Assignment Topic

“Causes and effects of military coups in

Pakistan and Gen. Musharraf’s regime”
Subject
“International Relations”
Submitted to;-
‘’Prof. Rana Eijaz Ahmad”
Submitted by

‘’Muhammad Anees Sabir Cheema‘’

Roll No: 05
M.A Political Science
Semester 3

sUniversity of Punjab, Lahore

Abstract:
Causes and effects of 1999 military coup have been described in this
research assignment. Pakistan was made in 1947. Governor general
Ghulam Muhammad khan introduced military dictators in cabinet so he
opened the door for the military in the politics of Pakistan. Marsha law
was imposed four times by the generals of Pakistan. Political instability
and corruption have been the main causes of marsh law. Military
dictators accused politicians and politicians blamed the military
dictators for the military coup. Economy and accountability was
established by the military dictators.no long term policy for the nation
building was made by the military dictators. Civilian government has
always been unstable in Pakistan since the making of Pakistan.
Democracy spread disappointment in Pakistan so this thing opens the
doors of military dictators.

Content:
Theories of military intervention
Causes of military coup
Musharraf regime
Impact of 1999 coup

Introduction:
There are many causes behind the marsh law in under developed
countries .political instability is one of the important factor of all the
military marsh laws. All the political leaders have been involved in the
activities of corruption throughout their regime. So military dictators
always accused the political and civil leadership for the causes of
military marsh laws. Musharraf also blamed Mian Muhammad nawaz
shareef that he showed him the path towards the president house.
Military is also the well-organized institution in the under developed
countries. All the civil institutions have always been deteriorated in the
developing countries. This is also the biggest reason of all the military
coups. Causes of military coups have been discussed in this research
assignment. The effects of Musharraf regime have also been discussed
in this assignment. Object of making the Pakistan was to establish a
free and dominated state but these military dictators pushed the
Pakistan into darkness. So nation was drifted into dictatorship due to
both of these politicians and military generals. But politicians blamed
army and army blamed politicians. Debate is endless. After making of
Pakistan, Pakistan has sent most of its time under military coup.
Pakistan has born four marsh laws. Democracy spread disappointment
and military dictators took advantage of it. They established
accountability in country to please the common citizens. But they did
not indulge in any long term planning or policy making. On 12 October
1999 Musharraf removed nawaz government and imposed marsh law
in the state.so the causes ad effects of his coup have been discussed
widely in this assignment.

Historical Background:
On the issue of military coup in Pakistan there is a lot of literature
present which is written by Pakistani scholars as well as foreign
scholars.
Rizvi, A H(2000),”The Military and politics in Pakistan 1947-
19997”,Lhore Sang-e-Meel press. He has explained the military
institution . he has described the causes of military intervention in the
politics of Pakistan. He is not biased at all. He has described both
negative and positive effects of both civil and military regimes honestly.
He deals with the first three military coups in this book.
Jan , A U (2006),” The Musharraf factors.Lahore.Jamhoori publishers”.
He is the critic of Musharraf regime. He has said that Musharraf regime
had many bad effects on politics of Pakistan. He started war on
terrorism. Kashmiris were disappointed by the military regime of
Musharraf. Musharraf regime also caused many causalities in FATA.
There is also a book on the military coup of general pervaiz Musharraf
of Sharukh Rafi Khan “Pakistan Under Musharraf”.in this book he has
widely explained the causes of Musharraf intervention in Nawaz
government. He has also described the Musharraf regime and
consequences of his regime.
Ayesha siddiqa’s book, “Pakistan Military Economy”.in this book she
has analyzed the military economy and policies of military government
to boost up the economy of Pakistan. State has specially described
economic policies of Musharraf during his era.
Journal of Kukreja A V,(1995)” Military intervention in politics:
contrasting cases of Pakistan and India”. Edition ; political system in
Pakistan vol. 7 new Delhi : deep and deep publishers.
Talbot (1999), Pakistan a modern history”. In this book the writer has
given brief history of the Pakistan. He has written all the political history
of Pakistan. He has also described the military regimes in Pakistan.
State of Problem(SOP)
The basic purpose of research is to describe the causes of military
intervention in the politics of Pakistan and to elaborate the Musharraf
regime after 1999 coup and effects of his regime.
THEORIES OF MILITARY INTERVENTION:
Military intervention is a common phenomenon in under developed
countries. It has many causes and effects in these countries. Huntington
and Janowitz are considered the founder of these theories. Many other
scholars have also there theories about military intervention in third
world countries.

Samuel Huntingtins Theory:

“Huntington was the political scientist from United States of America.
He is considered as the founder of theories of military intervention in
political system. Huntington says that military intervene in those in
countries in which there is political instability and economic crisis. He
says that military serves as the savior in most of the third world
countries. Huntington says that military should not manipulate the
political system .military of a country should be totally professional in
its duties.it should not interfere in political affairs and activities at any
cost.”(Huntington, 1969)

The centrality of military approach theory:

This theory says that if there will be greater resources of the military
then there will be greater chances of military intervention in politics.
Military is the most professional and organized institution in under
developed countries. According to this theory, the civil institution of the
country should own more resources than the military institution. If the
military will own more resources than there will be more chances of
military coup in country.

Janowitz theory:
“Janowitz believe that there should be good civil military relations in a
state. Civil military relationship is the most important part of his theory.
According to him there should be balance within the relation of civil
and military. Neither politicians should interfere in military affairs nor
military should interfere in civil relations.in this way both of these
institutions can be run side by side.” (Dike, 2003)

Causes of military coup in History of Pakistan:

There are many causes which have been behind the military coup in
Pakistan. There have been causes of political instability, economic crisis,
lack of democratic, cultures, corruption, nepotism, terrorism,
sectarianism, relationship between civilian rulers and the army behind
the military coups of Pakistan. There have also been many other
reasons like failure of political leadership and pressure of international
establishment.

Political instability:
Leadership crisis was one of the main reason of all coups. Quaid e
Azam died after one year of making of Pakistan .then Liaqat Ali khan
tried but he failed to set the problems on right path and he also died in
1951. After these two leaders Pakistan did not get any sincere
leadership. The first constitution was made in 1956 which was ended in
1958 and first marsh law on Pakistan was imposed in 1958.
After this constitution was also made in 1962. After this a charismatic
politician came into power. He gave the Pakistan its third constitution.
He made the 1973 constitution for the Pakistan. Then general Zia ul
Haq enforced marsh law in country in 1977 and he became the
president of Pakistan in 1978. He wanted to enforce Islam in Pakistan.
Zia regime was appreciated by the religious parties.
“Zia became the most powerful president of Pakistan bur he died in the
plane clash in 1988.people of Pakistan saw the most corrupted
government from 1988 to 1999. These were the governments of Mian
Muhammad nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto. People became
disappointed due to the corruption of these two political parties and
then Musharraf enforce marsh law in 1999. East Pakistan and West
Pakistan was geographically separated from one another .it also made
the great cause of political instability which led to the military coup.”
(Dawn, October 24,1999)

Economic crisis:
Pakistan military has also great number of resources in the country
which are the main reason of military power in Pakistan. Economic
crisis of Pakistan is well known. Government spends only 3% of its
revenue on health and education. Pakistan has never stood on its foot
in the field of economy. Neither the civil nor military governments pay
attention to the worse economic condition of Pakistan.
“Pakistan economy through the 1990s suffered from the handful of
important buckles that should have restored many years before. First,
the tax base remained meager, consisting of approximately half of the
million people out of population of 140million”. (ishtaiq, 2008)

Dependence of civilian leadership on military:

Civil administration was dependent upon the military intervention due
to many reasons. Because military was capable of various welfare and
national integration plans. Military had also more sources than the civil
government.
“Whenever there was any earthquake, whenever there was flood and
whenever there was any disaster army was there to help the citizens.
Instead of these functions, army was also responsible for internal law
and order situation which was the responsibility of police and other
security agencies. All these factors became the reason of direct or
indirect military intervention in the politics of Pakistan.” (Bakhtiar,
2003)

International Factor:
After Second World War, two super powers emerged on the map of the
world .these powers were USSR and United States of America
(USA).most of the world divided into bipolar bands. There was
communist system in RUSSIA while there was capitalist system in
America. United States of America invited India to join there
anticommunist group but India rejected there invitation and they
decided to become neutral in the whole scenario but Pakistan accepted
the invitation of America and it joined there group.
“Pakistan joined the organizations of SEATO and CENTO. Pakistan and
severe threat from India for its survival, that is why Pakistan preferred
to join America for its survival. On the other hand Pakistan did not get
enough resources from India after portion to run the country. Sob
Pakistan was also dependent upon the aid of America for its economy.
America also supported military regime in Pakistan because it was in
her favor when Russia entered in Afghanistan.”( Kukreja,1995)
“ America supplied weapons to the freedom fighters of the Afghanistan
through Pakistan. Zia ul Haq helped America as much as possible. Then
after the 9/11 America attacked Afghanistan then they supported
Musharraf regime and I return the got military air bases in Pakistan.in
such way, the support of America did not allow democracy to prosper
and flourish in Pakistan.” (Rizvi, 1997)

Corruption:
Corruption has always been the biggest problem of Pakistan. Neither
civilian nor military government took solid steps to root out corruption
from Pakistan. This was the biggest reason that used to tell by the
marsh law administrators after imposing the military coup in the
country. Every time after the military coup, army blamed the civil
government for the destruction of Pakistan through the corruption.
“The selected civilian leader did not set any democratic standard.
During 1988-99 democratic transition remained highly tenuous and
incomplete. Benazir Bhutto assumed power as the youngest prime
minister in Pakistan history. But it is almost impossible to measure the
weight of expectations.as much as mounting charges of corruption,
incompetence explains the palpable growth of disillusionment. The
limited achievements of her 1988-90 government compounded
allegations concerning her alleged authoritarian wadero mentality and
activities of her increasingly controversial spouse,Mr.Percent Asif ali
zardari”. (Talbot, 1999.p 293)
Corruption is the main cause of the grievance of the people of Pakistan.
Pakistan could not make progress since its making due to the
corruption.
“Corruption diverts resources from the poor to the rich and increase
cost of running business, distort public expenditure and deters foreign
investor. Also corruption has become government toppling issue in
many countries. In Pakistan four governments were dismissed during
(1990-99) on the charge of corruption.” (Nation, September12, 1999)
The citizens of Pakistan elected Mian Muhammad nawaz shareef with
the hope that he would eradicate corruption from the Pakistan but
everything was in the vein.
“When Nawaz Sharif was dismissed and Benazir elected for second time
in 1993.her government was again dismissed in 1996 on the charge of
corruption and once again nawaz Sharif formed government. During his
second term, the condition of the country could not change. Foreign
and internal debt kept on rising.” (Rizvi, 1997)
“Pakistan politicians never got the confidence of the foreign investors.
Corruption went on spreading unabated. Public representatives were
being criticized for looting national exchequer for the personal gains at
the cost of the common man. The fate of the people in power did
change, but not that of ordinary citizens.” (Dawn, October 24,1999)

Terrorism and Sectarianism

“Another factor responsible for the military intervention in Pakistan
politics was terrorism and sectarianism in the Country. Bad laws and
order situation in the country, like suicide attacks, target killings, bomb
blasts, kidnapping and dacoits often compel military to intervene.”
“Sectarian crises in the country further worsened the situation which
became often out of control from the hands of a civilian government.
Thus whenever, military takeover they label the civilian’ government of
poor law and order situations.”
“Apart from it often a danger of terrorist action from outside the
country or from within is also cited as a reason for their intervention by
the army. In Nawaz government was experienced heinous crimes like
terrorism violence and custodial killings. The country was in the
clutches of criminal activities during NAWAZ rule.””
“Especially during his last days, people witnessed worst kind of
sectarian violence, ’’According to the official figures available for the
first quarter for the 1999,total 22146 people were killed as 472 women
were raped in all the four provinces of the country’’.(frontier
post,October20,1999)
During the period only in Punjab, “which remain the focal point for the
criminal activities, 1086 people were killed while 354 women were
deprived of their sanctity, in north west frontier province 633 were
killed while 354 women were raped, people were killed and 9 women
were raped’’.( Kukreja,1995)

Relations between civilian rulers and the army

“The civil military relations in Pakistan has never been balanced
throughout its sixty-five years of history, the military has remained
powerful than civilian institutions” “once the military begins to
dominate civil institutions and process in order to restore their lost
power and prestige vis-à-vis the military” (Rizvi, 1997)
“The most conspicuous change in civil-military relations too place in
1958, when Ayyub khan staged the first coup d’état. The second coup
took place in 1969(Yahya Khan) the third coup in 1977 (General Zia) and
the fourth in 1999(General Musharraf).”
“With the exception of a short span of 5 ½ years of civilian role (1972-
77 Bhutto era), and after 1988 to 1998-99, the military has directly
exercised power either through martial laws or through the cover of
civilianization of their regimes.”
“Both Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, failed to demonstrate
commitment to democratic ideals and respect for democratic
institutions. Their craze for absolute power obscured the possibility of
building up of their parties on democratic lines and strengthening of
democratic forces.”
Chief Marshal Pervez Mehndi Qureshi said that “the recent political
developments have been unfortunate and the armed forces of Pakistan
were forced to intervene to stem the slide of our social, economic and
political life” (Dawn, May 20, 1997)
“Benazir Bhutto became the Prime Minister of Pakistan twice in the
history from December 1988-August 1990 and from October 1993-
November1996 in each case heading a coalition government. Despite
the military distrust of the PPP.”
She was allowed to assume power in December 1988. “(Saeed, 1997)
during her Government, the economic and political mismanagement
was observed that brought bitter confrontation with her Government,
the economic and political mismanagement was observed that brought
bitter confrontation with her political opponents, paralyzing the
administration.
The military also claimed that her government’s challenged its internal
autonomy and also interfered with appointments and transfers of
military personals”. (Talbot,1999)
“In her government a conspicuous change took place when she
changed the Director General of ISI and tried to step down the
chairman of joint chief of staff committee Iftikhar Ahmad Sirohi from
his post in 1989, due to which serious clash was developed between
the civilians and military”. (Rizvi, 1995)
“After the Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif became in power, he
preserved cordial relation with the military and continued allocation to
military. But the already existed civil disorder and clash between
civilians and military of Benazir Bhutto his government faced some
serious external and internal threats”. (Ibid: 120)
“The relation between the both, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and
President Ghulam Ishaq khan had also decorated. In this time president
secured his position and dismissed Nawaz Sharif on the charge of
corruption.” (The Daily Down, May 20, 1997)
“During his second term, Nawaz Sharif had adopted the new policy of
numerical strength in the parliament and brought change in the 1973
Constitution by adding thirteenth amendment.”

“Under which the discretionary and appointment powers of the

President with draw and shifted to Prime Minister. He also started
confirmation with judiciary, “the crisis erupted when the Chief Justice,
Sajjad Ali Shah, asked for the elevation of three Chief Justice and two
senior judges of the provincial Higher Courts to the Supreme Court.”
(Dawn December 3, 1997)
“President without the support of military was not able to dismiss the
civilian Prime Minister. Thus the civilian Government of Nawaz Sharif
faced several problems which encouraged the military to assumed
political power”.

Nawaz-Musharraf Row
“The realities of the October 12, 1999 are the realities of Pakistan
history. They said incident had started from the retreat of Pakistani
forces engaged in was against India over Tiger Hills in the Kergol
Section”
Prime Minister Mian Nawaz Sharif “after Washington Acord held at 4 th
July 1999 decided the Pakistan’s Army will quit the hills. Army and
particularly chief of Army Staff General Pervaiz Musharraf was not
prepared to retreat but this was his duty to obey the order”. (Dawn.
October 17, 1999)
Therefor Nawaz Sharif took the major decision of removing the Army
Chief General Pervaiz Musharraf from his post.
“A period of tension between Nawaz Sharif and General Pervaiz
Musharraf started. Both of them were ready to dismiss each other.
They did not like each other at all. The growing tension between them
got spur when corps commander Quetta, General Tariq Pervaiz met
with the Prime Minister General Pervaiz Musharraf termed this meeting
against the rules and regulations of the Army and sacked him as the
Chief”. (New Week, October 25, 1999)
“The termination of General Tariq Pervaiz made Prime Minister more
careful throughout his career as Prime Minister, he was unable to get
along with his Army chiefs starting with Aslam Beg, Then Asif Nawaz
and then Wahid Kakar who sent him home in 1993.”
“Returning he had to content with Jehangir Karamat who told the
country what was wrong in it and its leaders. For that he was caked.
Nawaz Sharif like Zulfiqar Ali went down the line and choose the third
in seniority, a man he look to be weak as he had no political base as
usual a bad judge of character. Nawaz Sharif had blundered General
Pervaiz Musharraf is a soldier’s soldier storing of mind.”
“Within a year the situation arose in which it was a case of Nawaz Sharif
getting side of Musharraf as Army Chief until fall 2001. But then last
week Nawaz Sharif in explicable moved against Musharraf.
“Nawaz Sharif had lost his confidence in the Army Chief and vice versa.
The Prime Minister wanted such a person near to him who gave him
safety. General Zia-u-din was most near to him so he selected him for
the post COAS and sacked General Pervaiz Musharraf.””
“Keeping in view circumstances General Musharraf dismissed the
Nawaz Sharif government on October 12, 1999 became the chief
Executive of Pakistan.”

General Pervez Musharraf Regime (1999-2007)

“Army chief general Pervez Musharraf overthrew the civilian main
Nawaz Sharif in a ‘bloodless coup on 12th October 1999’’, and became
the state’s fourth military ruler to control political power in Pakistan.
On October 12, 1999 chief of the Army staff General Pervez Musharraf
was scheduled to return from Colombo after an official visit to Sri
Lanka.”

“PIA flight PK-805 was to land at Quaid-e-Azam international airport

Karachi. The estimated time of arrival of this flight was 1855 hours. The
plane could not land as the air traffic controller refused permission for
landing anywhere in (karachipage.com).”
“His government wanted to arrest Chief of the Army Staff General
Pervez Musharraf after diverting the PIA flight from Colombo to
Karachi. The nervous conspirators instructed Shahid Khaqan Chairman
of PIA to ensure that the flight carrying General Musharraf would not
land at Karachi.”
When the PIA plane reached Karachi and told the control tower that it
is short of fuel, the Civil Aviation Authority personnel directed the pilot
to take it to any neighboring country.”
“The corps commander Lieutenant General Mustafa Usmani, He was at
the airport to receive the army chief under a contingency made a plan
for army. The situation arising out of the sacking of the army chief ,the
troops of 5 corps reserve arrived at Jinnah Terminal of Karachi Airport.
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was kept under the house arrest. In
December 2000, as a result of an agreement signed between Musharraf
Government and Nawaz Sharif the ex PM was exiled to Saudi Arabia,
along with his family members.” (The Nations May 20, 1997)
“Pakistan Television centers, Radio Stations and Telecommunication
were cut off for three hours. Later on transmission was restored at
10:25 PM.”
“Chief Executive General Pervaiz Musharraf assumed the office of the
President under the Provincial Constitutional order by removing Rafiq
Tarar who was due to complete his five year tenure on June 20, 2001
and also decided to retain the office of the chief executive.”
“He immediately dissolved the suspended senate, National and the four
Provincial Assemblies and sacked the chairman of senate and speaker
of National Assembly. Chief justice Irshad the Chief Executive Order
Number Three under which it was decided that the Chief Executive
would hold office as president until his successors enters upon his
office”. (Shahid, 2010:331)
“Court ruling directing to the government to hold elections by October
2002 was very clear.” (storyofpakistan.com-2001)

Referendum 2002
“In 2002 president General Pervaiz Musharraf announced that
referendum would be held to restore democracy in the real sense. He
said that “I have no wish to remain on the chair of president but I want
to restore democracy in Pakistan so this compelled me to take part in
politics.”
“For this purpose referendum is the cry off the day. Chief Election
Commissioners, Chief Justice Irshad Hassan Khan were given the task to
fix date for referendum. The Chief Election Commissioner fixed 30 th
April, 2002 for referendum.”
“On April 14,2002 a meeting was held under the Chief Election
Commissioner to discuss the issue related to referendum, CEC provided
all the requirements, Ballot papers were issued all over the country.”
“President General Pervaiz Musharraf visited to every corner of the
country to take the people in confidence. He was assured that we were
working according to our own agenda and we want to introduce new
reforms”. (The Daily Nation, April 15, 2002)

‘’Maulana Fazlur Rehman rejected the presidential referendum. He said

that president General Pervaiz Musharraf is legitimizing his rule through
unconstitutional acts. He requests all the political and religious forces
to boycott this move of the military regime, Amir Jumaat-I-salami also
pretested against the presidential elections’’. (The Dawn Oct 24, 1999)
“According to the Supreme Court decision referendum was considered
a lawful and constitutional matter. So the referendum was held on due
date April 30, 2002. The Chief election Commission of Pakistan has used
the resources to facilitate people’s voting in referendum.”
“There was 87000 polling stations, separate polling booths have also
been established for female voters in each polling station” (Frontier
post April 23, 2002).
“The referendum results was announced on PTV, May 1, 2002. About
97.97% votes were cast in the favor of Musharraf to remain on the
chair of President for the next five years.”
“In Punjab total votes cast were 25,933,136 out of which 2530819 votes
were in favored and 492,177 were against President Musharraf. In
Sindh the total voted cast was 10,423,644. Out of which 10,144,209,
favored and 188,899 opposed President Musharraf.”
“ In NWFP total votes cast were 383,242 and 6. And 3705991 were in
favor of General Musharraf and 140,550 were against him. In
Baluchistan 2,554,844 votes supported Musharraf put of 2,615,753
total vote cast and only 39,143 opposed him’’
“Pervaiz Musharraf said that the result of the referendum was primarily
the victory of reforms process initiated by his Government. He said that
reforms process would continue with full forces and all the
development projects would also continue I assure the nation that I will
fulfill my promises and will eradicate extremism from society’’.
(Frontier post. May 3, 2002)

Legal Framework Order 2002

Chief Executive General Musharraf issued the ‘’ Legal Framework Order
2002, on August 24, 2002’’. (Bakhtiar, 2010)
“General Musharraf said that he has been empowered by the Supreme
Court of Pakistan for amending constitution of 1973. (Ibid: 358) it was
assumed to be an integral part of the constitution and will come into
force, the legal frame work order or any part of it cannot be questioned
in any court of law for its legal validity.”
“this order of emergency, provisional constitution order, referendum
order 2002, law, appointment, orders, instruction and all ordinance
issued by general Musharraf from October 12 to August 2002 were
given legal and constitutional safeguards.”
“It was announcing general elections for the National and Provincial
Assemblies to be held in October 2002. Constitutional Provisions were
amended for smooth and orderly transition of power from the chief
Executive to the newly elected Prime Minister after the elections’’.
(Shahid, 2011:339-40)

The General Elections 2002

“After three years of military rule, the ‘’General Elections for the Nation
and Provincial assemblies were held in October 2002’’. (Dawn.com)
about seventy major and minor political parties were contested the
eighth national Parliamentarians election. The major parties contesting
the elections were Peoples party Parliamentarians.”
The major political parties were ‘’Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz
group, Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-i-Azam and the Mujtahid Majlis-
i-Amal(MNA), alliance of six religious political parties. Other political
parties contesting election at the national level included the six-party
National Alliance, Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaaf and Tahir-ul-Qadir’s Pakistan
Awami Tehrik. Several regional parties, with strongholds in their own
provinces included the Sindh-based Muttahida Qaumi Movement,
Awami National Party, Jamhuri Watan’’. (Shahid, 2011)
“There were more than 72 million registered voters the age limit was
reduced from 22 years to 18 year and “above from a population of 140
million, elected members for the 342 National Assembly seats and 728
seat of the four provisional assembles. The number of total contesters
was 2098 general seats of the National Assembly. The remaining 60
seats were reserved for women and 10 for non-Muslim minorities”.
(Ibid)
“The condemned people were barred from participation in elections
under the representation of the people’s act. “Several other politicians
were unable to contest the elections, as they did not have a Bachelor’s
Degree, which was a mandatory qualification in the elections.””
“Pakistan’s leading political personalities Benazir Bhutto of the PP and
Nawaz Sharif of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz Group were barred
from standing in the elections under the new electoral laws. And for
the first time since 1977, the minority communities that included
Christians, Hindus and Parsees contested and voted for all general seats
in the National and Assemblies”.(Storyofpakistan.Com)
The election results issued and no one political party got an overall
majority in the new National Assembly. “Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
was at the top with 126 seats and PPPP stood second majority in the
national assembly with seats”.
“The religious alliance known a Muttahida Majlis-i-Amal (MMA)
secured 63 seats, emerging as the third largest party in the National
Assembly elections after a total of 121 seats were won but three major
anti-Government parties, including 62 seats by PPPP,51 by MNA and
PML (N) won 14 seats.”(Shahid,2011)

State of emergency 2007

“In November 2007 once again the law and order worsened, a suicidal
bombing and while on the other hand Supreme Court of Pakistan
delayed in announcing its decision on Musharraf candidacy also added
fuel to fire”.
“General Pervaiz Musharraf declared a state of emergency on
November 3, 2007 in Pakistan and issued a Provisional Constitutional
Order under which, the Constitution was suspended, the federal
cabinet ceased to exit, and the justices were ordered to take a fresh
oath according to new provisional constitution order.’ (The Daily Down,
May 20, 2007)
“After the imposition of emergency, the political situation in the
country change. There were wide scale agitation and protests against
emergency. Several political activities of major political parties, lawyers,
journalists and member of the civil society were arrest.”
“Those judges who refused to take new oath according to the
Provisional Constitution were sent to home. It was also announced that
the state of emergency would end in November or early December
2007.”

Impacts of Musharraf Regime on Pakistan

The impacts of Musharraf regime on Pakistan as follow;-

Rise of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal

“In Afghanistan political vacuum was filled by Taliban supported by
Pakistan. Then Interior Minister Naseer Ullah Babar congratulated
Taliban on Torkham border.”
“After 9/11 incident, USA demanded to handover Osama Bin Laden, the
suspect of the incident. Mullah Umar consulted the Shore and said that
Osama was not in Afghanistan. So, USA attacked Afghanistan and
destroyed the country very badly.”
“The people of this province overwhelmingly supported MMA in the
election because of their anti-American and pro-Taliban policy. MMA
swept the polls. MMA made government in KPK.” (Dawn.Com)
Tribal issue/War in the settled Districts
“USA pressurized Pakistan to crush Al-Qaeda remains in North
Waziristan, Vanna. Government of Pakistan sent troops there and a
huge operation was carried out. Many people including Pak Army were
shot dead there.”
“There was loss of property and innocent lives. Today there is strong
anti-USA feeling in Vanna in particular while in the province in general.
Religious political parties strongly condemned pro-American polices.”
“Awami National Party, being the leftist also criticized government’s
attitude. So, destruction of Waziristan is the impact of Afghan crises.”
(Maliha, 2011)
“Now the US-Taliban war has expanded in the tribal belt where
American army plus Pakistan military has started operation against the
so-called terrorists. The war is in full swing in many seeded areas like
Sawat,Dir and Hangul ets.US piolets Drones fighter planes cross the
Durand Line and drop bullets”.

Law and order situation

“During the military regime the law and order situation, due to an
undisciplined storm of Afghan refugees, government is not in position
to control their activities. Therefore, these refugees have produced law
and order situation. Government is not in position to face these people
easily”.
“Now there are attacks, bomb blasts, hijacking, hostages and suicides
by Taliban in the whole province. Many politicians like Aftab Sherpa and
Asfandyar Wall Khan have been targeted with narrow escape. The
government to officials and ministers are confined to Peshawar or
under high security”. (Rabani, 2010)
Nuclear Crises in Musharraf Era
“During the General Musharraf regime the country entered in the grip
of a nuclear crises. In 2004, ‘’after a report from the International
Atomic Energy Agency, in which some nuclear scientists from the
kahuta Research Laboratories were investigated to know enquire about
the transference of technical information to the countries like Iran and
Libya declared”.
“Dr.Abdul Qadeer Khan happened to be the Iinehpin in all this
mechanism, therefore he was declared as the persona non grata in the
event’’ (Dawn.com)
“There were different public opinions over the fortune of Dr. A.Q Khan.
Certain opinion makers declared that ‘’the worthy scientists as patriots
of highest order surrendered their everything for making Pakistan a
nuclear power. And the others became a pariah. An informal reader
was lost in this mist of contradictory opinions and does not know where
the truth lies’’. (Shahid, 2011)
“Historically speaking that, after the demise of Z.A.Bhutto, the nuclear
project of Pakistan’s became a baby of the army and only Ghulam Ishaq
Khan was remained involve in the protest.’’After Zia when democracy
was received Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the army thought it expedient to
keep it away from the democratically elected prime ministers.”
“So that both, Prime ministers Benazir and Nawaz Sharif were not
allowed to go anywhere near the kahuta Research Laboratories’’ (Ibid:
344) the situation became complex because there were some ‘’anti-
nuclear bomb people who were, as a matter of principle, opposed to
nuclear capability anywhere in the world any everyone would agree
with them in that because we have already seen its effects holocaust of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki’’.
“It is clear that before 9/11 United State was in search to find out the
access to Pakistan Nuclear programme. But after that the United State
appeared that’’ they are hell bent to tighten the noose around
Pakistan’s nuclear programme.”
However the military government had played “it’s Cards badly and has
exposed its scientists to the world instead of secretly trying them and
laying them off”.
President Musharraf and Judiciary
“Musharraf suspended the Chief Justice of Pakistan , Justice iftikhar
Muhammad Chaudhary on March 9, 2007, on the charge of misconduct
and was melting down’’ non-constitutional by president decree.
“Which declared that Chief Justice could not carry out the function of
this office. It was for the first time in the history of Pakistan that the
Chief Justice of Pakistan was suspended.”
“Chief Justice was demanded to resign, but he refused are was
detained. Meanwhile, another senior judge, Justice Javaid Iqbal, was
appointed as the acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Musharraf
moves sparked protests among Pakistani lawyers.”
“On March 12, 2007, powers across Pakistan began boycotting all court
procedures in protest against the suspension. In Islamabad, as well as
other cities such as Lahore, Karachi and Quetta, hundreds of lawyers
dressed in black suits attended rallies, condemning the suspension as
unconstitutional.”
“More than 20 lawyers were injured in clashes with police during the
demonstrations in Lahore. Slowly the expressions of support for the
ousted Chief Justice gathered momentum and by May.”
“Protestors and opposition parties took out huge rallies against
Musharraf and his tenure as army chief was also challenged in the
courts. Rallies held by the MQM and other political parties left much
causality. Opposition parties have Accused the government and rangers
of not doing enough to stop the violence. On July 20, the Supreme
Court reinstated Chaudhary. It also dismissed misconduct charges that
Musharraf field against him.”

References:
Rizvi , A.H , (2000).The Military and Politics in Pakistan 1947-
1997/Lahore: Sange-E-Meel publications.
Jan A.U, (2006) , The Musharraf factors. Lahore; Jamhuri Publishers.
Kukreja V,(1995) “ Military interference in politics: Contrasting cases of
Pakistan and India”. Edition; Political system in Pakistan vol 7. New
Delhi: Deep and deep publishers.
Talbot(1999). “Pakistan a modern history “ /Lahore :Vanguard Book Pvt
Ltd.
The Daily Dawn, May 20,1997
The Daily Dawn ,October 18,1999
The Daily Dawn ,October 19,1999
The Daily Dawn ,October 24,1999
The Nation ,October 25,1999.