INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

EEN-206: Power Transmission and Distribution

Lecture - 26

Chapter 4: Line Parameters and Performance of Lines

• Performance of lines under different Loading Conditions
Distributed and Lumped Parameters
Transmission line with uniformly distributed line parameters (R, L, C, G)  Passive, Linear, bilateral
VS   A B  VR 
 I   C D  I 
IS ∆x IR  S    R
VR _ NL  VR
%R   100
VS VR VR
VS
x  VR
l A
 100
VR

 z = Series impedance /unit length/phase

z∆x
I(x+∆x) I(x)
 y = Shunt admittance / unit length/phase

V(x+∆x) y∆x V(x)  l = Length of transmission line

 Z =zl= Total series impedance/ phase

 Y =yl= Total shunt admittance / phase

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Transmission Line Models
 Short line : Length less than 80 km. Z=R + jX
IS IR
• Shunt admittance is neglected
VS VR
• Lumped parameter model

Z=R + jX
 Medium line: Length between 80 km to 200 km. IS IR

• Shunt admittance needs to be considered I1 Y I2 I3 Y

VS VR
2 2
• Lumped parameter model
Z/2 Z/2
 Nominal π model IS VM IR

 Nominal T model IM
VS Y VR

 Long line: Length longer than 200 km. ΔV

z Δx IR
IS
• Distributed parameter model I+ ΔI I
ΔI
VS V+ ΔV y Δx V VR
• Shunt admittance effect is important
Δx x
• Equivalent π or T equivalent can be derived l

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Summary of Line Models

Length Model A=D B C

Z=R + jX
Short IS IR
80km
VS VR 1 Z 0
lumped
Z=R + jX
IS IR
YZ  YZ 
I1 I2 I3 1 Z Y  1
VS
Y Y VR 2  4 
Medium 2 2

80-200 km
Z/2 Z/2
lumped IS VM IR
YZ  YZ 
IM
VR 1 Z  1 Y
VS Y
2  4 
ΔV

Long z Δx
  yz
cosh   l  1
IS IR

Z C sinh   l 
I+ ΔI

sinh   l 
I

>200km VS V+ ΔV
ΔI
y Δx V VR

distributed Δx x
ZC ZC  z y
l

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Equivalent π Representation of Long Transmission Line

Nominal π : Medium Transmission Line Equivalent π : Long Transmission Line

sinh   l 
Z
IS IR IS  l  IR
Z Z’
Y Y Y ' Y tanh    l  2  Y'
VS VR VS  VR
2 2 2 2  l  2 2

Y Z  Y 'Z ' 
A D  1 A  D  cosh   l     1
 2   2 
BZ 
B  ZC sinh   l   Z ' 
Y Z  sinh   l 
C Y  1 mho Y 'Z ' 
 4  C  Y '  1 mho
ZC  4 

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Equivalent π Representation of Long Transmission Line
Nominal π : Medium Transmission Line Equivalent π : Long Transmission Line sinh   l 
sinh   l  Z ' Z
Z
 l  l
IS IR IS IR
Z Z’ Y ' Y tanh   l 2 

Y Y Y ' Y tanh    l  2  Y' 2 2 l 2
VS VR VS  VR
2 2
2 2  l  2 2

For impedance z = 0.1 + j 0.51 Ω/km and admittance y = j 3.17 x 10 -6 mho/km

Lumped Parameters Distributed Parameters
Length (km)
Z (Ω) Y (mho) Z’ (Ω) Y’ (mho)
100 52.41 < 79o 3.17 X 10-4 < 90o 52.27 < 79o 3.17 X 10-4 < 90o

250 131.032 < 79o 7.93 X 10-4 < 90o 128.81 < 79.2o 8.0 X 10-4 < 90o

500 262.064 < 79o 1.58 X 10-3 < 90o 244.61 < 79.8o 1.64 X 10-3 < 90o
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Lossless Transmission Line
Vx  cosh   x  VR  ZC sinh   x  I R
sinh   x 
Ix  VR  cosh   x  I R
ZC
In loss less line, resistance is assumed to be zero
cosh   x   cosh(0  j  x)  cosh(0) cos( x )  j sinh(0)sin( x )
R  j L j L L
ZC  R=0 ZC   sinh   x   sinh(0  j  x )  sinh(0) cos(  x)  j cosh(0) sin( x )
jC jC C

 x  x ( R  j L)  j C R=0  x  x j L  j C
  x  j x  j LC x  j  x
 In the case of loss less line, the voltage and currents at any point over a line
VS  cos   l  VR  j Z C sin   l  I R
Vx  cos x VR  jZ C sin  x  I R At the sending
1
I x  j 1 Z C sin  x VR  cos x  I R end x = l IS  j sin   l VR  cos   l  I R
ZC

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Open-Circuit Line
In long transmission lines and cables, receiving end
voltage becomes greater than sending end during
no-load or light load conditions. This effect is known
as Ferranti effect .

VS  cos   l  VR  j Z C sin   l  I R
1
IS  j sin   l  VR  cos   l  I R
ZC

 Open-Circuit Line IR =0
VS
VS  cos   l  VR VR 
cos   l 
 Sending end current
1 VS 1
IS  j sin   l   j tan   l  VS
ZC cos(  l ) ZC

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Surge Impedance Loading
IS IR
 Characteristic impedance of a line is also
called as surge impedance for the special case Transmission Line
of loss less line. VS ZC VR RL = Z C

Vx  cos   x  VR  jZ C sin   x  I R VR
L V02 VR  Z C I R OR  IR
ZC  SIL  P0  ZC
C ZC I x  j 1 Z C  sin   x  VR  cos   x  I R

VR
• The term surge impedance loading or  Substituting, VR  Z C I R OR  IR
ZC
SIL is often used to indicate the nominal
capacity of the line. Vx  VR  cos   x   j sin   x    VR e j  x
I x  I R  cos   x   j sin   x    I R e j  x VS
• The term SIL or natural power is a
measure of power delivered by a IS
 At Sending end (x = l)
transmission line when terminated by
surge impedance. VS  VR e j  l
θ
• It is convenient to express the power I S  I R e j l VR
transmitted in terms of per unit of SIL. IR

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Typical Parameters of Overhead Line

0 D 2 0 f 2  D  2 0 0
   LC  2 f ln   2 f  0 0  2   0.00105 Z C  L / C  2 f  0 ln  /   376.73
2 r ' ln D v   2 r '  ln D 0
r r

Voltage 230 kV 345 kV 500 kV 765 kV 1,100 kV

 x  x ( R  j L)  j C
R (Ω/km) 0.050 0.037 0.028 0.012 0.005
0.4067
 x  j x
xL = ωL (Ω /km) 0.3058 0.2708 0.2742 0.2433
2.8092 3.7650 4.3333 4.1483 4.6200
bC = ωC (μS/km) L x
ZC   L
α (nepers/km) 0.000066 0.000065 0.000056 0.000023 0.000011 C bC
β (rad/km) 0.00107 0.00108 0.00108 0.00107 0.00106
V2
SIL 
ZC (Ω) 380.5 285.0 250.0 257.1 229.5 ZC
SIL (MW) 139 418 1000 2276 5272
Charging MVAR MVAR  V 2bC
0.15 0.45 1.08 2.43 5.59
(MVAR/km)
* The data in this table is at rated frequency of 50 Hz

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Comparison of Different Loading Conditions
VS  cos   l VR  j Z C sin   l  I R
1
IS  j sin   l  VR  cos   l  I R
ZC

VS
VR 
cos   l 

VS SIL VR  VS e  j  l
*
V  jZ C sin(  l ) I R  P  jQ R 
VR  S where I R   R 
cos (  l )  VR 

x=l x =0
Sending End Receiving End

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Receiving End Power Equations
 Let, Let VR  VR 0, VS  VS  , VR 0
VS 
A  A  , and B  B 
ABCD
V AVR Gen Load
VS  AVR  BI R  IR  S 
B B S S  PS  jQS S R  PR  jQR
VS  A  VR 0
IR  IR     
B  B  2
VS VR A VR
V R I R*  PR  jQ R            
V A VR B B
 S           
B B
 Separating real and imaginary parts
VS A VR
 Therefore, I R*             VS VR A VR
2
B B PR  cos      cos    
B B
 Complex power VR IR* at receiving end 2
VS V R A VR
VR I R R  VR I R*  PR  jQR QR  sin      sin    
B B

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