Periodontology 2000, Vol. 0, 2018, 1–9 © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Printed in Singapore. All rights reserved
Crown lengthening and
restorative procedures in the
esthetic zone
M A T T E O M A R Z A D O R I *, M A R T I N A S T E F A N I N I *, M A T T E O S A N G I O R G I ,
ILHAM MOUNSSIF, CARLO MONACO & GIOVANNI ZUCCHELLI
Crown lengthening is one of the most common surgi-
cal procedures in periodontal practice. A recent Ameri-
can Academy of Periodontology survey reported that
approximately 10% of all periodontal surgical proce-
dures are performed in order to achieve gain in crown
length (1). The main indications of crown-lengthening
surgical procedure include treatment of subgingival
caries, crown or root fractures, altered passive erup-
tion, cervical root resorption and short clinical abut-
ment. The rationale of crown lengthening is to re-
establish the biologic width (e.g. the natural distance
between the base of the gingival sulcus and the height
of the alveolar bone) in a more apical position to avoid
a violation that may result in bone resorption, gingival
recession, inflammation or hypertrophy.
The concept of biologic width stems from the clas-
sic histologic study by Gargiulo et al. (13), who mea-
sured the average dimension of the epithelial
junction (0.97 mm) and connective tissue attachment
(1.07 mm) in humans. These values were summed to
provide the biologic width, yielding an average
dimension of 2.04 mm. A recent systematic review
(22) found similar mean values of biologic width
(2.15–2.30 mm), although considerable intra- and
interindividual variances were reported (subject sam-
ple range: 0.20–6.73 mm). The integrity of the biologic
width is considered a necessary step, in restorative
and prosthetic rehabilitations, to obtain and maintain
healthy soft tissues. While crown-lengthening proce-
dures in posterior areas have been investigated in
detail, crown lengthening performed for esthetic
*Both authors contributed equally.
PERIODONTOLOGY 2000
reasons in anterior areas is still a matter of debate. A
literature search on PubMed for ‘esthetic crown
lengthening’ returned a list of 250 articles. Among
these articles, there are no systematic reviews and
only a few controlled clinical trials (3, 5, 14, 16, 20).
Moreover, anterior crown lengthening is often
described as part of a multidisciplinary orthodontic
and restorative treatment plan. For these reasons,
although a number of surgical procedures are
described, an evidence-based technique is not avail-
able and many questions still remain unanswered.
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the descrip-
tion of the surgical and restorative phases in the
esthetic crown-lengthening procedure by answering
the following questions: what is the ideal surgical flap
design? how much supporting bone should be
removed? how should the position of the flap margin
relate to the alveolar bone at surgical closure? and
how should the healing phase be managed in relation
to the timing and the position of the provisional
restoration with respect to the gingival margin?
Soft- and hard-tissue management
Flap design (vestibular aspect)
The flap is designed by creating submarginal parabolic
incisions, starting from the angular lines of the adja-
cent teeth and crossing at the level of the interdental
papillae, thereby reproducing the natural scalloping of
a patient’s gingival margin. Correct placement of the
primary incision is based on the probing depth and on
the amount of keratinized tissue available (4, 7). In a
patient with an ‘adequate’ dimension of keratinized
1
Marzadori et al.
tissue, the distance of the primary incision from the
gingival margin is proportional to the differences in
probing depth of the adjacent teeth (6). If the amount
of keratinized tissue is ‘inadequate’, the primary inci-
sion should be intrasulcular.
Flap elevation is a controversial issue. The litera-
ture describes full-thickness (3, 19), split-thickness (2)
and split-full-split-thickness approaches (4, 18, 25).
The rationale of the split-thickness elevation is to pre-
serve the periostium in order to minimize postsurgi-
cal bone resorption and to facilitate the apical
suturing of the flap. The full-thickness approach has
the advantages of being easier to perform and of
gaining direct access to the bone than the split-full-
split-thickness and full-thickness approaches. The
split-full-split-thickness approach merges the positive
aspects of both techniques: the papillae area is ele-
vated split-thickness in order to obtain a precise post-
surgical adaptation, while, apically, a full-thickness
elevation is made in order to gain access to the bone
and to preserve the periosteum, which would other-
wise be lost during osteoplasty, at the inner aspect of
the flap. Once an adequate amount of bone has been
exposed, a split-thickness dissection can be per-
formed to facilitate the apical anchorage of the flap in
the desired position (4, 7, 25).
Flap design (palatal aspect)
The palatal flap is raised using the thinned palatal
flap approach (9). As the palatal flap cannot be
moved apically, the position of the primary incision
must anticipate the future configuration of the crestal
bone and depends on the amount of crown lengthen-
ing required and on the palatal vault anatomy. In the
presence of a shallow palatal vault the distance of the
incision from the gingival margin is exclusively
related to the amount of crown lengthening required.
In the presence of a deep palatal vault, the soft-tissue
thickness has to be taken into consideration, with
thicker soft tissues necessitating a greater amount of
tissue removal with the secondary palatal flap and
more pronounced apical repositioning of the flap.
Hence, if the deep palatal vault has thick soft tissue,
the primary incision should be less para-marginal
than if the deep palatal vault has thin tissues. Other-
wise, there is a risk of incomplete coverage of the
palatal bone. In order to avoid excessive exposure of
palatal bone, great care must be taken not to make
the incision too far from the gingival margin, espe-
cially in the case of a shallow vault or a deep palatal
vault with thick soft tissue.
2
After vestibular and palatal flap reflection, the soft
tissue delimited with the primary incisions is
removed using manual and ultrasonic devices.
Ostectomy
Ostectomy consists of the removal of supporting
bone (bone connected to the root surface with peri-
odontal ligament), and the amount of bone resected
is determined by the extent of the crown lengthening
required. Many authors have proposed a range of val-
ues (3 mm to > 5 mm) for the amount of tooth struc-
ture to be exposed during crown-lengthening
procedures (12, 15–17, 21, 23). These ‘numbers’ are
derived from the histologic description of the den-
togingival complex by Gargiulo et al. (13). Although
considerable variations were reported, the dimension
of the supra-osseous soft tissue was, on average,
2.73 mm. Other authors (16, 18) proposed a method
to measure the individual biologic width dimension
using presurgical, transmucosal probing. In particu-
lar, Lanning et al. (16) reported a biologic width aver-
age of 2.26  0.13 mm, while Perez et al. (18)
measured a mean supra-osseous gingiva of 3.63 
0.64 (range: 2.67–5.00) mm. Although the mean val-
ues of biologic width found in these studies are simi-
lar, the significant range variability observed between
patients makes it reasonable to carry out presurgical
biologic width or supra-osseous gingiva measure-
ments in order to personalize the extent of bone
removal.
Osteoplasty
Osteoplasty consists of the removal of nonsupporting
bone and aims to thin the vestibular and lingual/
palatal aspects of alveolar bone and to eliminate any
osseous ledges or exostosis. It includes techniques of
vertical grooving and radicular blending aimed at
establishing physiologic osseous morphology and
root prominence (4, 6). The amount of bone required
to be removed has not been quantified in the litera-
ture, and whether osteoplasty is needed requires a
subjective clinical judgment. However, bone reduc-
tion could be considered as complete when the flap
can be precisely adapted over the underlying bone.
Instrumentation
Bone is removed by high-speed drilling under copi-
ous irrigation with sterile water. Aggressive, multita-
pered drills can be used initially, followed by the use
of diamond burs and handheld chisels to refine the

bone surface. Care must be taken to remove all inter-
proximal bone remnants (i.e. widow’s peaks) and to
prevent inadvertent trauma to the teeth. Root planing
of the exposed root surface is carried out using ultra-
sonic and hand instruments to create a hard, smooth
and clean root surface.
Flap suturing and positioning
The flap is sutured with vertical mattress sutures
anchored to the periosteum with the rationale of
obtaining a tight adaption of the flap to the underly-
ing tissues at the desired apical position.
Esthetic considerations
The goal of esthetic surgery is to mimic, as much as
possible, the natural aspect of soft tissues and to give
a harmonious aspect to the surgical area. The presur-
gical and surgical variables to be considered to
achieve these objectives are:
 The position of the vestibular incision. As the
vestibular flap can be precisely adapted to the
bone crest and sutured at the desired position,
the vestibular incision should be mostly guided by
considering the final position of the mucogingival
line after flap suturing, with the purpose of
obtaining a uniform band of keratinized tissue
around the anterior teeth.
 Interdental soft tissues. The interdental soft tis-
sues should be left in place if no interproximal
crown lengthening is required. This is the case if a
patient is affected by buccal passive altered erup-
tion requiring restorative rehabilitation.
A B
Fig. 1. Ostectomy with esthetic proportion parameters. (A)
The right lateral incisor is the ‘guiding’ tooth being the
tooth in which the buccal bone crest has to be more api-
cally displaced because of the need to establish the ideal
distance between the bone crest and the composite
restorations. (B) The buccal and interdental bone crest of
all other teeth included in the flap design have been modi-
fied in order to accomplish the esthetic proportion criteria:
same level of the bone crest at homologous contralateral
elements, buccal bone crest of the lateral incisors more
Crown lengthening and restoration in the esthetic zone
o Ostectomy (Fig. 1). The tooth that will have the
buccal bone crest most apically displaced after
ostectomy (for a restorative, ferrule effect, or
esthetic or periodontal reasons) has to be
considered as the ‘guiding tooth’. Once the guid-
ing tooth is identified, the extent of the ostec-
tomy on the adjacent teeth should respect the
following esthetic proportion parameters: the
apicocoronal position of the bone crest should
be at the same level of homologous contralateral
elements; the position of the bone crest of the
central incisors should be at the same level or
more coronal to the bone crest of the canines;
and the position of the bone crest of the lateral
incisors should be more coronal to the bone
crest of the central incisors and canines.
 Osteoplasty. The osteoplasty must be performed
accurately in order to establish physiologic and
harmonious vestibular bone morphology. How
the bone thickness is managed has a direct influ-
ence on the appearance and rebound of soft tis-
sues and the tooth-emergence profiles.
Soft-tissue rebound
The regrowth of soft tissue after the crown-lengthen-
ing procedure has been investigated in detail. Bra €gger
et al. (5), performed a study on 25 patients to assess
changes in the soft-tissue level after a crown-length-
ening procedure with a 6-month follow-up. Immedi-
ately after suturing, the surgical procedure resulted in
apical displacement of the soft-tissue margin by an
average distance of 1.32 mm. At 6 months, stable
periodontal tissues with minimal changes in the
coronally displaced with respect to the central incisors,
buccal bone crest of the central incisors more coronally
displaced with respect to canine bone crests (white dot
lines). Also the interdental bone between lateral and
canine should be at the same level of the contralateral one
and more apical with respect to the interdental bone level
between lateral incisor and central incisor which should be
apical to the interdental bone height between central inci-
sors (black lines). This is critical for the final esthetic
appearance of the interdental papillae.
3
Marzadori et al.
gingival margin levels were reported. These data were
partially confirmed by Lanning et al. (16), in a study
on 18 patients. These authors observed no significant
change in the position of the free gingival margin
between 3- and 6-month time points (7.64  0.32
and 7.90  0.30 mm, respectively). As no postsurgical
measures of the free gingival margin were provided, a
comparison between baseline (after flap suturing)
and 3- to 6-month time points is not possible. Con-
versely, Pontoriero & Carnevale (20), in a study on 30
patients, found significant alterations of the marginal
periodontal tissues from the immediate postsurgical
level (4.8  1.7 mm interproximally and
5.7  2.4 mm buccolingually) over a 12-month heal-
ing period (1.6  1.4 mm interproximally and
2.8  2.6 mm buccolingually), indicating significant
coronal displacement of the newly formed soft-tissue
margin. Moreover, a different pattern in the healing
response between different tissue biotypes was
observed, with the coronal regrowth at interproxi-
mal and buccal/lingual sites being significantly
more pronounced in patients with a thick tissue
biotype than in patients with a thin tissue biotype.
The tendency for a coronal shift of the soft-tissue
margin during healing was also confirmed by Perez
et al. (18), Arora et al. (3), and Deas et al. (10), on
studies with 6 months of follow-up. In particular,
Arora et al. (3) and Deas et al. (10) related the tissue
rebound to the postsurgical flap position, observing
greater growth when flaps were positioned closer to
the alveolar crest. These findings underline the
importance of a presurgical evaluation by the clini-
cian, and the extent of the ostectomy should be
considered according to the tissue biotype. Also, the
clinician should be aware that the position of the
flap directly influences the soft-tissue rebound and
accordingly should choose an appropriate suture
technique.
Provisional and definitive
prosthetic management
Management of the provisional prosthetic restoration
is a fundamental step in the esthetic rehabilitation
process that often troubles both the clinician and the
patient. Three procedures can be adopted based on
the time point when the teeth are prepared and on the
position of the margins of the prosthesis with respect
to the gingival margin: (i) intra-operative tooth prepa-
ration and relining of the provisional restoration; (ii)
early tooth preparation and relining of the provisional
4
restoration; and (iii) delayed tooth preparation and
relining of the provisional restoration.
Intra-operative tooth preparation and
provisional relining
In this approach, tooth preparation is carried out dur-
ing surgery, after ostectomy and osteoplasty, usually
with the use of diamond burs. Abutments are pre-
pared with knife-edge margins at the bone crest level.
The intra-operative preparation offers the following
advantages: elimination of undercuts; root proximity
correction; and smoothing and cleansing of root sur-
faces by removing calculus and necrotic cement rem-
nants. After preparation of abutments the provisional
restoration can be relined during surgery or immedi-
ately after suturing. Prosthetic margins should be
positioned at a distance of at least 1 mm from the gin-
gival level and constantly monitored in order not to
interfere with the healing of soft tissue. The frequency
with which the provisional restoration is modified is
related to the expected soft-tissue rebound (i.e. the
position of the flap at time of suturing and the gingival
biotype) (6). The final prosthesis can be delivered
when soft-tissue stability is observed.
Early tooth preparation and provisional
relining
In this approach tooth preparation occurs after 3
weeks from the surgery (25). During this period, the
presurgical provisional restoration is left in place. The
rationale for this approach is to manage the provi-
sional prosthetic steps after the initial healing has
taken place and following restoration of the connec-
tive tissue attachment (i.e. the re-establishment of
the biologic width and during the maturation phase
of the soft tissues). In the first 3 weeks after surgery,
approximately 1 mm of bone surrounding the teeth
involved in the surgery resorbs and leaves a portion
of healthy root cementum available for connective
tissue attachment to re-form, in a more apical posi-
tion (24). The area previously occupied by the con-
nective tissue attachment, where intra-operative root
planing was performed, is now a hard, smooth and
clean surface onto which the junctional epithelium
can adhere (8). Three weeks after surgery, the probing
depth is zero and the sulcus and the interdental
papillae are still absent. From a clinical point of view,
the tooth structure that, after the soft-tissue matura-
tion, will become subgingival is now still supragingi-
val, thus facilitating management of the provisional
prosthetic restoration. The abutment preparation is

Fig. 2. Crown lengthening for esthetic reasons. (A) Patient complaints about the previous esthetic treatment. (B) Intraoral
radiographs showing no interdental bone loss.
A B
Fig. 3. (A) Pre-surgical phase. (B) Removal of the old restorations. (C) Abutment reconstruction.
A B
Fig. 4. (A) Gummy smile. (B) First provisional restorations.
now performed at, or close to, the gingival level with
a knife-edge margin and using the healed soft-tissue
margin as a guide. A new provisional restoration is
relined at the same level. The early tooth preparation
offers the following advantages (25): less aggressive
abutment preparation; the provisional prosthetic
phase does not interfere with the re-establishment of
the biologic width; no need for provisional relining at
the end of surgery; easy supragingival knife-edge
preparation using the healed soft-tissue margin as a
guide; easy supragingival relining of the provisional
restoration in a rested patient with no bleeding; con-
ditioning of the soft tissues during the maximal
Crown lengthening and restoration in the esthetic zone
C
regrowth period; and no need for retraction cords
during abutment preparation and relining of the pro-
visional restoration (necessary in the case of delayed
tooth preparation and provisional relining).
The provisional restorations are modified further
only in the interdental aspect, thus avoiding unes-
thetic exposure of tooth structure during the entire
healing phase. This also minimizes hypersensitivity.
The contact point is initially positioned at a distance
of 3 mm from the interdental soft tissues and is pro-
gressively shifted in a more coronal position, a mil-
limeter at a time, as the interdental space is filled by
the soft-tissue regrowth. Also, the convergence of the
5
Marzadori et al.

A B C

D E F

Fig. 5. The gummy smile, the absence of interdental
bone loss and the adequate interdental and palatal abut-
ment height suggest only buccal crown lengthening pro-
cedure to be performed. (A) Flap design: paramarginal
incisions. (B) Split-Full-Split thickness flap elevation. (C)
Removal of the marginal tissue and de-epithelization of
the papillae. (D) Osteoplasty and ostectomy performed
following the esthetic proportion criteria. (E) Apically
positioned flap and provisional replacement with no
need of relining. (F) Soft tissue healing after 2 weeks:
time for the impression for the new provisional
restoration.

A B C

Fig. 6. Three weeks after the surgery. (A) Feather-edge abutment preparation using the soft tissues as a guide. (B) 7 weeks
after the surgery, the papillae fill the interdental spaces. (C) The convergence of the provisional interproximal surfaces is
modified and the contact point shifted coronally to allow further growth of the papillae.

A B C

Fig. 7. Soft tissues maturation phase. (A) 3 months after the surgery the interdental spaces are filled. (B) 6 months after
surgery, soft tissues are mature and ready for the final impression. (C) Digital impression.

A B C

Fig. 8. (A) 1 year after cementation of the final restoration. (B) 3 years after cementation. (C) Radiographic control at
3 years.

6
 Crown lengthening and restoration in the esthetic zone

A B

Fig. 9. Crown lengthening for esthetic reasons. (A) Patient complaints about the previous esthetic treatment. (B) Intraoral
radiographs showing mild horizontal bone loss.

A B

Fig. 10. Pre-surgical phase. (A) Removal of the old restorations. (B) New temporary crown in position.

A B C

D E F

Fig. 11. (A) Bone recountouring (ostectomy and osteo-
plasty) was performed on the buccal and palatal aspects.
No intrasurgical abutments preparation was performed.
(B) The position of the buccal crest respects the aesthetic
proportion criteria independently of the previous length of
the temporary crowns. (C) Sutures of the apically posi-
tioned buccal flap. (D) Sutures of the apically positioned
thinned palatal flap. (E) Temporary crowns in position
with no need of rebasement. (F) 2 weeks after surgery at
the time of suture removal.

A B C

Fig. 12. Three weeks after surgery. Early restorative phase. (A) Before abutment preparation. (B) After feather edge abut-
ment preparation. (C) Rebasement of the temporary crowns.

7
Marzadori et al.

A B

Fig. 13. (A) Intermediate (4 months) maturation phase after modification of the temporary crowns. (B) 6 months after the
surgery at the time of final impression.

A B

Fig. 14. (A) 1 year after cementation of the final restoration. (B) 3 years after cementation. (C) b. Radiographic control at
3 years.

Fig. 15. Staging of the different crown lengthening prosthetic procedures.

provisional interproximal surfaces is gradually aug-
mented, to maximize the regrowth of the interdental
papillae. The frequency of the provisional modifica-
tions is related to the expected soft-tissue rebound.
The time for the final impression is specifically cho-
sen in each patient when, at the last control visit,
there is no further growth of the interdental papillae
with respect to the last contact point of the temporary
crowns (25). An example of esthetic crown lengthen-
ing limited to the buccal aspect and early restorative
phase is shown in Figs 2–8. An example of esthetic
crown lengthening and early restorative phase is
shown in Figs 9–14.
Delayed tooth preparation and
provisional relining
This approach is based on the concept of not interfer-
ing with healing of the soft tissues (11). After the
crown-lengthening procedure, the margins of the

8

provisional restoration are maintained at the presurgi-
cal level until soft-tissue stability is achieved (9–12
months). At this point, the final abutment preparation
is performed and the final prosthesis is delivered.
Conclusions
Despite the fact that crown lengthening in esthetic
areas is a widely used clinical procedure, there is a lack
of evidence in the literature regarding the description
of both surgical and prosthetic procedures. However,
some indications can be summarized:
 The objective of resective surgery is to obtain an
increase in the clinical crown length. To achieve
this, hard and soft tissues must be thinned as
much as possible in order to minimize the amount
of supporting bone removal (ostectomy):
o The surgical papillae should be elevated in a
split-thickness manner.
o The palatal flap should be elevated using the
‘thinned palatal flap approach’.
o The nonsupportive bone should be thinned to
obtain a precise flap adaptation.
o The buccal ostectomy should be performed,
after choosing the guiding tooth, following the
esthetic proportion parameters.
 Regrowth of soft tissue after the crown-lengthen-
ing procedure is dependent on individual patient
factors and the timing of the placement of the
final restoration should be chosen accordingly.
 The provisional prosthetic restoration phase
should start 3 weeks after the surgery in order not
to interfere with the re-establishment of the bio-
logic width and to condition the soft tissues dur-
ing the period of maximal regrowth.
Figure 15 summarizes the staging of crown-lengthen-
ing prosthetic procedures.
References
1. American Academy of Periodontology. 2003 Practice profile
survey: characteristics and trends in private periodontal prac-
tice. Chicago: American Academy of Periodontology, 2004.
2. Ariaudo AA, Tirrell HA. Repositioning and increasing the
zone of attached gingiva. J Periodontol 1957: 28: 106–110.
3. Arora R, Narula SC, Sharma RK, Tewari S. Evaluation of
supracrestal gingival tissue after surgical crown lengthening:
a 6-month clinical study. J Periodontol 2013: 84: 934–940.
4. Bensimon GC. Surgical crown-lengthening procedure to
enhance esthetics. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1999:
19: 332–341.
Crown lengthening and restoration in the esthetic zone
5. Bra€gger U, Lauchenauer D, Lang NP. Surgical lengthening
of the clinical crown. J Clin Periodontol 1992: 19: 58–63.
6. Calandriello M, Carnevale G, Ricci G. Parodontologia.
Bologna: Martina Press, 1980.
7. Carnevale G, Kaldahl WB. Osseous resective surgery. Peri-
odontol 2000 2000: 22: 59–87.
8. Carnevale G, Sterrantino SF, Di Febo G. Soft and hard tis-
sue wound healing following tooth preparation to the
alveolar crest. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1983: 3:
36–53.
9. Corn H. Special problems in periodontal therapy: manage-
ment of palatal area. In: Goldman HM, Cohen DW, editors.
Periodontal therapy, 6th edn. St. Luis, MO: CV Mosby Press,
1980: 1030–1036.
10. Deas DE, Mackey SA, Sagun RS Jr, Hancock RH, Gruwell SF,
Campbell CM. Crown lengthening in the maxillary anterior
region: a 6-month prospective clinical study. Int J Periodon-
tics Restorative Dent 2014: 34: 365–373.
11. Fradeani M, Barducci G. Esthetic rehabilitation in fixed
prosthodontics. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing USA,
2004.
12. Fugazzotto PA. Periodontal restorative interrelationships:
the isolated restoration. J Am Dent Assoc 1985: 110: 915–917.
13. Gargiulo AW, Wentz F, Orban B. Dimensions and relations
of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol
1961: 32: 261–267.
14. Herrero F, Scott JB, Maropis PS, Yukna RA. Clinical Com-
parison of desired versus actual amount of surgical crown
lengthening. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 568–571.
15. Inger JS, Rose LF, Coslet JG. The “biological width”, a con-
cept in periodontics and restorative dentistry. Alpha Ome-
gan 1997: 70: 62–65.
16. Lanning SK, Waldrop TC, Gunsolley JC, Maynard JG. Surgi-
cal crown lengthening: evaluation of the biological width.
J Periodontol 2003: 74: 468–474.
17. Nevins M, Skurow HM. The intracrevicular restorative mar-
gin, the biological width, and maintenance of the gingival
margin. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1984: 4: 30–49.
18. Perez JR, Smukler H, Nunn ME. Clinical evaluation of the
supraosseous gingivae before and after crown lengthening.
J Periodontol 2007: 78: 1023–1030.
19. Polack MA, Mahn DH. Biotype change for the esthetic reha-
bilitation of the smile. Esthet Restor Dent 2013: 25: 177–186.
20. Pontoriero R, Carnevale G. Surgical crown lengthening: a
12-month clinical wound healing study. J Periodontol 2001:
72: 841–848.
21. Rosenberg ES, Gaber DA, Evian C. Tooth lengthening pro-
cedures. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1980: 1: 161–172.
22. Schmidt JC, Sahrmann P, Weiger R, Schmidlin PR, Walter C.
Biologic width dimensions – a systematic review. J Clin
Periodontol 2013: 40: 493–504.
23. Wagenberg BD, Eskow RN, Langer B. Exposing adequate
tooth structure for restorative dentistry. Int J Periodontics
Restorative Dent 1989: 9: 322–331.
24. Wilderman MN, Pennel BM, King K, Barron JM. Histogene-
sis of repair following osseous surgery. J Periodontol 1970:
41: 551–565.
25. Zucchelli G, Mazzotti C, Monaco C. Standardized approach
for the early restorative phase after esthetic crown-length-
ening surgery. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2015: 35:
601–611.