KL3103 DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

LABORATORY EXCURSION AND FIELD COURSE TRIP REPORT

Lecturer:
Ir. Irsan Soemantri Brodjonegoro, Ph.D.
Alamsyah Kurniawan, Ph.D.

Group Members:
Nauval Iqbal Lubis 15517027
Mahardika Firjatullah 15517037
Rois Anggung Ridhoi 15517041
Muhammad Armand Farrosi 15517043
Rizky Agung Nugraha 15517050
Muhammad Dwi Rexa Wibawa 15517051
Ahmad Fauzan Amza Mahendra 15517080

Assistants:
Ignasius Danies 15516057
Salsa Garneta 1516066

OCEAN ENGINEERING PROGRAM

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING
BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2018
 FOREWORD
PREFACE

Asslamu'alaikum Wr.Wb.
With the presence of Allah SWT. who has given all the pleasure and opportunities. so that we can
complete this report. This report contains our observations during a visit and became familiar with
measurement tools for field data at the Marine Engineering Laboratory, as well as a trip during a
field lecture at Pantai Impian Jaya Ancol with the Pushidros Army.
This report is prepared as a condition for passing KL 3103 - Field Acquisition and Analysis. In
addition, of course in writing this report, there will be a lot of deficiencies both materially and non
materially, so we will accept suggestions and input for the future. and do not forget we also thank
profusely to Mr. Ir. Irsan Soemantri Brodjonegoro, Ph.D and Mr. Alamsyah Kurniawan, Ph.D as
lecturers who have guided us. We hope that the knowledge we gain from this activity can be useful
and will certainly also be very useful in the future.
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr.Wb.

Bandung, 4th November 2019

Group 7

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER……………………………………………………………………………………………1
FOREWORD……………………………………………………………………………………...2
PREFACE………………………………………………………………………………………..2
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………………………..3
TABLE OF FIGURE…..…………………………………………………………………………6
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….7
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………………….7
1.2 Hydrography Survey………………………………………………………………………7
CHAPTER 2 LABORATORY EXCURSION……………………………………………………8
2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..8
2.2 Handheld Global Positioning System……………………………………………………..8
2.3 Sound Velocity Profiler…………………………………………………………………...9
2.4 GPS Geodetic RTK………………………………………………………………………10
2.5 GPS Map Sounder……………………………………………………………………….11
2.6 Sediment Grabber………………………………………………………………………..11
2.7 Accoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV)…………………………………………………12
2.8 Dynamic Motion Sensor (DMS) ……………………………………………………….13
2.9 Dynamic Motion Sensor-Heave (DMS-H)………………………………………………14
2.10 Gyrocompass…………………………………………………………………………..15
2.11 Accoustic Wave and Current…………………………………………………………..16
CHAPTER 3 FIELD COURSE………………………………………………………………….18
3.1 Field Course Trip Report………………………………………………………………..18
3.2 First Post : Conductivity Temperature Depth and Accoustic Wave and Current……….18
3.2.1 Aim………………………………………………………………………………18
3.2.2 Basic Theory……………………………………………………………………...18
3.2.2.1 Conductivity Temperature Depth.. …………………………………………18
3.2.2.2 Accoustic Wave and Current………………………………………………...19
3.2.3 Survey Report…………………………………………………………………….19
4.1 Conductivity Temperature Depth……………………………………………19
4.2 Accoustic Wave and Current………………………………………………21
4.3 Second Post : Single Beam Echosounder, Magnetometer and Sub-Bottom Profiler…..21
3.3. 1 Aim……………………………………………………………………………..21
3.3. 2 Basic Theory……………………………………………………………………22
3.3.2.1 Echosounder………………………………………………………………..23
3.3.2.2 Magnetometer………………………………………………………………24

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 3.3.2.3 Sub-Bottom Profiler……………………………………………………….24
3.3. 3 Survey Report………………………………………………………………….24
3.3.3.1 Echosounder……………………………………………………………….24
3.3.3.2 Magnetometer……………………………………………………………..26
3.3.3.3 Sub-Bottom Profiler………………………………………………………26
4.4 Third Post : Wild NAK2 and Sprinter…………………………………………………26
3.4. 1 Aim…………………………………………………………………………….26
3.4. 2 Basic Theory…………………………………………………………………..26
3.4.2.1 Wild NAK2……………………………………………………………28
3.4.2.2 Sprinter…………………………………………………………………29
3.4. 3 Survey Report………………………………………………………………….29
4.5 Fourth Post : Total Station……………………………………………………………..33

CHAPTER 4 GROUP CONTRIBUTION……………………………………………………..37

4.1 Distribution of Tasks……………………………………………………………………37

4.2 Group Mates Evaluation………………………………………………………………..38

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………39

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 TABLE OF FIGURE

Figure 1 HGPS

Figure 2 SVP

Figure 3 GPS RTK

Figure 4 Map sounder

Figure 5 Map sounder

Figure 6 Sediment Grabber

Figure 7 ADV

Figure 8 DMS

Figure 9 ADV

Figure 10 DMS

Figure 11 DMSH

Figure 12 Gyrocompass

Figure 13 AWAC

Figure 14 Second post

Figure 15 Second post

Figure 16 Ruler

Figure 17 Ruler

Figure 18 Tripod

Figure 19 Wild NAK2

Figure 20 Wild NAK2

Figure 21 Sprinter

Figure 22 Sprinter

Figure 23 Collimation activity

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Figure 24 Collimation activity

Figure 25 Collimation activity

Figure 26 String

Figure 27 Levelling

Figure 28 Levelling

Figure 29 Theodolite

Figure 30 Total Station

Figure 31 Prism

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 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Background
Indonesia is an archipelago with most of its territory being the sea. Therefore, for shipping
logistics needs in each region, use sea transportation. not only in Indonesia, but also
international trade using the sea as a means of transportation.
With so much benefit from the sea as a means of transportation. however, as we know, the
state of the sea is very randomly different from that on land. especially related to bathymetry
conditions near the coast. of course this will be dangerous for ships, if the depth of the water
near the coast is less than the draft ship. So as to create a safe shipping channel. Some
information is needed: water depth, seafloor shape and coastline, location of possible barriers,
and other physical features of water.
1.2 Hidrographic Survey
Hydrographic survey is an observation activity to get data of physical property under water.
hydrographic surveys obtain raw data, which is then later processed by an authority agency to
produce an information data that can be used by other parties. for example in sea navigation
navigation lines, marine construction, sediment dredging, and various other activities.
Some important things that need to be known from the results of hydrographic survey data
include, tide riding, bathymetry depth, current patterns, coastlines, and underwater layers.
by knowing the characteristics of the marine environment, it will be known the appropriate
treatment methods in

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 Chapter 2
Lab Excursion

2.1 Introduction

On Tuesday, October 15th 2019, students from Data Acquisition and Analysis Mr.Alam’s class
went to attend a Laboratory Excursion. On that day, a lot of tools necessary for hydrographic
survey were shown, such as:

2.2 Handheld Global Positioning System

Hanndheld GPS is a device that uses the Global

Positioning System, combining modern geographic
technology with a portable, user-friendly device for everyday
use. The handheld GPS has many functions, including
navigation assistance and land-survey data. Features on some
models may also provide information on geographic locations
like national and historic landmarks. The device is often used
by outdoors enthusiasts to pinpoint the coordinates of an
certain location for future reference. GPS units have also been
Figure 1 Handheld GPS
integrated into an on-board attachment for vehicles. In addition
to performing standard GPS functions, these devices include built-in road map software that helps
drivers easily locate their destination. By simply typing in the current and final addresses, these
GPS units will speak the directions and alert one when approaching a turn or detour. For many
drivers, these devices have replaced the road atlas due to convenience, accuracy and ease of use.
Although the handheld system is capable of performing many practical tasks, some individuals
purchase the portable version for fun. Aside from its conventional purpose, the handheld GPS has
become widely used for an outdoor treasure-seeking game known as geocaching. Based on an old
english game known as letterboxing, the activity is a treasure hunt that involves either teams or
individuals who leave a “cache,” usually a small plastic container full of toys and surprises, hidden
at a certain geographic coordinate. The team or person then releases these coordinates for others
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with a GPS handheld to find. The hobby is an international phenomenon that continues to grow in
popularity as the handheld technology becomes more affordable. One potential drawback for
consumers in the market for a handheld GPS is its geographic reliability. Unlike its larger
predecessor, the handheld GPS relies on a minimum of three available satellites, therefore making
it less reliable, with a typical accuracy of within about 100 feet (30 m). A military mandate restricts
the devices from maintaining a accuracy capable of within about 16 feet (5 m).

2.3 Sound Velocity Profiler

Figure 2 SVP
Sound Velocity Sensor is a device that is used for measuring the speed of sound,
specifically in a body of water. A Sound Velocity Profiler measures the speed of sound
throughout the column of water. Sound velocity in water is measured by either using a small
acoustic signal which is sent to a receiver at a known distance or by measuring the variables
affecting sound velocity in water; salinity, temperature and pressure variables.
This device consists Probe, Cable (50 meters long) which connect the robe to the display
control), and Logger or Display control. Before we using it we have to calibrate the device, this
could be done with placing the SVP one meter below water and change data in logger so it could
fit with one meter display. Calibration is important to avoid data error and have to be setting up
every time SVP will be used.

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2.4 GPS Geodetic RTK
RTK stands for Real-Time Kinematic is more advanced
technology than GPS. RTK allows the user to obtain
centimeter-level positioning in real time. It is an automatic
instrument that automatically measures positions during a
certain time interval. This instrument can measure
deformations based on the data from the transmitted signal.
RTK is used for applications that require higher accuracy,
such as centimeter level positioning, accuracy up to 1 cm +
1 ppm.

The GPS RTK positioning technique is referred to

as code-based positioning, because the receiver correlates Figure 3 GPS RTK

with a pseudorandom code that is transmitted by four or

more satellites to determine the range to satellite. From this range and know where the satellite is
located, the receiver can determine its position to units of several meters. At very first time , RTK
need a base station to be a known position around the project site and the device should be
calibrated first. The base station receiver then sends corrections to the surveyor through the survey
receiver (rover). The measurements along with the corrections can be seen from the display control
carried by the surveyor as the surveyor stays or moves within a certain radius. The corrections
from the base station receiver can also be sent to an unlimited number of rovers.

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2.5 GPS Map Sounder

GPS Map Sounder is a tool that functions to measure and display the depth of water. fishermen
are often used to detect fish. The output produced from this tool is the position and depth of the
water. in addition to measurement, this tool is also equipped with MAAS GPS to determine its
position and a transducer to measure its depth. In this oportunity, we use Garmin that combine
chart plotter, GPS and depth-sounder equipped with a bright, five-inch-diagonal color TFT display.
The system's external antenna-housed GPS receiver uses all visible GPS satellites and, in addition,
employs information from Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) satellites

Figure 4 GPS Map Sounder Figure 5 GPS Map Sounder

2.6 Sedimen Grabber

Sedimen grabber is a tool to take a sample from the bottom of both fresh and salt water
environment such as lake and sea. It made of stainless steel so it will be light (weight about 5
kgs) to use by human power. It consists of two opposing semi-circular jaws that are
normally held open by a trigger mechanism. The sampler is lowered to the bottom where
contact with the bottom sets off the trigger and a strong spring snaps the jaws shut
trapping a sample of the bottom inside. Fine copper screen covers the top of the jaws so
that the trapped material will not wash out as the sampler is retrieved.

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 Figure 6 GPS Sedimen Grabber

2.7 Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter

Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) is designed to record instantaneous velocity components at a
single-point with a relatively high frequency. Measurements are performed by measuring the velocity
of particles in a remote sampling volume based upon the Doppler shift effect. Doppler shift is the
change of frequency or wavelength od a wave that caused by the moving of obeserver sound’s
source.
Some of the features :
• Real time plot of velocity and other parameters
• See an image of top-set wanding rod
• View an on screen tilt sensor
• Costumable cable length
• Embended GPS

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 Figure 7 Part of ADV Figure 8 Doppler Measurement Technic

Figure 9 ADV

2.8 Dinamic Motion sensor

The DMS range of motion sensors is designed specifically for the motion
measurement needs of the marine industry. Whether it is achieving IHO standard survey from
any size of vessel, or providing safety critical monitoring of offshore platforms, large vessels,
helicopter landing decks, cranes and positioning systems, the DMS provides accurate motion
measurement in all sea conditions.
Incorporating an enhanced external velocity and heading aiding algorithm for
improved accuracy during dynamic manoeuvres, the solid state angular rate sensors offer
reliability in the highest performing vertical reference unit ever produced by TSS.
The DMSView software programme is an intuitive WindowsTM - based programme enabling
installation, set-up and integrity checking, and monitoring of the sensor. The user can select

13
 from a series of frequently used data protocols or configure a bespoke output from a selection
of variables.

Figure 10 DMS-05

2.9 Dinamic Motion Sensor–Heave

The DMS-H heave sensor has been developed to work with a wide range of modern
single beam echosounders. With their design allowing acceptance of correction data from the
DMS-H, real-time heave compensation of the sounder data is now achievable. Providing
heave data in analogue and digital format, the outputs of the DMS-H are easily configurable
via a simple operator’s menu.
Compact, ruggedised and quick to install, the sensor is supplied with the cable connector
necessary for interfacing and is accompanied by a comprehensive operation manual. In
addition to echosounder compensation, the DMS-H is ideally suited to a wide range of
offshore applications including crane and winch control, wave radar and ship motion
measurement. Covered by a comprehensive warranty, the DMS-H also has free technical
telephone support for the total life of the product.

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 Figure 11 DMS-Heave

2.10 Gyrocompass
A Gyro compass is a form of gyroscope, used widely on ships employing an electrically
powered, fast-spinning gyroscope wheel and frictional forces among other factors utilising the
basic physical laws, influences of gravity and the Earth’s rotation to find the true north.
Gyro compasses are linked to the repeater compasses via one transmission system. The
fast-spinning rotor attached weighs from 1.25 pounds to 55 pounds. It is driven thousands of
revolutions per minute by another electric motor. However, the most essential part in a Gyro
compass system is the spinning wheel, which is known as the Gyroscope.
Gyro compasses are pre-eminently used in most ships in order to detect true north, steer,
and find positions and record courses. But due to the ship’s course, speed and latitude, there
could appear some steaming errors. It has been found that on Northerly courses the Gyro
compass north is slightly deflected to the West of the true meridian whereas on Southerly
courses it is deflected to the East.

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 Figure 12 Gyrocompass

2.11 Acoustic Wave and Current Nortek

Acoustic Wave and Current is a device that could performs three measurement by
measuring wave height, wave direction and the full current profile. It usually measures current
speed and direction in one meter thick layers from the bottom to the surface. From specification
it displays ability to measure waves of all varieties from 1 to 100 meters including long waves,
storm waves, short wind waves, or transient waves generated by local ship traffic. AWAC
usually placed on seabed with built-up structure as placement. AWAC working in time series
data with ability to receive at least 1024 data within 15 minutes of works.
AWAC is designed as a coastal monitoring system. It is small, rugged, and suitable for
multi-year operation in tough environments. The mechanical design is all plastic and titanium to
avoid corrosion. The AWAC is available in three transmit frequencies (1 MHz / 600 kHz /400
kHz) which allow for different deployment depths. The sensor is usually mounted in a frame on
the bottom, where it is protected from complications at the surface such as harsh weather,
vandalism, and ship traffic. While safely located at the bottom it is operated in online or in stand-
alone mode. In stand-alone mode, the raw data are stored to the internal data logger and power
comes from an external battery pack.

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Figure 13 AWAC

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 Chapter 3
Field Course
3.1 Field Course Report
On 23rd October 2019, Ocean Engineering Program 2017 went to PUSHIDROSAL, Ancol.
We do the field course about tools that related to Data Acquisition and Analysis course. In
this observation, 80 students divided to 4 group, each group visit each post and the
reverse.The post are:
3.2 First Post : Conductivity Temperature Depth and Accoustic Wave and Current
3.2. 1 Aim
The Outcome of this post are:

a. Identifying devices to measure change of wave and current level.

b. Identifying the mechanism of wave and current measuring devices.

c. Identifying the purpose of measuring wave and current level

3.2. 2 Basic Theory

3.2.2.1 CTD

CTD is an oceanography instrument used to measure the conductivity, temperature,

and pressure of water which measure with its depth The reason to measure conductivity is that
it can be used to determine the salinity. CTD may be incorporated into an array of Niskin
bottles referred to as a carousel or rosette. The sampling bottles close at predefined depths,
triggered either manually or by a computer, and the water samples may subsequently be
analyzed further for biological and chemical parameters. CTD device’s primary function is to
detect how the conductivity and temperature of the water column changes relative to depth.
Conductivity is a measure of how well a solution conducts electricity and it is directly related
to salinity. By measuring the conductivity of seawater, the salinity can be derived from the
temperature and pressure of the same water. The depth is then derived from the pressure
measurement by calculating the density of water from the temperature and the salinity. CTDs
are attached to a much larger metal frame called a rosette, which may hold water-sampling
bottles that are used to collect water at different depths, as well as other sensors that can measure
additional physical or chemical properties.

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 3.2.2.2 AWAC

Acoustic Wave and Current is a device that could performs three measurement by measuring wave
height, wave direction and the full current profile. It usually measures current speed and direction
in one meter thick layers from the bottom to the surface. From specification it displays ability to
measure waves of all varieties from 1 to 100 meters including long waves, storm waves, short wind
waves, or transient waves generated by local ship traffic. AWAC usually placed on seabed with
built-up structure as placement. AWAC working in time series data with ability to receive at least
1024 data within 15 minutes of works.

AWAC is designed as a coastal monitoring system. It is small, rugged, and suitable for multi-year
operation in tough environments. The mechanical design is all plastic and titanium to avoid
corrosion. The AWAC is available in three transmit frequencies (1 MHz / 600 kHz /400
kHz) which allow for different deployment depths. The sensor is usually mounted in a frame on the
bottom, where it is protected from complications at the surface such as harsh weather,
vandalism, and ship traffic. While safely located at the bottom it is operated in online or in stand-
alone mode. In stand-alone mode, the raw data are stored to the internal data logger and power
comes from an external battery pack.

3.2. 3 Survey Report

3.2.3.1 CTD

Using CTD involves mapping the ocean floor and water column while the ship is underway, and
using other sensors to measure chemical and physical properties of seawater. Water column
exploration involves making measurements of chemical and physical properties “from top to
bottom” while the ship is stopped. In some cases these measurements may be made routinely at
preselected locations, while in other cases they may be made to decide whether an area with
suspected anomalies should be more thoroughly investigated. Site characterization involves more
detailed exploration of a specific region, including obtaining high quality imagery, making
measurements of chemical and physical seawater properties, and obtaining appropriate
samples.Standard oceanographic sampling technique is the vertical CTD cast. First, the scientists
select a location of interest. The ship then travels to that position and stays as close to the same

19
spot as possible depending on the weather and the ship’s basic capabilities) as the CTD package
is lowered through the water, usually to within a few meters of the bottom, then raised back to the
ship. The ship can then move to a different position and repeat the process. Hydrothermal plumes
are typically located a few hundred meters above the ocean bottom, which over most of the world
mid ocean ridge system averages 3000 meters deep. Therefore, much of the water overlying the
hydrothermal vent fields is of little interest to the plume-hunting scientist. By lowering the CTD
package to near the bottom, then moving the ship while cycling the package up and down only
through the bottom few hundred meters, a far greater density of data can be obtained. This
technique was dubbed a CTD "Tow-yo" and has proven to be an efficient and effective method for
mapping and sampling hydrothermal plumes. Conductivity can change depending on the
amount of dissolved solids in a sample of water, but there is also a very small temperature
and pressure dependence. Generally, conductivity of one water mass will be consistent.
Conductivity is measured in Siemens per meter (S/m), which is the conductance of a
substance. Conductance is an object’s ability to pass or conduct an electrical current.
Salinity is the amount of dissolved salts in water. Salinity is usually determined as a
ratio of the measured conductivity to the conductivity of a specific known concentration of
dissolved ions. Salinity was formally expressed as ppt (parts per thousand, i.e. grams of
dissolved salts per kilogram of seawater), but PSU (Practical Salinity Units) is considered
more accurate as it considers more variables. PSU and ppt are nearly the same, and can
be considered a reasonable approximation for one another. Temperature is measured in
degrees Celsius (°C), and can now be determined accurately to 3 decimal places.
Temperature readings will be heavily dependent on where the CTD measures in the Ocean.
As depth increases, temperatures become colder. At higher latitudes, seawater is colder,
and at lower latitudes seawater is warmer. Fixed CTDs detect changes in temperature that
indicate changes in water masses. Pressure is measured in decibars, which are very nearly
equivalent to meters of depth. For example, 550 decibars can be reasonably approximated
as 550 meters of depth. Density is expressed as kilograms per meter squared (kg/m3).
Density typically increases as temperature decreases and salinity increases. Warm, fresh
water will have a lower density than cold salty water. When a CTD is in a fixed position,
fluctuations in density usually reflect a change in the water mass.

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 3.2.3.2 AWAC

An acoustic current meter is a set of transducers fixed in a frame. Acoustic current meters are used
to measure the velocity and direction of currents and waves. They do this using a technique called
“reciprocal transmission.” typical acoustic current meter will transmit a 1 Mhz acoustic signal in
pulses or continuous wave bursts along 4 paths. Flow velocity and direction is measured by
observing the time-of-arrival difference of sound along the acoustic paths. A sound pulse moving
in the same direction as a current travels faster than one moving against the current.

compass is used to measure the earth’s magnetic field, and a tilt sensor measures the instrument’s
angle. Using these measurements, the direction of the instrument can be determined and
consequently the flow direction. Additional pressure data can be obtained to determine the depth
of the current.

The measurement of currents with sound depends on the doppler effect. The Doppler effect is a
change in frequency of a sound due to the motion of the source of the sound relative to the listener.
sends out a sound that reflects off small particles and returns to the AWAC. If those particles are
in a current, then those particles are moving with the current. There will be a Doppler shift in the
frequency of the sound that reflects off the small particles and returns to the AWAC. That Doppler
shift can be used to calculate the current speed. Most AWACs have 3 or 4 sound sources that work
together. By using several sources, the AWAC can tell the direction of the current as well as its
speed. The AWAC can also tell at what depths in the water column the current is moving by how
long it takes the sound to return to the AWAC.

3.3 Second Post : Single Beam Echosounder, Magnetometer and Sub-Bottom Profiler
3.4. 1 Aim
The outcomes of this post are:

1. To determine the depth of water utilizing single beam echosounder mechanism

2. To locate sunken ships, lost anchors, buried pipelines, and other submerged objects which
contain ferrous metal using a magnetometer

3. To identify and characterize piled up layers of sediment or rock under the seafloor using a sub-bottom
profiler

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3.4. 2 Basic Theory
3.3.2.1 Echosounder

Echo sounding is used to determine the depth of water by transmitting sound waves by
transducer into water and then receiving the reflected sound waves from the seabed.
This activity is done using Sonar, Transducer and GPS.There are two kinds of sonar that
can be used, the first one is single beam echosounders that only able to release one beam
at a time. The second sonar that is now commonly used is multi beam echosounder that
is able to release multiple beams at a time. To measure the depth, multiply the time and
speed of sound then divide it by two, because the time we receive is time spent by sound
waves back and forth. The speed of sound underwater, in general, is around 1500m/s.
But for more precise applications of echo sounding such as hydrography, the speed of
sound must also be measured by deploying a sound velocity probe into the water. Most
charted ocean depths use an average or standard sound speed. For even better precision,
average and seasonal standards may be applied to ocean regions and more measurements
may be required, such as the temperature, pressure and salinity. This information is then
used to determine the sound speed underwater. Additional information such as heave,
pitch, roll of the vessel can be measured and used to “correct” the position of the depth
measurements during processing.

Echosounder equipment is built precisely to be stable and reliable during echosounding

process under the water. Recent updates in technology have increased the quality of
echosounders, leading to more reliability and precision. Modern echosounders are
reliable, portable, and relatively easy to use. There are two types of echosounder, they
are single beam echosounder and multibeam echosounder. The multibeam echosounder
is capable of receiving many returns rays. Fortunately, there are three areas where single
beam echosounders still become a better option: cost, data deluge, and surveying in
shallow water. In areas where detailed bathymetry is required, a more precise
echosounder may be used for the work of hydrography. The majority of hydrographic
echosounders are dual frequency, meaning that a low frequency pulse (around 24 kHz)
can be transmitted at the same time as a high frequency pulse (around 200 kHz). Since
these two frequencies are different, the two return signals do not interfere with each
other. Deeper water requires a lower frequency transducer as the acoustic signal. The
software used to support underwater mapping (known as bathymetric chart) is Hypack
and eChart. Hypack function as data saver and logger, meanwhile eChart to process data
retrieval. There are two types of data acquired, position (x,y) and depth (z). At the
minimum 3 GPS is needed to specify positioning of bathymetry data. Since data
acquisition is done using GPS, there will be error found in data acquired caused by
multipath effects, weather, wind, and satellite positioning.Therefore, position
inaccuracy should be corrected using GPS correction system in the base station.
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 These are the steps to do sounding:

• Prepare the ship that has been equipped with transducer, GPS, and sonar box
connected to a PC.

• Use the software Hypack, to load survey path file.

• Calibrate the sound wave speed using bar-check tools down to approximately 10
meter down.

• Navigate the boat to the survey path.

• After the ship is in position, click Logging to start recording the data acquired.
Accordingly, the monitor will display the status of the seabed which is being surveyed.

• After the survey is finished, click End Logging on the toolbar. The data is saved
to the PC storage.

3.3.2.2 Magnetometer
A magnetometer is an instrument that measure magnetism of a magnetic material like a
ferromagnet, or the direction, strength, or relative change of a magnetic field at a particular
location. Magnetometers can be used as metal detectors. They can only detect magnetic (ferrous)
metals, but they also can detect such metals at a much larger depth than conventional metal
detectors
Magnetometers may be classified by their situation or intended use:
1. Stationary magnetometer is installed to a fixed position and measurements are taken while
the magnetometer is stationary.
2. Portable or mobile magnetometer is meant to be used while in motion and may be manually
carried or transported in a moving vehicle.
Survey magnetometers are used to measure magnetic fields in geomagnetic surveys. Survey
magnetometers can be divided into two basic types:
1. Total field magnetometers or scalar magnetometers measure the magnitude of the vector
magnetic field. They measure the total strength of the magnetic field to which they are subjected,
but not its direction.

23
2. Vector magnetometers measure the vector components of a magnetic field. They have the
capability to measure the component of the magnetic field in a particular direction, relative to the
spatial orientation of the device.
Magnetometers can also be classified as:
1. “AC”, if they measure fields that fluctuate in time (>100 Hz).
2. “DC”, if they measure fields that vary only slowly or are static. DC magnetometers are
used for detecting mineralization and corresponding geological structures.
3.3.2.3 Sub Bottom Profiler
Acoustic Sub-Bottom Profiling (SBP) systems are used to determine physical properties of the sea
floor and to image and characterise geological information a few metres below the sea floor.
In recent years, sub-bottom profilers have been used to measure small scale sedimentary structures
and processes in high temporal and spatial resolution. The systems have been widely adopted by
marine researchers because of their ability to collect data rapidly and non-intrusively.
The acoustic pulse is a high frequency system which operates on a range of single frequencies
between 3.5 kHz and 7 kHz. Depending on various factors, such as the type of sediment and the
sound source characteristics (frequency, power), SBPs can achieve sea floor penetration from just
a few meters to more than 50 m and vertical resolution (layer thickness) down to approximately
0.3 m.

3.4. 3 Survey Report

3.5.2.1 Echosounder
Sounding is an activity to do bathymetry survey by transmitting sound waves into water.
This activity is done using sonar. The sonar used is single beam echosounder that only
could release one beam at a time. The software used to do underwater mapping/
bathymetric chart is Hypack. Hypack is used to save and log data.

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 Figure 14 Software used for bathymetry survey

Figure 15 Route taken by vessel (green color)

The recording of water depth gives high-resolution depth measurement along the survey
track. Data collected after echosounding is added by precise positional information,
including the coordinates and time. This information is then typically used for navigation
purposes or for charting purposes, including bathymetry and substrate classification.

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 3.5.2.2 Magnetometer
Magnetometer is the best tool for locating all sizes of ferrous objects including anchors,
chains, cables, pipelines, ballast and other scattered shipwreck debris, aircraft, engines and
any other magnetic objects that disrupt the Earth’s magnetic field.

The survey vessel tows the magnetometer at a slow speed and stays within 152 centimetres
of the intended survey line to minimize uncertainties in the location of the towed sensor.
Small or deeply buried metal objects are detected by surveying along closely-spaced lines
and keeping the towed sensor as close to the seafloor as possible. A magnetograph is a
magnetometer that records data continuously. The results of the surveys are then exported
in industry-standard formats, for example ASCII and AutoCAD.

3.5.2.3 Sub-bottom Profiler

The sub-bottom profiler is similar to a simple echosounder. A transducer releases a sound
pulse into water, and a receiver records the return of the pulse once it has been reflected
off the seafloor. Unlike a simple echosounder, some of the sound pulse will penetrate the
seafloor and be reflected off of the different sub-bottom layers. This will show any sort of
density disturbance which will indicate that there is something beneath the surface. The
surface of the different rock strata beneath the sea floor are mapped over the study area.

As the sound energy passes through different materials (sands, clays, mud) some of that
energy is reflected back towards the tow-fish. Based on the intensity of the returning signal
and the time it took to return to the fish, we get an image of how thick the sediment package
is at a given location, and what that package might be able to tell us about the site.

3.4 Third Post – Wild Nak 2 and Sprinter

3.4. 1 Aim
The outcomes of this post are:

1. To measure the height difference between BM (BenchMark) and Palm

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 2. To measure the tide of certain location using manual or digital tools

3.4. 2 Basic Theory

Levelling is a process of determining the height of one level relative to another. It is used in
surveying activity to establish the elevation of a point relative to a datum. The instrument which
is widely used for this measurement are:

1. Waterpass (Manual/Digital tool) for measure the point at ruler

2. Ruler (Levelling rod/Stanbak) for determine the strings

Figure 16 Ruler Figure 17 Ruler

3. Tripod for holding the tool

Figure 18 Tripod

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 3.4.2.1 Wild Nak 2 (Manual Levelling)
The NAK2 is economical and productive waterpass for
levelling task on building sites for geodetic control at all
levels of accuracy. Features of the Wild NAK2 are:

1. Suited for levelling of all orders and types of

accuracy
2. Accurate settlement and levelling determinations
3. Routine heighting for road, railway, pipeline, Figure 19 Wild NAK 2 for manual levelling

and tunnel construction

4. Control measurements and setting-out work on
site
5. High accuracy area levelling
6. Bridge monitoring and deformation
measurement

Figure 20 Leica Wild NAK2

The model NAK2 has an internal glass circle which is read via a scale microscope and can be set
to any value by turning the rim around the base of the instrument. The durable and tough NAK2
can be used in varying weather conditions and very reliable when used in harsh working conditions
such as the building site. The pendulum compensator is protected against shocks and the vibration
damping mechanism is highly effective. Set up is quick and easy with the circular level only
needing to be centered approximately and bring the compensator into its working range. The
Pentaprism provides a positive bubble which is monitored down the eyepiece. The high quality
optics within the telescope provides bright, high contrast images which can be foccussed on
quickly. Accessories including the parallel-plate, laser eyepiece, increase the potential use of this
impressive levelling instrument.

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 3.4.2.2 Sprinter (Digital levelling)
The Sprinter 250m is the top of the range in the sprinter series
and ideal for both building & construction levelling task. Simply
set the benchmark then measure the backsight (B) & foresight (F)
which will then display the result instantly. The Sprinter 250m it
comes with a simple UI (user interface) and many features such
as:

Figure 21 Sprinter
1. Height and delta heights calculated automatically
2. Productivity increased
3. Human errors set to a minimum
4. Works in poor light conditions
5. USB functionality
6. Built-in Memory
Figure 22 Sprinter
7. Easy to use menu

With its precise optical components the instrument be aimed at the target, focused on the staff and
then used as an optical level. With the simple one-button action the Sprinter 250M doesn’t need
any in depth training. Simply press the action button and take the required measurement. Optical
readings are no longer required. The bar code staff determines the distance and height which is
then shown on the LCD display screen avoiding any misunderstanding. The Sprinter 250M will
display calculations for Delta Height, Cut and Fill, Line levelling and Tracking & Monitoring.

3.4. 3 Survey Report

For levelling measurement, put the waterpass on the tripod and place the the tripod on benchmark.
Before we do the levelling measurement, we must calibrate the waterpass and this process called
collimation

3.4.3.1 Calibration/Collimation

Collimation is a process to checking the accuracy of the levelling instrument by comparing to the
benchmark point. This process to ensure the results are accurate and consistent if we do the some
measurement in the next step. The step for collimation are as follow:

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a. Do some check trial of the distance twice. First, 10 & 10 meter method and 15 & 5 meter
method. On each method, the first distance is front (face) point and second distance is back
point.
b. On 15 & 5 meter method, first we must measure 15 meter far as face point on the ground
manually.

Figure 23 Measure the distance

manually

c. Then, put the stanbak/ruler at that point perpendicular to the earth surface

Figure 24 Our friend holding the

ruler

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 d. Determine the upper, middle and lower string from the waterpass

Upper string

Middle string

Lower string

Figure 25 Our friend seeing the string at ruler by waterpass Figure 26 Upper, middle and lower string

e. Then we get the result

Upper string 1479 mm

Middle string 1404 mm

Lower string 1329 mm

To check the middle string value, use :

𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
2
Then, calculate the distance use the formula:

𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
10
From formula above, we get 15 meter as same as we measure manually. Next, check the distance
of back point with the same ways. If the result as same as manual-measured, so the waterpass have
been calibrated and can be used for levelling activity.

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 3.4.3.2 Measurement

The principal of measuring difference elevation is same like calibration

1.Go to the place that we will measure its elevation with taking the leveling rod.

2. Put the leveling rod perpendicular to the earth surface and hold it.

3.. Aim the leveling rod by level.

4. Read and note the upper limit and lower limit at the leveling rod.

5. Do the calculation for measure the elevation and distance between level and the place.

6. Go to another place that we will measure for next measurement.

If you use the digital level, you can know the distance and elevation of the place in the monitor display of
the level.

To check the middle string value, use :

𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
2
Then, calculate the distance use the formula:

𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
10

Corelated with the output of post 1 that show the depth of the sea around the survey zone. But the
data is still row , so that why we must consider the tidal range . the tidal range must be recorded at
least around 30 days that must be checked every hour . After we get the data , we can analyze and
all datum can be known by least square method. Furthermore,we can combine with depth data at
the post 1 and finally we can draw the batimetric map as the result of the survey. To determine
position of levelling road must suitable with the tide and ebb.

Reading the levelling rod:

Leveling rod is an instrument that used with a level to determine the difference in height between
points or heights of points above a datum surface. Leveling rod can made of wood or aluminum.
We use Pushidoral’s aluminum leveling rod in this field trip

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 The leveling rod can be extended up to 3 meters. Leveling rod is like a ruler, but the reading
method is different to ruler. So, we need to know how to read the leveling rod because it is so
important when we do levelling.

17 dm 1 cm

Figure 28 On the ancol at certain time , the measurement of levelling

rod is 23 dm and 5 cm

Figure 27 Each number in ruler

represents a decimeter

3.5 Fourth Post – Total Station

3.5. 1 Aim

In this post, we were taught how to do surveying with optics utilities. This included learn how to
calculate distance and angle, positioning coordinates, and mapping. The utilities used in this post
is called a Total Station. It’s like an integrated system consists of theodolite and prisms.

3.5. 2 Basic Theory

3.5. 1 Theodolite

Theodolite is one measure of land used to determine the height of the land with horizontal and
vertical angles. Unlike waterpass which only has a horizontal angle. In the theodolite the readable
angle can reach the second unit. Basically this tool is a telescope that is placed on a rounded base
that can be rotated around a vertical axis, allowing horizontal angles to be read. The telescope is
also mounted on the second dish and can be rotated around the horizontal axis, allowing vertical
angles to be read.

33
Surveys using theodolite are conducted if the site to be mapped is large and difficult to measure,
and especially if the site has a large relief or height difference. In works related to land
measurement, theodolite us often used in the form of polygon measurements, situation mapping,
and solar observation. Theodolite can also change its function to be like a flat-folding plane if the
vertical angle is made 90o.

With binoculars in the theodolite, the theodolite can be aimed in all directions. In building works,
theodolite is often used to determine the right angle in the planning or foundation work, theodolite
can also be used to measure the height of a high rise building.

3.5. 2 Total Station

The total station is a tool used in mapping and building construction. The glimpse of the shape for
ordinary people, but the total station is an automatic distance and angle measurement tool
(horizontal and vertical angles). Total station is equipped with a memory chip, so angular and
distance measurement data can be stored for later download and computational processing. The
total station is a kind of theodolite integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) component
to read the distance and slope of the instrument to a certain point.

Benefit of total station there are : (1) reducing errors (from humans) as well as read erros and data
recording error. (2) accessibility to computer-based system. (3) Speed up the process. (4) provides
convenience. And also, the total station have several disadvantages, there are : (1) the cost is more
expensive than ordinary conventional tools. (2) there is a dependence on voltage sources. (3)
dependence on the ability of existing human resources.

3.5. 3 Survey Report

This tool is used to measure distances, angles, position coordinates without using satellite GPS, or
also commonly called the terestic method. This method is done manually by measuring the points,
so that to map an area with this method will take quite a long time. but this method still has

34
advantages, for example if we want to map an area that is prohibited from using GPS, then the
mapping can only be done with this terestic method.

and also requires high accuracy from a surveyor, the data to be obtained are distance, horizontal
angle, and vertical angle. for data collection, two theodolite EDM tools and a prism are needed as
a measurement point. in mapping, there are a number of things that must be considered, namely
that two points must be known as datum to set the north direction and determine the azimuth. The
following is the procedure for using the device: (1) Enter coordinates. (2) Arrange 'stick' at the
specified point. (3) Point the 'stick' with the gauge. (4) At a distance of 400-500 meters, this utility
can still be used.

After getting the data, we enter it into the formula. Formula with azimuth:

Xb = Xa +  Xab ; Xab = dab sin αab

Yb = Ya +  Yab ; Yab = dab cos αab

Figure 29 Theodolite

35
Figure 30 Total Station Figure 31 Prism

36
 Chapter 4

Group Contribution

4.1 Distribution of Tasks

Name Tasks

Nauval Iqbal Lubis Describe about GPS Geodetic RTK &

Handheld GPS. Also, explain the measuring of
levelling at third post

Mahardika Firjatullah Desribe how to get the water depth data

(echosounder), what are the object on the
seabed and did they contain any metal
(magnetometer), and to obtain physical
properties of the sea floor and below it (sub-
bottom profiler) at second post

Rois Anggung Ridhoi Taking photo at field. Describe bottom grabber

and ADV(acoustic doppler velocimeter) and
unite report

Muhammad Armand Farrosi Describe about Gyrocompass, DMS, DMSH

and survey report of second post

Rizky Agung Nugraha Describe about Wild NAK2 & Sprinter. Also,
explain the calibration/collimation process of
levelling at third post and unite report

Muhammad Dwi Rexa Wibawa Describe about AWAC and Sound Velocity
Profile. Also, explain about Conductivity
Temperature, Depth and Acoustic Wave and
Current at first post

Ahmad Fauzan Amza Mahendra Describe about GPS Map Sounder and explain
about Theodolite and Total Station at fourth
post

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 4.2 Group Mates Evaluation

1. The formation of groups is not from the beginning, so the process is too late.

2. We worked on this report too tightly with deadlines, so that we worked out evenly, and worked
individually. then we put it together online communication.

3. Some of us aren't very fast when discussing through online group media channels. so
communication is not so fast.

38
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.nortek.no/en/products/wave-systems/awac

https://www.seabird.com/products/profilers.htm

https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/ctd.html

https://www.novatel.com/an-introduction-to-gnss/chapter-5-resolving-errors/real-time-
kinematic-rtk/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying

https://www.quora.com/What-is-handheld-GPS

https://www.ptkesuma.co.id/detailpost/perbedaan-theodolite-dan-total-station

https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/320

http://www.wild-heerbrugg.com/levels.htm

https://leica-geosystems.com/products/levels/digital-levels/leica-sprinter-250m-and-150m

https://transitandlevel.com/product/leica-sprinter-250m-digital-level/

https://www.nortekgroup.com/assets/documents/Acoustic-Doppler-Velocimeter-ADV-for-
Laboratory-Use.pdf

https://www.gvsu.edu/wri/education/instructors-manual-bottom-sampling-31.htm

https://www.syqwestinc.com/applications/sub-bottom-profiling-survey

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