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Tuberculosis: Therapeutics II
Tuberculosis: Therapeutics II
Therapeutics II
Topics to be discussed
Definition
Classification
Causative agents
Spread of disease
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Precautions
Diagnosis
Treatment or Management
Definition
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially
fatal contagious disease that can
affect almost any part of the body but
is mainly an infection of the lungs.
Neo-latin word :
“Osis” - Condition
Causative Organisms
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human
Mycobacterium Bovis
Animals
Other causative organisms
Mycobacterium africanum
Mycobacterium microti
Non-Mycobacterium Genus
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium avium
Mycobacterium asiaticum
M. africanum
M. Bovis
M. tuberculosis complex
M. Canetti
M. microti
Anatomy of M.tuberculosis
Asian : 59%
African : 26%
Eastern Mediterranean Region: 7.7%
The European Region : 4.3%
Region of the America : 3%
Incidence of Tuberculosis
Spread of Tuberculosis
• Airborne
Severe Symptoms
Persistentcough
Chest pain
Coughing with bloody sputum
Shortness of breath
Urine discoloration
Cloudy & reddish urine
Fever with chills.
Fatigue
Based on types of TB
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Three important consideration for pathogenesis of
tuberculosis:
i. The basis of virulence of organism.
ii. The relationship of HSN to immunity against
infection.
iii. Pathogenesis of tissue destruction and caseous
necrosis.
1. Virulence of organism.
No endo-toxin,exo-toxins or histolytic enzymes.
Capability to escape killing by macrophages and
delayed type HSN reaction.
1) Cord Factor
2) Sulfatides
3) LAM
4) Heat shock Protein
5) Complement on the surface
a. Cord Factor:
Surface glycolipids, allows to grow organism in-vitro and in vivo.
b. Sulfatides:
Surface glycolipids containing sulfur.
Prevent fusion of macrophage containing tuberculosis with
lysosomes.
c. LAM
Major hetero-polysaccharide inhibits the activation of macrophage
by IF-Ý.
Also induces macrophages to secrete TNF-þ which causes
fever,weight loss and tissue damage and secretes IL-10,which
suppresses mycobacteria-induces T-cell proliferation.
d. Heat shock Protein
Similar to human heat shock proteins.
Responsible to carryout auto immune reactions.
1. Primary Tuberculosis :-
The infection of an individual who has not been previously
infected or immunised is called Primary tuberculosis or Ghon’s
complex or childhood tuberculosis.
Lesions forming after infection is peripheral and accompanied by
hilar which may not be detectable on chest radiography.
2. Secondary Tuberculosis :
2) Pleural TB :-
• Involvement of pleura is common in Primary TB
and results from penetration of tubercle bacilli into pleural
space.
3) TB of Upper airways :-
Involvement of larynx, pharynx and epiglottis.
Symptoms :- Dysphagia, chronic productive cough
4) Genitourinary TB :-
6) Gastrointestinal TB :-
8) TB Pericardiatis :-
• 1- 8% of All Extra pulmonary TB cases.
• Spreads mainly in mediastinal or hilar nodes
or from lungs.
9) Miliary or disseminated TB :-
Cell count(lymphocytes)
Protein(Pandy and Rivalta tests) – Ascites, pleural
effusion and meningitis.
Preventive measures
1) Mask
2) BCG vaccine
3) Regular medical follow up
4) Isolation of Patient
5) Ventilation
6) Natural sunlight
7) UV germicidal irradiation
BCG vaccine
Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG).
First used in 1921.
Only vaccine available today for protection against
tuberculosis.
It is most effective in protecting children from the disease.
Management
Drugs MOA Diagram
ETHAMBUTOL •Bacteriostatic
•Inhibition of Arabinosyl
Transferase