) O02 @) 9848 cree eed (M450) e.38 a) at AT BC Ee ge aM TC aA ee PRIN STTRES WHT GAR aH, soem as eg (B = Sy yee x ek Sem aera THR AR (fh v.30 a) THETA TH CST seta a6 caton Bor weats te MAGE EM GO SUAS HOM eH ATT ae HSER I (BHT Seca) cs wR cae AFORE UG (a), 90 FR CATR 20 CH OR RTT AE) HART CARCI DG STINE prog aR oo (xy eo AC | SME B AT SOT FUR ay a Bee, Ficws weiner STENTS Fa (and) ae Ra BODE Cw S a (dE a) ETH GerETH)- Frew ah n, 1 (9, =) mau WEBB 9,1 (= 5 (4) OBE wk (Stepped footing) 1 TE cau CaM COTE UR Bea TWA KATA HAI STAT RET SE ct mu, Oe CARE BOG (TH 2a) FC RCE) ARTE Hee TT EAE FEAR, UR HSH FETA comcerssa Be CTS WATS BATE TER (M2 w.30 b) Peon ATE RIAD CePA CTE NS TET . <€atea, n = horizontal t= vortical 3) Wax anecca vinfia ora + n=} sea ex Bee, a) aren aefecis cwoa snag agEfre oz > BER 0) Frees seatia cmon sna) Saye wat > BEN T= crowns ry B= Bias 5eF | rome aren Seer ace. (nh fegiea Te ae eH eH) B-T 4 Dmnin = 855" = 95 (8-7)be eng ey uae fafa era (Rate of spread) ffeg zm = aehind gra Sawn ory B-T <8 n(Omin-9) +n, 4} #3 [1nDmin-nd+n,d] 8 Dmnin— 2nd + 20, #1, &n Dein = (BT) + 3nd —2n,d B-T)+2d(n—n,) Dmia = 35 (BT) ~ 34 (ns~ nh ‘Breet rts COM REE 0.0 FATE BER Go CHR Re CTSMTENE WET Tw RN te RSM ATS afb ae Gert 3800 caftfaafit, wbT FereT CM oo” FEAL cme MR Fr ere eT 3 Day | rey sf Fra ae 93x DCT we | MR ee See AGA a a ART HR R000 SPARRO om KE Ie ANTE oy Da/aRATE 1 she SOR aco feeb 1 [ereferat-2002] > 1 ER Bet F atom Soe orcad cnrs 4 Bor ces Brora CTS + Ram Fr com + fafee oor | Sore cece BIOTA CMTS = 93 Ba/ITTA monte FRAT GBH = (0,00 X 3 X9.0) x IM¢0 = Rot Dafa fakes cm (CAE OMTEEA YO% WTR) sox (98 + 8.00) = 9.89 Bafiiom ont ons (a wits Bora WeTEITS BA), W232 + 2.00 + 9.89 =30.88 F5/ibrA w _ 32.88 wise bap, B= B =p L- = onse fide = » fide OTR W = 320.80 Bafa Pe omer Soames wat = 3 Daft 8B = fie) 319 en ret (0) eTocs wal EGE TER TBH KE Omin=k GES)” 20.88 eon, pa xian et = 30.88 Bapentara 1 w =f 8 ao = 9500 cotati = 3.9 Dayeatuea . = wba Fee CaM = 0° FEE = sing00] 2 e Dmin= Ta = 1+ sing00. = d.00n> > fateons fee ye ‘fieg ORs yew CHAT! Din, z (8-1) - 24 (n,n) aT, ER BEIT CR g cnn = 2 (iba af cen) T = cram ay = 99 ft = 2.00 RO B= yeas Sagi = 3 fia d=aT =2% 0.00 = 0:40 RT| 3 ~ Dmi ; [3 - 0,90) ~ & x 0.80 (0.84 - 0.¢0)] axe = 0.8h8 = 0.00 ROR) 3 000 <) fdr 2D = 3 RO UH TS WEA Fang paeT ASAT (Ope) FFE ETE BH RAND eH TAY ATE RU RT, = 9 OL ACR) ET n are Gam ny nee Dmin =a LAB —T ) 2d (my =n) =X (IB-T)-ad (n= ny} =H 16-701 = (0-7) -83 20 _ 9.7 Fibs < 1 bm exp 2 Dat fib © | Proportioning of foundation : cre a4 2A OT 2 CR RC 3 FTA 2 eer on of afro fat are coticd SE FTE ATH = e-3e (HOMIE FTE TES) = 20 CFR | fe mec fae (cA) = @ OF sopra mean = 92 = of supa Swe s 2x ¢ = 30 of 8 HARD TOL IES aot, a= 30 off 2 deg etm, p= eee vee m= se Dayar ve =(S2.)x 0.00 x200)= 202908 co d= 90 Of38 fa ewe ate he ‘We ax aH FFB aFeTATEH (Types of foundation in black cotton soils) : SUBre afer ATTY ATR BIS BDH NCHS ACTON aR eer BAe Caf | OTH wAbs CwrEE fer wets fos aA Sa eT TEE 31 GR = onTs FSFE (Strip or Pad foundation) 2 1 sraTs Fef% (Pier foundation) 91 TSR hrs Ret Ff (Under-reamod pile foundation} TO a ons FRAG sas core sire cura BR] TTR FAY oa weTERA SET oT FSFE AA THI eH (fia ths) , PE om fog te poe VEZ feusden a se Ema Bree as foe trata F88 (Pier foundation) 3 cries comm wT a1 AAR TD a are FER aCECE STECE WR NS lRET Te NER, OTR lice STRAT TTT TST er Me TiS ate wa emma Fe APART Fa ET cores FRR ase cera ACK ee | FeRTRG AM ROE ae TERT OR ca, IB Ce wRlOT Om a aH sare Ris en en oc feetg Re Tapa STRTTR STATE Ds eH) ermace wife fase er UE 5 are 8D, sre, im, ape RA oe wef Rehr an Tela eM ACS oT) miata Prat eget men ewes aoe ea hen sere ee ee a, af, we, Te mE ce. on oe Fa tm war ree rere rs al are fem state Sovere > store coe ou xa at fe ace am a Shere svete, wtsca core Ronen Gore fe ace TE myer oe em Hy eke eaonda fof ae iD Eras nore far nco mre 88 rans ffea afters 1 mata erator wraps eray sre apa mga AT LAL Tu Ft aT eT | otra fel ase re mre a KUT 9) abr afta mice Te OM 81 Riera weenie eA | ci Raisers sa) on Seer Cre TRA Ca BPAMTOTAT | tare Fort Seger 31 AORTIC TREE TA ATE A 1 Defle aen ae ASAT STIR SETS EH (| ew mafSerea ACUTE RT | carers RM eae 2 ars DR AcE, wei HG, A SrrTE TEI WIE aac RTH CoE, CF oe once thats wie AB ere oiea SR Nie ITs Tes eferatoen we a TR HTN Fel TH! ST safe ct FT ARM | CTH HG a ae TT A, TAT MIG GER MT TH TT | (ay 6nalgUnder Reames ple (9) Double Under reamel ole a ty.ay ons Ho teme “enna OR} wisi im ore SROSR AG tera we PTT GH | wre ae Rea atiew SR calcee aeee eraR We Ay oa | 8G Te ems HF Ure SOM oS fie ee aM ald felis as ee Se wise STE STE 20% PR oTw | Re RTH A TT HT RG AIPA TIN OR REM AME wa OT AR ET ST TH 6 TREE Fron qa Ee | LETTS SMTA ATRTOG ACUTRNAH STOTT TE Ae EE AEE ay 3am wy ore Sara Tees a THE med anfea Bora HE OD cere ge aw AISA ATE ARTE ee, Ue ers tea a1 Tro Shrace ag toda wee ace afar Gece Bes wat ea) wes Ae 1 ew ca yftca a1 coed aetiace off wet au anfe WY oe Sore Sica Ora Te ee SI OT EE area stods wares Ste tofs wat ey | store A ARR ATT Qo CTF Go one wae Heen ater I TOS ATO CRA HENS TT | HA IMGT Shere RG ACA ICTS 9.20 AIS 9.0 OF TE MT ES TE + ree fibre rie are en | Beers arf Se wT aTRmeCTICs eS wal EU a site Aa aids CTE ces Oe 39 cma Brea ee | BA eet rr ATT | ask A eee TT fears Soren sang ee 31 RM RT afew a) orem tH ce 2) Rea or ge crane feta IE) (Structural failures of spread footing) + Frater cms BA WL ATS oe, WHS >| Frufae et (By shearing) 1 cafe <1 sea er (By bending or rupture) 21 weft sucer st: lial Geef) a see ats a1 eave Fea RtarerectOceT AM | Gap) owner 8a: ey tha RS Pees caer Fee A | (Gexf) oe sae sis earache Biren FA FH, taratfiren-a008, 30, 3 ey, Fn err FM AA EPPA | (arate 2038. 90.9 (Gea) > awe re: ar cress Foren areereet 451 | Gea) vr sac os crs Bent EOI AT vet ttre fa PB wrest AE TET IR AH (SaaG)) >» saeae ox fra yao BRT era ea fe sezReTOTT ET (ae) oe saree on ora fon ae safes) FOS sroargeree erga: 31 San tren FF aR EAT FH | (Genreraf) > STOROS eT BS Here rca corr FAL AR Garena) »9 reas ae T v1 err orators wpe seme MPH AAT ATS | (Fereraf) » 9 wreRON 4 a Hae TS HET 1 Bite HFS Rewtera toc eT (Beers) » some fie Foote ora SAT)sxe Dee wri ery et eS aA RT ff aca ens HE a farsiftca-200¢, oy] CRED)» <0 30) 1 Rap UTR rere Rite tet er fretier-2033] 1‘ Geer) os cma wt cas SA ar ea RRS eRe fhe a Re THE TEEN OTe | Frefitrat-go3¢] 2 CERED) ae camer ye wha, 1 o¥t SRL RET WTS sic c/a we toe crab, af fee eo" xr 5 Fefearayon dime we aay RisiFict-gooy) < Cre) seme ara, t Dore FPR fa oer we FAB ere IN cre | [ararfirea-2008) ee Cs) eet 3 BREST Wwe 2800 Yn? So cet, ee Caco llr re ie wx 3 So erat icet-zooy, ob] 5 ERED) oo sear = 2 [SPE CEOT TS 0 REEL 30 Fe co we a ty Wty wy eee a ea ee PH Fen cat oo" exe eres ee Py os ie Re 9: a NERDY con atom NBER wer ome ‘eet SORACRM ae eT 3 Dye | ew bee cate, Fareften-xo0%) ae (ex wee) 9.» seneora toners BF at SRT RTE Wt Stoo At, Pam ase eS Pe Ao orm Bea Sher FA ea | arerfera-zose) ™ 3.9 Se Ba we CED. 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ON RR RAT RCT carer eH 1 ed TT SA 9 ATE 3, TH TEA 3 FRAT Ca 0 FAKE Aen hm RT fk ‘festa 7H ABH | (FE # 90.30) |s30 arate 07.3 ‘Sire ITE Tess (3) Bh oH Hi sONTE eR (3) wears Byrs ear Bit ae a (9) Feats ay Sem eS see Ese TTT SAA a | (3) Pirate fare ears seat sibeas stor Bere ales coms BIPCH no fofawrn free Ceca oa Sirstre aT aT af ent en) OE aM ST om a] asee ffireta sone an | mefandcw wet ware omy Prete STs aH BNOITE CATH HOTT RU foie $0.90) + 2B tors RAPHE 3 3) femfe wre sure ft: 81 sigyis or sae rela afore Ae | 01 We afere RR I GE a ART A 6) FIR ee ToT 7H | Ch Comm ee RT BE TIRE A ae HFREST el 1 eras erm ifemreere wo RTT CONG OT ATE FR ACR STETERICETEN STR are ue: we oreere cab 1 ay a1 7 | sate 21 sfaot gre steer aca | Fg xPROTCa CoRR aan aeH Co Fe TS TER SemnBB wT (Composite pile) 3 we fy wnts on weds Ben ra aad Abs Seas aed oe Ee Fig ents 2 fbr ce 2 AA os tok om Te areas aero ereTe FATS EH a eH fous so38 am tesr8ra Fee 333 ‘aftrne # 31 She a1 ree 31 cab arbre cree crite mere | 9) FLATT nf eters 6 tf APE Sl THE | 81 afte afrand aiceme seen Fat | ee Areg sities fea ea efor 31 gfieet cenate Somer aa 1 sted eibre sree | comedy TAR RCH CITE IT | AG aH (Sheet pile) + AAD PR sae eee ATSOT OTR, AAAS, ea aoe em Vee sas oe TH SAA BES AIRE FA SF | GH GHA ATG TG (Vertical loud) TE FACE ACR AI | TR MCAT METER TENG 8 APRS AAT BT Frater remorere Ste AB mice erm FSA ea CAR A. for feat Seem aFs acs ty S08 ae AB te —V —+4—__e__< (6) Ro FH PR fin. 30 58 itmaoe ares ay 3) ima eegfe (Nature of ground Rr € (Cost)! 9. eareH after (Ease of instalation) | 8) Rares FEBIATEt (Availibity of materials) | ¢) srfeie (Lateral strength) 1 ARB ATE (Ease of making connection) | Facets orga AAD oe ia ere, Wer (#) >= 78 #7 (Steel sheet pile) | (9). fate A ota (Timber sheet pie) | (o) fe-278 wefsh AB at (Pre-cast concrete sheot pile) | () Robs sad AB ote (Pre-stressed concrete shoot ple) | AG onde ang ore Tes ware a feos am EU aT Sacer ITS AfhTE ATER AT ime FF ot fanfiire erwarm are Be 91 Fh, pH, A SRT TTR TEN TGC TRH CRC HT CH 2 SreRT fey aiB-sasente (Cut-ot-wall fern ra For | 1 Bthrars fefece -enana (Erosion) 6m CRs HT FCF 8) fate atcen gt tre: ef aca AME any axe HyETS Sac TEA AT HHA NOS THT S| cer Rafi oe Fafa Fare mice Ara ace TUTE me EMT VEN mH rat erm wR | 9 omnia wire we ARETE ete Ste ges nf Eee MTT Be, m1 BUTE es Ae ENE ag Bargain sibrewra Fae oor Hotes ANT yo ibew Starry are et mie SERRA TT BH aT 3 eerbta ExtBo GCER (Water intake woil a8 9 CBRTR (Caission) Filters eres | ga seers od fen rod AAG ore fier enka arbres of BT FATE HT ATE) “FaIT BI (Coffer Dam) + aoa OTe He Ca STMT aR, et aA, on cerary Fs wernt oo ao AIT FA caorey fag of ares RR wey Fem cy Fea econ ce, at RT TEM a Fe aL ATU TEA Ht Lae ARTA OT Fs aerate THT SH AIT RR eT Ara em MTD aa GTeUPTOTT WATER om Fecanes wow Sie | Greco srarcen Bore fsa aca ere STEN CAAT wal ea SINT, wi SH, nis can Br, wreTaTON ere Rees Bora Sree erat Fe wea | TE a Ha, HER EAT Be SD ona erent FET eA FN CT TCH wera BITE oT TART (Uses of cotter dam) + Fairs Geacey Fars Sia ewrs Fat KE, Teg 31 RR Re A ae IAN GHENTR 2 Ti Wo Fole e wace afivecma Te TE Bat i ATA ACS | vo) afefarm wig faite sree ge care Feftx ay Tu eATS FA | 81 Re entora afin aor a 1 ary ee cra Fee MICH AT FE | 1 RS syne Foon exe TRATEOTAD ATR FEMA SALT TAT cH | a) Rema ater ey ere FES Fret fen aT aHee OU Meee oe oh : wera OM Fdtors ererrerAh FIER (Fetors affecting choice of coffer dam) 3 fers Sy RE ‘Feoinfre feenecm ates a 3) FR | 1 onbe sri 21 Heme weMRTE METER 42e Tora BH; 81 catbe ecpfe, we Bea ame er fate erm 21 aif sgh» ar Fen Aan tare ef etre fi eH ca wR AT Cm 81 Oe are arene aH sree ale cam | 1 TERR meer | ‘FUE HICH SHACST (Types of cotter dam) s TMB arenes oq Ae ota ee TM Frets erocan aca aI, Wate 31 fares GTR (Earthen cotter dam) R\ Fr fen Hs GI (Rocicfil cotter cam) ‘$1 TUB TH Pera STE (Sand bag cotter cam) 81 Feemn am ereta Si (Single walled coffer dam) 1 SEH et FM SIT (Double walled coffer dam) 1 Fefomy fia eH SI Rocked crit cofter dam) 3) REGS eI SI (Concrete cotter dam) + | GREE re SI (Cellutar cotter dam) ee (Cantilever sheet pie coffer dam) 201 GRAS WME I (Braced colter dam) 33) TSS SI SI (Suspended coffer cam) Aes fl ida wih ese cae wal. fas 0.38 ore ST ‘ABE a EH Earthen coffer dam) # a1 FeeoeR MATa aA SH GTA oie TEteoT ere 2 FST SR SIRE GM AY, GS PA eR Gm Fethe at eH UTA STEEL tary Seca ETM 5 Aiba A ae storm a8 43 ere ab 83 at Res x cw) a aba angen ra nr fide ch af ane are ane 60) Def wan an mY oes om aT, we IO TTC i eae Sa ac scene oom a tet th aR of Ca ae er way hes AD oR cane wa COTE oe ee Sete UTE feta ec ace + ATA, STR ho Gr GF CAE (Free board) secs em we Ta GI i eTCRBA Dele amg em von foea ecw ofa emo ara em ae Fos: OF wel EH) Roomy