Eucariotas: origen y sus membranas celulares

1. The hallmark of eukaryotic cells is compartmentalization. Membrane-

enclosed organelles process information, transform energy, form internal
compartments for transporting proteins, and carry out intracellular
digestion. An internal cytoskeleton plays several structural roles.
a. What are some advantages of organelle compartmentalization? See
p. 84
b. Describe the structural and functional differences between rough
and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. See pp. 88–90 and Figure 5.9
c. Explain how motor proteins and microtubules move materials
within the cell. See pp. 97–98 and Figures 5.18, 5.19
2. Eukaryotic cells arose long after prokaryotic cells. Some organelles may
have evolved by infolding of the plasma membrane, whereas others
probably evolved by endosymbiosis.
a. How could membrane infolding in a prokaryotic cell lead to the
formation of the endomembrane system? See p. 101 and Figure
5.23A
b. Explain the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of chloroplasts. See
p. 102 and Figure 5.23B
3. The fluid mosaic model applies to the plasma membrane and the
membranes of organelles. An integral membrane protein has both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, which affect its position and
function in the membrane. Carbohydrates that attach to lipids and proteins
on the outside of the membrane serve as recognition sites.
a. What are some of the features of the fluid mosaic model of biological
membranes? See p. 106
b. Explain how the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of
phospholipids cause a membrane bilayer to form. See Figures 6.1
and 6.2
c. What differentiates an integral protein from a peripheral protein?
See pp. 107–108 and Figure 6.1
d. What is the experimental evidence that membrane proteins can
diffuse in the plane of the membrane? See p. 108 and Figure 6.5
4. Diffusion is the movement of ions or molecules from a region of greater
concentration to a region of lesser concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of
water through a selectively permeable cell membrane. Channel proteins
and carrier proteins can facilitate the diffusion of charged and polar
substances, including water, across cell membranes.
a. What properties of a substance determine whether, and how fast, it
will diffuse across a membrane? See p. 114
b. Describe osmosis and explain the terms hypertonic, hypo- tonic, and
isotonic. See p. 114 and Figure 6.9
c. How does a channel protein facilitate diffusion? See pp. 115–116 and
Figure 6.10
5. Active transport across a membrane is directional and requires an input of
energy to move substances against their concentration gradients. Active
transport allows a cell to maintain small molecules and ions at
concentrations very different from those in the surrounding environment.
 a. Why is energy required for active transport? See p. 118
b. Why is the sodium–potassium (Na+–K+) pump classified as an
antiporter? See p. 118–119 and Figure 6.14
c. Explain the difference between primary active transport and
secondary active transport. See p. 118 and Figure 6.15
6. Endocytosis and exocytosis are the processes by which large particles and
molecules are transported into and out of the cell. Endocytosis may be
mediated by a receptor protein in the plasma membrane.
a. Explain the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis. See p.
120
b. Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis and give an ex- ample. See
p. 121 and Figure 6.17
7. A partir de la informació n en esta pá gina:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport
ver los temas y hacer una grá fica por cada uno de estos temas:
a. La membrana plasmá tica
b. Difusió n y Osmosis
c. Transporte pasivo
d. Transporte Activo