SSPC-Paint 21

November 1, 1982
Editorial Changes September 1, 2000

SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings

PAINT SPECIFICATION NO. 21

White or Colored Silicone Alkyd Paint
Type I, High Gloss
Type II, Medium Gloss
1. Scope 3.3 If there is a conflict between the requirements of any
of the cited references and this specification, the require-
1.1 This specification covers white or colored silicone ments of this specification shall prevail.
alkyd paint suitable for the finish coat on primed structural
steel. 3.4 SSPC STANDARD:

1.2 INTENDED USE: The specification covers a high PA 1 Shop, Field, and Maintenance Painting of
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grade air dry silicone alkyd type copolymer gloss and me- Steel
dium gloss enamels intended for use on primed metal but
particularly on smooth exterior metal. It is highly weather 3.5 AMERICAN SOCIETY FORTESTING AND MATE-
resistant and is characterized by excellent color and gloss RIALS (ASTM) STANDARDS:
retention. This coating is primarily intended for spray
application, but may also be applied by brush or roller. It is D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-
to be applied in accordance with SSPC-PA 1, "Shop, Field Martens Closed Tester
and Maintenance Painting of Steel." D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Prod-
ucts and Bituminous Materials by Distilla-
1.3 The color of the enamel specified in the procure- tion
ment documents shall match that of the standard color chip D 185 Test Method for Coarse Particles in Pig-
in FED-STD 595 or other colors agreed upon. ments, Pastes, and Paints
D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petro-
2. Description leum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning
Solvent)
2.1 Two types of paint are available under this specifi- D 476 Specification for Titanium Dioxide Pig-
cation: Type I covers high gloss and Type II covers medium ments
gloss silicone alkyd white or colored paints. Twelve colors D 523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
are described under each type in this specification (see D 562 Test Method for Consistency of Paints
Tables 1 and 2). Using the Stormer Viscometer
D 600 Specification for Liquid Paint Dryers
2.2 This paint contains a minimum of 60 to 67% by D 1210 Test Methods for Fineness of Dispersion
volume of nonvolatile film-forming solids (pigment and of Pigment-Vehicle Systems
binder). The minimum theoretical spreading rate for a 1.5 D 1296 Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents
mil (38 micrometers) dry film thickness is 640 to 720 square and Diluents
feet1U.S. gallon (15.7 to 17.6 square metersIliter). Actual D 1306 Test Method for Phthalic Anhydride Con-
spreading rates can be significantly lower. tent of Alkyd Resins and Esters Contain-
ing Other Dibasic Acids (Gravimetric)
3. Reference Standards D 1398 Test Method for Fatty Acid Content of
Alkyd Resins and Alkyd Resin Solutions
D 1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film
3.1 The standards referenced in this specification are
listed in Sections 3.4 through 3.7 and form a part of this Formation of Organic Coatings at Room
specification. Temperat ure
D 1729 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Color
3.2 The latest issue, revision, or amendment of the Differences of Opaque Materials
referenced standards in effect on the date of invitation to bid D 1849 Test Method for Package Stability of Paint
D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Dif-
shall govern unless otherwise specified.
ferences from Instrumentally Measured
Color Coordinates
D 2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coat-
370 ings
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D 2371 Test Method for Pigment Content of Sol- FED-STD-141: Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
vent-Reducible Coatings Materials: Methods of Inspection, Sampling, and Testing
D 2698 Test Method for the Determination of Pig- Section 9 Routine and Referee Testing Condi-
ment Content of Solvent Reducible Paints tions
by High Speed Centrifuging Method 201 1 Preparation of Steel Panels
D 2800 Test Method for Preparation of Methyl Method 3021 Condition in Container
Esters from Oils for Determination of Fatty Method 4061 Skinning (Partially Filled Container)
Acid Composition by Gas-Liquid Chroma- Method 4092 Coarse Particles and Skins in Syn-
tography thetic Vehicle Enamels, Lacquers, and
D 2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Dopes
Reflectometry Method 4023 Reducibility and Dilution Stability
D 3335 Test Method for Low Concentrations of Method 4321 Brushing Properties
Lead, Cadmium, and Cobalt in Paint by Method 4331 Spraying Properties
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Method 6221 Flexibility
D 5486 Specification for Pressure-SensitiveTape Method 7014 Analysis of Unsaponifiable Matter, Oil
for Packaging, Box Closure, and Sealing Acids, and Phthalic Anhydride in Alkyd
E 97 (Canceled) Test Method for Directional Vehicles
Reflectance Factor, 45"-O" of Opaque FED-STD-595: Colors Used in Government Procure-
Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Reflec- ment
tometry
3.7 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
3.6 FEDERAL STANDARDS: (ANSI) STANDARD:

TT-E-1593 Enamel, Silicone Alkyd Copolymer, Gloss 2129.1 Hazardous Industrial Chemicals - Pre-
(for Exterior and Interior Use) cautionary Labeling

TABLE 1
PIGMENTATION (TYPE I)
COLOR
FED-STD-595 DESIGNATION PIGMENTATION

10045 Dark Brown Titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide carbon or
lampblack
10049 Maroon Titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, carbon or
lampblack
10324 Light Brown Titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, carbon or
lampblack
11105 Red1 Quinacridone violet, light stable molybdate orange
12197 Int. Orangel Light stable molybdate orange
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13538 Yellow Titanium dioxide, light stable chrome yellow

14110 Dark Green Chrome oxide green, phthalocyanine green, yellow iron oxide
14325 Light Green Titanium dioxide, phthalocyanine green
15177 Light Blue Titanium dioxide, phthalocyanine blue, red iron oxide, carbon
black or lampblack
16187 Medium Gray1 Titanium dioxide, yellow iron oxide, chrome yellow, phthalocya-
nine blue, carbon black, or lampblack
17038 Black Carbon black, iron blue
17886 White Titanium dioxide
Other Colorsz

These enamels may contain lead when analyzed in accordance with ASTM D 3335. Such enamels shall not be used
in dwellings, household equipment, toys, etc. The supplier shall furnish proper labeling and description of intended
use for such enamels on every container.
For additional colors refer to TT-E-1593.

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4. Composition 5. Properties

4.1 The pigments listed in Table 1 (or Type I) or Table
2 (or Type il),or any combination thereof, shall make up the
basic pigmentation for the color specified. Extender pig-
ments, shading pigments, and titanium dioxide conforming
to ASTM D 476, Type IV, may be used when necessary to
match the color specified, provided the enamel complies
with the requirements of this specification.
5.1 The paint shall meet the requirements of Table 6
and Sections 5.2 through 5.12.
5.2 ODOR: Shall be normal for the materials permitted
(ASTM D 1296). The odor of the wet enamel and of the film
at any interval of drying shall not be obnoxious or objection-
able.

4.2 The vehicle shall consist of silicone-modified me-
dium oil soya alkyd copolymer of the air-drying type, to-
gether with suitable thinners, driers, anti-skinning agents,
wetting agents, dispersing agents, and stabilizers com-
bined, producing a material conforming to all requirements
specified herein. The silicone intermediate used in the
preparation of the copolymerized resin shall be hydroxy
functional. The vehicle shall conform to the composition
(analysis) requirements of Table 3.
4.3 SOLVENT: Shall be mineral spirits conforming to
ASTM D 235.
4.4 DRIERS: Shall conform to ASTM D 600.
5.3 COLOR: Draw down a coat of enamel on a white
opaque glass panel using a doctor blade with a 6 mil (150
micrometer) gap clearance designed to deposit a wet film
thickness of approximately 3 mils (76 micrometers). After
48 hours drying, at 70 to 75 OF (21 to 24 OC) and 50% relative
humidity, compare the dried film with the standard chip
(FED-STD-595) or other color agreed upon in accordance
with ASTM D 1729 for compliance. If doubt exists as to the
color match, an instrumental referee method may be used
(ASTM D 2244).
5.4 DILUTION STABILITY: There shall be no evi-
dence of incompatibility of any of the ingredients of the paint
when one volume of the paint is slowly mixed with one

TABLE 2
PIGMENTATION (TYPE Il)
COLOR
FED-STD-595 DESIGNATION PIGMENTATION

27886 White Titanium dioxide

26270 Gray Titanium dioxide, lampblack, or carbon black
27038 Black Carbon black or lampblack
2031 3 Light Brown Titanium dioxide, yellow iron oxide, and red iron oxide
20045 Dark Brown Red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, lampblack, or carbon black
20062 Maroon Red iron oxide and lampblack or carbon black
23655 Yellow Sun Yellow N
22246 Orangel Molybdate orange
21105 Red1 Molybdate red or a blend of monastral violet and molybdate
orange
24325 Aqua Titanium dioxide, copper phthalocyanine green, yellow iron
oxide, carbon black, or lampblack
25177 Blue Titanium dioxide, copper phthalocyanine blue, lampblack, or
carbon black
24108 Dark Green Chrome oxide green, copper phthalocyanine green
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These enamels may contain lead when analyzed in accordance with ASTM D 3335. Such enamels shall not be used
in dwellings, household equipment, toys, etc. The supplier shall furnish proper labeling and description of intended
use for such enamels on every container.

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Editorial Changes September 1, 2000

TABLE 3
VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS

REQUIREMENTS
CHARACTERISTICS Min. Max. ASTM FED-STD-141

Copolymer resin solids,

percent by weight of
extracted vehicle solids1 50.0 ___ ___ ___

Silica (SO,), percent by

weight of copolymer
resin solids2 14.0 ___ ___

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Phthalic anhydride,
percent by weight of
copolymer resin solids 14.0 17.0 D 1306 70143

Soya oil acid content

(based on solids) 41 .O 55.0 D 1398 70143

Soya oil Positive ___ D 2800 ___

Copolymer resin content of nonvolatile isopropanol extraction: Weigh five grams (to the nearest 0.1 mg) of vehicle into a
tared centrifuge bottle or tube fitted with a cap. Add 50 ml of isopropanol (technical grade), cap the bottle or tube, and
shake vigorously for two minutes. Centrifuge for 15 minutes at a minimum of 2,000 rpm. Decant the isopropanol extract
and repeat the extraction and condition the bottle or tube in a 135 OC oven for three hours. Remove the bottle or tube,
cool for 30 minutes at room temperature, and weigh. Calculate the copolymer resin solids using the following formula:

Percent copolymer resin solids = R x 1O0

SxD

Where:
R = Weight of residue (in the bottle or tube)
S = Weight of sample
D = Percent of vehicle solids (see Note 4, Tables 4 and 5)

Silica Content of Vehicle: From a stoppered bottle or weighing pipet, weigh accurately by difference, about 3 grams of the
vehicle into a properly ignited and weighed 3-inch porcelain evaporating dish. Dry at 105 OC in an oven for 3 hours. Place
the dried sample in a cold muffle furnace and gradually increase the temperature over a period of 3 hours to 800 OC. Then
maintain this temperature for an additional hour. After cooling in a desiccator, weigh the dish and contents and calculate
the percent of silica as follows:

Percent Silica = A x 100

SxD

Where:
A = Weight of ash
S = Weight of sample (vehicle)
D = Percent of vehicle solids (see Note 4, Tables 4 and 5)

Altered by the substitution of petroleum ether for chloroform.

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TABLE 4
SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENTS (TYPE i)
Percent by Weight of Enamel
_____

TOTAL SOLIDS3 PIGMENT SOLIDS2 VEHICLE SOLIDS4

FED-STD-595 DESIGNATION Minimum Min. Max. Minimum

10045 Dark Brown 57 11 15 45

10049 Maroon 57 13 16 42
10324 Light Brown 61 23 27 37
11105 Red 53 11 15 40
12197 Int. Orange 62 24 27 36
13538 Yellow 66 33 37 31
14110 Dark Green 58 15 19 42
14325 Light Green 60 21 25 38
15177 Light Blue 60 21 25 38
16187 Medium Gray 59 21 25 36
17038 Black 50 2 5 48
17886 White 64 31 35 37
1
For additional colors refer to TT-E-1593.
2
Use ASTM D 2371. These are not specific quantitative requirements but suggested guidelines only.
3
Use ASTM D 2369.
4
Vehicle Solids: Place a portion (approximately 10 grams) of the vehicle (separated as in ASTM D 2698) in a
dropping bottle and weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg. Weigh one of the 60 mm aluminum dishes with fourth-decimal
place accuracy. Transfer a small sample that does not exceed 0.3 grams to the dish, and determine its exact weight
by loss of weight of the bottle. Dissolve the sample in 2 ml of ACS reagent grade toluene and dry in a gravity
convection oven at 105 I 2 " C for three hours. After cooling for 30 minutes, weigh the dish to the nearest 0.1 mg.
From the weight of the residue in the dish and the weight of the sample taken, calculate the percent vehicle solids.
~ ~ ~

volume of mineral spirits (FED-STD-141, Method 4203).
However, slight pigment settling shall be permitted.
5.5 BRUSHING PROPERTIES: The enamel, as pack-
aged, shall be easily applied when tested in accordance with
FED-STD-141, Method 4321. The enamel shall dry to a
smooth, uniform film, free from seeds, runs, sags, or streaks.
The dried film shall show no discernible brush marks.
5.6 SPRAYING PROPERTIES: Prepare a steel panel
in accordance with FED-STD-141, Method 201 1 using the
petroleum naptha ethylene glycol monoethyl ether mixture.
Spray apply the enamel to this panel to a dry film thickness
of 0.9 to 1.1 mils (23 to 28 micrometers). The enamel shall
be easily applied when tested in accordance with FED-STD-
141, Method 4331. The enamel shall show no running,
sagging, or streaking. The air dried film shall show no
seeding, dusting, floating, fogging, mottling, hazing, exces-
sive orange peel, or other film defects.
5.7 CONDITION IN CONTAINER: Determine package
condition of the enamel in accordance with FED-STD-141,
Method 301 1. The enamel shall be free of grit, seeds, skins,
lumps, thickening, or livering and shall show no more pig-
ment settling or caking that can be readily reincorporated to
a smooth homogeneous state. Reseal and then agitate the
can for three minutes on a paint shaker. On reexamination
of the contents, the disclosure of gel bodies, undispersed
pigment, or unsatisfactory settling properties is cause for
rejection.
5.8 STORAGE STABILITY, PARTIALLY FULL CON-
TAINER: Determine skinning after 48 hours in accordance
with FED-STD-141, Method 3021 except use 3/4 filled, 1/2
pint (250 mi) multiple friction top can. The enamel shall
show no skinning. Reseal and store for seven days at 140
OF (60 OC) and observe. The enamel shall show no livering,
curdling, hard caking, or gummy sediment. It shall mix
readily to a smooth homogeneous state.
5.9 STORAGE STABILITY, FULL CONTAINER: De-
termine the storage stability of the package enamel in
accordance with ASTM D 1849 using a standard quart can
allowed to stand undisturbed for 12 months. The enamel
shall show no skinning, livering, curdling, hard-dry caking,
or tough gummy sediment. Evaluate pigment settling or
caking, but agitate the can for five minutes on the paint
shaker prior to examination. The enamel shall mix readily to
a smooth homogeneous state and must be usable. The
consistency of the enamel after storage shall be 60 to 82
Krebs units (ASTM D 562).

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TABLE 5
SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENTS (TYPE il)
Percent by Weight of Enamel
TOTAL PIGMENT SOLIDS' VEHICLE
SOLIDS2 HIDING EXTENDER SOLIDS3
FED-STD-595 DESIGNATION Minimum Min. Max. Maximum Minimum

27886 White 65 24 28 20 25
26270 Gray 63 14 18 24 26
27038 Black 60 2 4 25 32
20313 Light Brown 65 19 23 24 25
20045 Dark Brown 62 7 11 28 29
20062 Maroon 63 7 11 28 29
23655 Yellow 67 28 32 17 23
22246 Orange 65 19 23 24 25
21105 Red 64 12 16 26 30
24325 Aqua 64 17 21 24 26
25177 Blue 67 16 20 24 26
24108 Dark Green 62 15 19 28 28

1
Use ASTM D 2371. These are not specific quantitative requirements but suggested guidelines only.
2
Use ASTM D 2369.
3 Vehicle Solids: Place a portion (approximately 10 grams) of the vehicle (separated as in ASTM D 2698) in a dropping
bottle and weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg. Weigh one of the 60 mm aluminum dishes with fourth-decimal place accuracy.
Transfer a small sample that does not exceed 0.3 grams to the dish, and determine its exact weight by loss of weight
of the bottle. Dissolve the sample in 2 ml of ACS reagent grade toluene and dry in a gravity convection oven at 105 I

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2°C for three hours. After cooling for 30 minutes, weigh the dish to the nearest 0.1 mg. From the weight of the residue
in the dish and the weight of the sample taken, calculate the percent vehicle solids.
~

5.10 ADHESION: Use the panel prepared in 5.6 by air
drying for 18 hours, then baking for 2 hours at 2201 4 OF (105
I 2 OC). Condition the panel for one hour under referee
testing conditions (Section 9 of FED-STD-141), then score
a line through to the metal across the width of the film using
a sharp pointed knife. The film shall then be taped perpen-
dicular to and across the score line with waterproof, pres-
sure sensitive tape, 314 inch (2 cm) wide, conforming to
ASTM D 5486. Press the tape in firm contact with pressure.
Allow approximately 1O seconds for the test area to return to
room temperature. Grasp the free end of the tape and at a
rapid speed strip it from the film by pulling back from the
panel at an approximately 180 degree angle. The enamel
shall show no removal of the film or loosening beyond 1/16
inch (2 mm) on either side of the score line.
5.1 1 FLEXIBILITY: Determine flexibility in accordance
with FED-STD-141, Method 6221. Apply a 2 inch (5 cm)
wide film of enamel on a smooth finish steel panel, prepared
in accordance with FED-STD-141, Method 201 1, using the
petroleum naphtha ethylene glycol monoethyl ether mixture
with a suitable film applicator that will give a dry film thick-
ness of 0.9 to 1.1 mils (28 to 28 micrometers). The panel
shall be prepared for new cold rolled rust-free carbon steel
1O I 1 mils (250 I 25 micrometers) thick with a Rockwell 15-
T maximum hardness of 82 and a finish with surface tough-
ness of 8 to 12 microinches (0.2 to 0.3 micrometers). Air dry
in a horizontal position for 18 hours, and then bake for 168
hours at 220 I 4 OF (105 I 2 OC). Condition the panel for 1/2
hour under standard testing conditions (see Section 9 of
FED-STD-141). Bend over a 1/4 inch (6 mm) mandrel.
Examine the coating for cracks over the area of the bend in
a strong light at seven diameters magnification. The enamel
shall withstand the bending without cracking or flaking.
5.12 HIDING POWER (CONTRAST RATIO): Deter-
mine the hiding power in accordance with ASTM D 2805.
Draw down a film using an applicator that will deposit a dry
film of 1 mil (25 micrometers) maximum thickness. Air dry
for 72 hours, measure the thickness of the dry film, then
measure the reflectance. Calculate the contrast ratio. A dry
film thickness of 1 mil (25 micrometers) maximum of white
enamel (minimum reflectance 84%) shall give a dry film
contrast ratio of 0.95. The minimum dry film contrast ratio for
tints applied at the same wet film thickness in terms of
apparent reflectivity shall be specified in Table 7.
6. Labeling
6.1 Refer to ANSI 2129.1 Other guidelines can be
found in the National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA)
"Paint Industry Labeling Guide."

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TABLE 6
QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENTS OF THE ENAMEL
~

REQUIREMENTS
CHARACTERISTICS Min. ASTM FED-STD-141
Flash Point, Pensky-Martens, closed cup, "C 30 D 93 ___
Water, percent by weight of enamel ___ D 95
Coarse particles and skins (retained on No. 325
mesh sieve), percent by weight of pigment ___ D 185 4092
Gloss, 60" specular
Type I enamel 87 D 523
Type II enamel 40 D 523
Gloss, 20" specular
Type I enamel 70 D 523
Viscosity*, shear rate 200 rpm
Grams 125 D 562
Krebs Units 67 D 562
Fineness of Grind
Type I enamel 7 D 1210
Type II enamel 6 D 1210
Daylight 45", O" directional reflectance
Type I white enamel 87 E 97
Type II white enamel 84 E 97
Drying time:
Set to touch, hours ___ D 1640 4061
Dry hard, hours ___ D 1640 4061

*Viscosity 48 hours or more after manufacture

6.2 MARKING OF CONTAINERS: Each container
shall be legibly marked with the following information:
Name: White or Colored Silicone Alkyd Paint
Specification: SSPC-Paint 21, Type
Color:
Lot Number:
Stock Number:
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Mix paint thoroughly before use. If simple stirring is
inadequate, pour off most of the liquid into a clean container.
Thoroughly mix the pigment with the remaining liquid, taking
care to scrape all the pigment off the bottom of the can.
Gradually add the poured-off liquid and mix thoroughly.
Mixing may be made easier by transferring contents to a
larger container or by pouring the paint to and from another
container. Examine the bottom of the container for unmixed

Date of Manufacture: pigment. Screen paint before applying.

Quantity of Paint in Container: Thin paint only if necessary, using only mineral spirits.
Information and Warnings as may be required by For brush application under normal conditions, no thinning
Federal and State Laws: should be necessary. For spray applications, add up to one
Manufacturer's Name and Address: pint of thinner per gallon (130 ml/L) of unthinned paint when
necessary.
6.3 DIRECTIONS FOR USE: The following directions Apply by brush or spray to the specified film thickness
for use shall be supplied with each container of paint: or, if none is specified, to at least 1.5 mils (38 micrometers)
dry or approximately 2.5 mils (64 micrometers) wet. The
Directions for Use of White or Colored Silicone Alkyd Paint surface to be painted shall be dry; the surface temperature
shall be at least 5 "F (3 OC) above the dew point; and the
This paint is intended for use as a finish coat over a rust temperature of the airshall be over 40 "F (4 OC). Do not paint
inhibitive primer (or other suitable primers) and an interme- outdoors in rainy weather or if freezing temperatures are
diate coat on structural steel. Before applying, remove all expected before the paint dries.
moisture, oil, grease, dirt, and loose or nonadhering paint. Allow paint at least 24 hours drying time in good weather
Sound old coatings that are compatible with this silicone before recoating.
alkyd paint may remain, but damaged areas or areas of poor
adhesion must be spot-cleaned and spot-primed.

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Table 7 7.2 Samples of paints may be requested by the pur-

MINIMUM DRY FILM CONTRAST RATIO FOR TINTS chaser and shall be supplied upon request along with the
manufacturer's name and identification for the materials.
Apparent Reflectivity of Tint Samples may be requested at the time the purchase order
(percent) Contrast Ratio is placed or may be taken from unopened containers at the
82 0.94 job site.
80 0.94
78 0.95 7.3 Unless otherwise specified, the sampling shall be
76 0.95 in accordance with ASTM D 3925.
74 0.96
72 0.96 8. Disclaimer
70 0.97
68 0.97 8.1 While every precaution is taken to ensure that all
66 0.98 information furnished in SSPC standards and specifications
64 0.98 is as accurate, complete, and useful as possible, SSPC
62 0.98 cannot assume responsibility nor incur any obligation result-
60 or Below 0.98 ing from the use of any materials, coatings, or methods
specified herein, or of the specification or standard itself.
7. Inspection
8.2 This specification does not attempt to address
7.1 All materials (coatings) supplied under this problems concerning safety associated with its use. The
specification are subject to timely inspection by the pur- user of this specification, as well as the user of all products
chaser or his authorized representative. The purchaser or practices described herein, is responsible for instituting
shall have the right to reject any materials supplied which appropriate health and safety practices and for insuring
are found to be defective under this specification. (See Note compliance with all governmental regulations.
9.1.) In case of dispute, unless otherwise specified, the
arbitration or settlement procedures established in the pro- 9. Notes
curement documents shall be followed. If no arbitration
procedure is established, the procedure used by the Ameri- Notes are not requirements of this specification.
can Arbitration Association shall be used.
9.1 The procurement documents should establish the
responsibility for samples, testing, and any required affida-
vit certifying full compliance with the specification.

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