Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LABOR…
PRETERM
LABOR…
• is defined as one where the labor starts before
the 37th completed week, counting from the
first day of LMP.
• Cause unknown. Often multifactorial
• Clinical features similar to that in normal labor
RISK
FACTOR
• History: previous history, assisted reproductive
techniques, asymptomatic/recurrent UTI, smoking,
maternal stress
• Complications:
– Maternal:
• Pre-eclampsia, APH, PROM, polyhydraminos
• Cervical incompetence, uterine malformation
• Acute fever, pyelonephritis, diarrhea, appendicitis, infections
• Hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, severe anemia
– Fetal: multi-fetal gestation, congenital malformation, IUD
– Placental: infarction, thrombosis, previa/abruption
• Iatrogenic: elected – if any medical/obstetrics
complication
• Idiopathic
MANAGEMENT
• To prevent preterm onset of labor
– Primary care: reduce risk factors
– Secondary care: early detection and prohylactic treatment
(tocolytics)
– Tertiary care: reduce mortality(steroids)
• Arrest preterm labor
– Bed rest
– Adequate hydration and prophylactic antibiotics
– Prophylactic cervical cerclage
– Tocolytics (nifedipine, atosiban, progesterone)
– MgSO4 dosing and monitoring – prophylaxis of pre-eclampsia
• Appropriate management
• Effective neonatal care
MANAGEMENT IN
LABOR
• First stage:
– Adequate bed rest: to prevent ROM
– Adequate oxygenation and anesthesia
– Maternal and fetal monitoring
– NICU to be prepared before-hand
• Second stage:
– Slow and gentle birth
– Episiotomy
– Cord clamped immediately (to prevent hypervolemia
and hyper-bilirubinemia)
• Spontaneous rupture of the membranes any
time beyond 28th week of pregnancy but
before the onset of labor is called pre-labor
rupture of the membranes (PROM)
• If after 37wks but before onset of labor:
PROM
• If before 37th wk : preterm PROM (PPROM)
PRE-LABOR RUPTURE
OF MEMBRANES…
CAUSES
• Increases friability of membranes
• Decreased tensile strength of membranes
• Polyhydraminos
• Cervical incompetence
• Multi-fetal gestation
• Infections – UTI, chorio-amnionitis, lower genital
tract infection
• Previous history
• Low BMI
CLINICAL
FEATURES
• Watery discharge – gush of fluid or slow leak
• Careful Speculum examination: liquor escaping
through the cervix
• USG
• Avoid digital PV examination
• Investigations
– CBC, CRP, Urine analysis, Vaginal swab for culture
– Estimation of phosphatidylglycerol and L:S ratio
– USG and cardio-tocography /non-stress test
COMPLICATIONS
…
• Preterm labor and prematurity
• Ascending infections: chorio-amnionitis and fetal
infections, endometritis
• Cord prolapse
• Dry labor
• Placental abruption, retained placenta, maternal
sepsis
• Fetal pulmonary hypoplasia
• Neonatal sepsis, RDS, IVH, NEC, cerebral palsy,
fetal death
MANAGEMENT…
• Preliminaries – Aseptic examination, avoid
digital PV examination, bed rest
• Monitor maternal pulse, FHR & start
prophylactic broad spectrum antibiotics &
corticosteroids
• Assess for amnionitis, placental abruption,
fetal distress/death
– if present then expeditious delivery, broad
spectrum antibiotics and NICU care
• Pregnancy <34 weeks
– Bed rest, antenatal corticosteroids, broad
spectrum antibiotics
– Steroids not given in presence of frank infection
– Dose:
Betamethasone: 12mg – 2 doses – 24hours apart OR
dexamethsone 6mg – 4doses – 6hours apart
• Scar rupture—
– disruption of the entire length of the scar.
– complete separation of all the uterine layers including
serosa.
– rupture of the membranes with.
– varying amount of bleeding from the margins or from its
extension.
– uterine cavity and peritoneal cavity become continuous.
• Fetus and placenta: may or may not escape out of the
uterus
DIAGNOSIS
…
• Scar rupture:
– dull abdominal pain, slight PV bleeding, tender uterus, FHS
irregular or absent,
– sense of give away with acute abdominal pain and collapse
• Labor:
– Distended tender lower segment with fetal distress or
absent FHS
– Sense of give away, constant pain dull aching pain,
superficial fetal parts, absence of uterine contour, two
distinct swelling
– PV – recession of presenting part, bleeding
• Shock, internal hemorrhage,
MANAGEMENT…
• Preventive:
– At risk patient – mandatory hospital delivery
– Judicious use of oxytocin
– Careful monitoring
– Avoid undue prolongation, vaginal birth, forceps
delivery
• Treatment:
– Lapartomy: hysterectomy, repair or repair and
sterilisation
– Resuscitation
MALPOSITION, MAL-
PRESENTATION CORD
PROLAPSE
MALPOSITION…
OCCIPUT-POSTERIOR POSITION
• Malposition refers to any position of the vertex
other than flexed occipito-anterior one.
• That is occiput lies over sacrum or sacro-iliac joint
• Causes:
– Shape of pelvis – anthropoid or android
– Anterior Low lying placenta
– Abnormal uterine contractions
– Abnormal fetal skull
DIAGNOSIS
…
• Abdomen: flat below umbilicus
• Palpation:
– Fetal limbs near midline and back in the flanks
– Head not engaged
• Auscultation: FHS heard on the flank or or the
midline
MANAGEMENT…
• 90% cases: internal rotation of head by 3/8th
of a circle remaining as usual.
• 10% cases: no rotation or minimal rotation
– Assisted vaginal delivery
– Liberal episiotomy
– Cesarean section
BREECH
PRESENTATION…
• Longitudinal lie with buttocks at the pelvic
brim
• Complete: flexed breech
• Incomplete: varying degrees of extension
– Frank breech: with extended legs
– Footling presentation
– Knee presentation
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE…
• Unknown
• Prematurity
• Factors preventing spontaneous version:
– Frank breech, twins, oligohydraminous, short
cord, IUD, congenital anomalies of uterus
• Hydrocephalus, placenta previa, contracted
pelvis
• Trisomies, anencephaly
COMPLICATIONS
…
• Maternal:
– Trauma to genital tract
– Operative delivery
– sepsis
• Fetal:
– Intra-partum fetal death
– Injuries to brain and skull: hemorrhage, fractures
– Birth asphyxia – d/t cord compression, prolapse, prolonged
labor, respiration while still inside womb
– Birth injuries – hematoma, fractures, visceral injuries,
nerve damage
– Congenital dislocation of hip
DIAGNOSIS
…
• Clinical
• USG:
– Confirms clinical diagnosis
– Type of breech
MANAGEMENT…
• Antenatal:
– Screening and identification
– External cephalic version
– Assisted vaginal breech delivery
– Elective cesarean delivery
• Criteria for vaginal breech delivery
– Avg fetal weight(1.5 – 3.5kgs)
– Flexed fetal head
– Adequate pelvis
– No any medical or obstetric complication
– Availabilty of OT and its components
• Indications of Cesarean Section (CS):
– Cases seen for the first time in labor with presence of
complications;
– Arrest in the progress of labor;
– Nonreassuring FHR pattern (Fetal distress);
– Cord presentation or prolapse.
VAGINAL BREECH
DELIVERY…
• Spontaneous: very little assistance
• Assisted breech: assistance from beginning to
end
• Principle:
– Never to rush
– Never pull from below but push from above
– Always keep the fetus with the back anteriorly
• Positioning and toileting
• Episiotomy
• Patient is asked to bear down, NO TOUCH TO THE
FETUS policy is adopted till the buttocks are
delivered (with legs in flexed breech) up to the
trunk with the umbilicus.
• In frank breech: after buttocks are delivered – the
extended legs is delivered by pressure on
popliteal fossa in manner of abduction and
flexion of the thighs.
• Umbilical cord is pulled and mobilised to one side
• If back is posterior – rotated to make back
anterior
• Arms are delivered by hooking down each elbow
with finger.
• Delivery of the head is the most crucial step
• Delivery of the head should be within 5-
10mins of delivery of umbilicus.
• Techniques:
– Burns-Marshall method
– Forcep delivery
– Malar flexion and shoulder traction
• Resuscitation of the baby
• Other methods in arrest of descent:
– Pinard’s method
– Loveset maneuvre
TRANSVERSE
LIE…
• When the long axis of the fetus lies
perpendicularly to the maternal spine or
centralized uterine axis, it is called transverse lie.
• If obliquely placed – Oblique Lie
• Causes:
– Multiparity
– Prematurity
– Twins
– Hydraminos
– Contracted pelvis
– Placenta previa
– Pelvic tumors
– Congenital malformation of uterus
– IUD
DIAGNOSIS
…
• Inspection
– broader and often asymmetrical uterus
• Palpation
– Fundal height is less than period of amenorrhoea
– Fundal grip: empty
– Lateral grip: buttocks and head on either side of
midline with back felt anteriorly
– Pelvic grip: empty
• Auscultation: FHS heard usually higher area
• PV: prolapse of hand/leg or a loop of cord
MANAGEMENT…
• Antenatal: admitted at 37th wks – elective LSCS
• In ROM
• Early Labor:
– External cephalic version
– Cesarean section
• Late Labor:
– Baby alive – LSCS
– Baby dead – LSCS
• Types
– Primary: within 24hrs of birth of baby
– Secondary: beyond 24hrs
CAUSES
…
• Atonic uterus
• Traumatic
• Retained tissues
• Blood coagulopathy
PREVENTION
• ANC
– Improve health status
– High-risk patient screened
– Blood grouping and arrangement of blood
– Placental localisation
• Intra-natal
– Active management of 3rd stage
– Oxytocin infusion for 1 hour
– Observation
– Examination of placenta
MANAGEMENT…
• Call for help
• Two wide bore iv cannulas for iv fluids
• Send for cross-matching and ask for 2pints of
blood
• Oxytocin 10U IM
• Catheterize bladder
• Antibiotics
• Manual removal of placenta(not done)
• Monitor vitals
ATONIC UTERUS…
• Step 1:
– Massage uterus to make it hard, methergine 0.2mg iv,
oxytocin infusion 10-20U in 500ml NS, iv tranexamic acid
1gm in 100ml NS @1ml/min
– Examine expelled placenta
• Step 2:
– Exploration under general anesthesia, blood transfusion,
continue oxytocin drip
– Misoprotol 800mcg per rectum
• Step 3:
– Uterine massage and bimanual compression
• Step 4:
– Uterine tamponade (tight packing/ballooon tamponade)
• Step 5:
– Surgical control
– B-lynch compression sutyre
– Ligation of uterine arteries
– Ligation of ovarian and uterine artery anastomosis
• Step7:
– hysterectomy
EPISIOTOMY…
• A surgically planned incision on the perineum and
the posterior vaginal wall during the second stage
of labor is called episiotomy (perineotomy).
• It is in fact an inflicted second-degree perineal
injury. It is the most common obstetric operation
performed.
• Objective:
– Enlarge vaginal introitus
– Minimize tear or rupture of perineal muscle
INDICATION
…
• Rigid perineum
• Anticipating tear: big baby, breech delivery,
shoulder dystocia
• Operative delivery: vacuum, forcep
• Previous perineal surgery
• TIMING
– Bulging thin perineum during contraction just
prior to crowning (3-4cm of head visible)
• Structures cut
– Posterior vaginal wall
– Superficial and deep perineal muscles, levator ani
– Fascia covering these muscles,
– Transverse perineal branches of pudendal vessels and
nerves
– Subcutaneous skin and fat
• Steps
– Antisepsis, local anesthesia
– Incision and then delivery of fetus
– Repair
• Vaginal mucosa and sub-mucosal tissues
• Perineal muscles
• Skin and Subcutaneous tissues
COMPLICATIONS
• Immediate: …
– (1) Extension of the incision to involve the rectum.
– (2) vulval hematoma
– (3) infection: the clinical features are—(a) throbbing pain on the
perineum (b) rise in temperature (c) the wound area looks moist,
red and swollen and (d) offensive discharge comes out through
the wound margins. (IV).
– (4) Wound dehiscence is often due to infection, hematoma
formation or faulty repair.
(5) Injury to anal sphincter causing incontinence of flatus or
feces.
– (6) Rectovaginal fistula and rarely.
(7) Necrotizing fasciitis (rare) in a woman who is diabetic or
immunocompromised.
• Remote:
– (1) Dyspareunia
– (2) chance of perineal lacerations
– (3) scar endometriosis (rare).
POST OP CARE…
• Dressing each time following urination and
defecation
• Relieve pain: MgSO4 compression, ice packs
and analgesic
• Ambulance after 24 hours
• Sitz bath