Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduc)on
Classical
cryptography
• Un1l
the
1970s,
– exclusively
concerned
with
ensuring
secrecy
of
communica1on
Encryp)on
Classical
cryptography
• Un1l
the
1970s,
– relied
exclusively
on
secret
informa1on
(a
key)
shared
between
the
communica1ng
par1es
Private-‐key
cryptography
– AKA
secret-‐key
/
shared-‐key
/
symmetric-‐key
cryptography
Private-‐key
encryp1on
key
key
ciphertext
c
k
k
m
c
:=
Enck(m)
message/plaintext
m
:=
Deck(c)
decryp1on
encryp1on
Private-‐key
encryp1on
k
c
m
c
:=
Enck(m)
c
c
k
m
:=
Deck(c)
Private-‐key
encryp1on
• A
private-‐key
encryp)on
scheme
is
defined
by
a
message
space
M
and
algorithms
(Gen,
Enc,
Dec):
– Gen
(key-‐genera1on
algorithm):
generates
k
– Enc
(encryp1on
algorithm):
takes
key
k
and
message
m∈M
as
input;
outputs
ciphertext
c
c
←
Enck(m)
– Dec
(decryp1on
algorithm):
takes
key
k
and
ciphertext
c
as
input;
outputs
m
or
“error”
For
a
ll
m
mM
∈
:=
aDnd
eckk(c)
output
by
Gen,
Deck(Enck(m))
=
m
The
shiS
cipher
• Consider
encryp1ng
English
text
• Associate
a
with
0;
b
with
1;
…;
z
with
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