|| yp iil v4 >) ) Tm allt a NEWS & TECHNOLOGY FOR THE GLOBAL er lim ee We ii e eh i a >, il “20s for Ml Naty i 4 SCY (eae Page 20 Attar fears Later | 6 lydropower Really Sustainable? | | Plant Optimization Tips | 28 irre} Plan TM} ES easy rectedDON‘T LET BECOME TURBINE TURBINE OUTAGE OUTRAGE Clean without compromise System Cleaner work VARTECH Industri n CleanerPOWER rine ESTCISIC Ren ee) www.powermag.com ‘SPEAKING OF POWER Members Benefit from Labor Unions During Pandemic GLOBAL MONITOR Fukushima’s Decade-Long Shadow Made Nuclear Safer ‘THE BIG PICTURE: The 500 Biggest Plants in the U.S. ributed Generation Part of Puerto Rico Rebui Wartsila Project Moves Forward, but Challenges Remain for Renewables in Mexico POWER Digest FOCUS ON O&M Bolting Tools Important for Operation, Maintenance of Wind Tur Solar and Storage: When It Makes Operational Sense LEGAL & REGULATORY Future of EPA's Rule on State Water Quality Certification of Federal Permits By Michael Campbell and Veronica Keithley, Stoel Rives LLP COVER FOCUS: ENERGY STORAGE “Best Is Yet to Come’ for Energy Storage Technology transportation and other businesses, and to continued growth in renewable energy. Industry execut POWER that technology advancements in bat- teries and other storage mechanisms bode wel for a fast ramp-up of utilty- and smaller installations. FEATURES: SUSTAINABILITY ‘The Hydropower Industry's Sustainability Conundrum Hydropower is still the world’s dominant source of renewable energy. It hhas not lways been a friend of the environment. The industry is working to toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improv: ind making hydropower more sustainable. NUCLEAR The Allure of TRISO Nuclear Fuel Explained Evolved from improvements to nuclear fuel concepts first proposed 60 years ago, modern tristructural isotropic (TRISO) particle fuel is gaining a lot of in- terest from the advanced reactor community—including microreactor devel opers—owing to its ability to withstand extreme temperatures. What makes this fuel form so promising? nam |roweR wor powermag com 0 2 “ ” 9 20 24 26 ONTHE COVER Vista Energy began operating a 300-MW/1,200-MWh lithium-ion battery storage system in January at its 1,020- MW Moss Landing power plant site in Monterey County, California. The bat tery storage system is the largest of its type in the world—for now. The system Comprises more than 4,500 stacked bat- tery racks or cabinets, each containing 22 individual battery modules. Courtesy: Vistra Energy —CONNECT WITH POWER If you like POWER magazine, follow us on- Line for timely industry news and comments. Become out fan at facebook.com/ POWERMagazine Follow us on Twitter @POWERmagazine Join the LinkedIn POWER magazine Group and the Women in Power Generation Group COAL Improving Load Response and NO, Emissions with Boiler Tuning and Coal-Fired Unit Optimization 28 Paying attention to combustion fundamentals may appear obvious, but it's @ critical task for engineers who must maintain and operate a coal-fired power lant. The ability to execute a boiler tune-up in the proper fashion is key to improving combustion efficiency, reducing emissions, and enhancing a unit's performance. GAS TURBINE Innovative Engineering Results in Successful Steam Blowing Operation 30 Experts from Tata Consulting Engineers Power Business Unit discuss how @ project team at a combined cycle power plant in Indonesia was able to over come challenges and successfully complete a steam blowing operation. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE Inland Power Plants Benefit from Marine Engines 34 Engines originally developed for use in the marine industry are being utilized in power plants to help support increased demand for electricity. The technol- ‘ogy not oniy can provide fast and responsive generation capacity, but it can quickly back up the power system from potential and extended blackouts, POWER IN ECUADOR Ecuador's Power Grid Gets a Massive Makeover 36 Ecuador has relied on hydropower to provide much of the country's electricity, {as the South American nation has built out its power generation over the past two decades. The country's electricity mix is set to evolve, though, as more renewables are added to the grid, along with gas-fired power—and more hy- dropower projects are taking shape as wel COMMENTARY How to Put the Power Grid to Work to Prevent Wildfires 40 By Francois Laborie, PhD, Cognite North Ameri CORR a a Re) 1 Siemens Will Cut 7800 Jobs from Gas and Power Biden Effects Reguletory Freeze, Revokes Trump Actions, Rejoins Paris Agreement '§ GE Gas Turbines Will Replace Coal at Colorado Plant '§ Honeywell to Reopen Sole U.S. Uranium Conversion Plant Coal-Fired Power Off US. Grid by 2033 ide Join in Hydrogen Effort GE Suing Siemens, Alleging ‘Stolen Trade Secrets’ 1 Vistra Energizes Massive 1.2-GWh Battery System at California Gas Plant tls Nuclear Power Poised for a Resurgence? '§ Court Kills Trump Rule on Power Plant Emissions 'm NuScale SMR Chosen for UK Wind-Nuclear Hybrid 1 DOE Rolls Out Nuclear Innovation ‘Blueprint’ Ahead of Biden Administration Takeover wwe powermag com rower |icn201POWER EDITORIAL & PRODUCTION total Director: Doty Lows Sororsh@eccessnecom {nace Bor: Aaron Larson, sersonGacosentl mn Senior Associate Editor Sos Pats site@ocinsetal om ‘Asecat ator: Dovel Proctor dpoctor@accosaicon Senior Gaphe Designer sr Bctiron rrodeccssnt! sm Senior Production Menoger: uh Foo. foodaecesnntl am contibutors Jon Be Mat Kastan Mae Cabal roa Katy Tey Cok Bree Prt PE: Robot Dessa: Ragen Ramee: ‘Sent nnd Gaal Lande Pak Bagh PRD: and Vie President ond Group Publisher Energy 8 Enginerng Group: Mstinow Get, 71.219 182, mtg ponemog om ADVERTISING SALES. este USCanea: Crete Hartet 7198298329, ren@accessnte com xstom US/Canada atin Aron: Tory Dns, 44634512, tSetponermag cm UeBeneue/Seandinaia Gormany! lyon’ Popa Japan ind Fernecs Siva, «20 0) 22646718 foaco@aareit Rudy eng, +86 1988181202, ro enger com Kamo ln, 0819569 235 pratt cont Foredoon 8. 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BOK 2882, {endon ON NEC 692 ‘Sutecrtions: alae sto Caige ony for als ih encte eltes, independent gonering comoaties, ‘oreuing engrnarag fms, poets noises, on) cee trartocuing ites Al obers inte US. nd US featessone: one you 11697 tnd two yee ST9100.o ‘Cnn ono Yow USS32597 and sno yews USS'ED00. (ute the US and Canad: one yor US700 a tw0 yes USS98800: Pyrat m fl rst ear rato ‘renwal ore ct 475017681 Sang cay ce $88 Th pbise! eserves he sgh aca Feet ay Oe ‘oot twa woes or spent te fst 2050 ‘asergtora Mung anes must be chee wth eee For customer service amd adress changes, ) Members Benefit from Labor Unions During Pandemic 778,000 active members and retirees from a wide variety of fields, including uti- ities, construction, telecommunications, broadcasting, manufacturing, railroads, ‘and government. However, it iS not the ‘only union that represents power indus: try workers. Another isthe Utility Workers Union of America (UWUA), which says it represents about 50,000 active members ‘employed in the energy, electric, gas, steam, water, and related professional, technical, and service industries Working Together with Employers In an exclusive interview with POWER, UWUA President James T. Slevin said there is a common misperception sue rounding employer and organized labor interactions. Slevin suggested many peo- ple believe there is a contentious atmo- sphere between the groups, but he said, "That's not true. We have some great re- lationships with employers and strive in ‘common goals with the employers” Slevin said, “Employers are realizing that ‘organized labor brings a lot to the table’ Union workers are not only skiled, but also ‘devoted to their craft. They typically provide ‘great stability to the workforce, and often remain in thet fied fr lifelong careers. They ‘also bring a sense of pride to the industry. "Some of that's missing today, and | think unions and companies that work in com> ‘mon goals have that in a way,’ Slevin said Although the power landscape is chang ing, with more renewable energy resources being added to the grid, while conventional ‘coaHfired and nuclear plants are being re- tired, Slevin suggested workers from the thermal power stations stil offer great value to the industry. “I consider our utility ‘workers veterans of energy’ he said. “No disrespect to our men and women in the ‘armed service, but these are veterans of ‘energy. They ve provided for the communi- ties and safeguarded the communities over, ‘decades. And just like our armed service ‘veterans—we shouldn't throw them on the street—and we shouldn't forget about our utiity workers as we change and we do 2 dtferent fashion today’ —Aaron Larson is POWER's executive editor. Power |i 221Renewable energy solutions don't have to be complicated. We can help you increase efficiency, reduce fuel costs, and minimize environmental impact, all with a Cleaver-Brooks HRSG system. Discover how Cleaver-Brooks can help you make a difference in your corner of the world by scanning the code below.Ue AU Fukushima’s Decade-Long ‘Shadow Made Nuclear Safer Koji Okamoto, director general of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency's (WAEAs) Collaborative Laboratories for Advanced Decommissioning Science (CLADS), can pinpoint the specific mo- ment that cemented his calling. Ten years ago, he was a University of Tokyo nuclear engineering professor work- ing on nuclear safety measures as part of @ government council. He was on a business trip in the UK when he first leamed a 3-minute, magnitude 9.0 tem- blor had rocked Japan's eastern coast ‘on March 11, 2011, inundating it with a series of tsunami waves as tall as 38.9 meters (130 feet). The next day, though his business took him to Germany, he watched aghast on television as the cri- sis amplified into a nuclear emergency at Tokyo Electric Power Co's (TEPCO's) ssicunit Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Sta- tion, and prompted the first hydrogen explosion at Unit 1, severely damaging its reactor building “I never imagined that a reactor build- ing would be destroyed by a hydrogen explosion,” Okamoto recalled. “I was shocked, and at the same time decided to dedicate the rest of my life to the han- dling of this accident,” he said, Okamoto was prescient. In the days that followed, the catastrophe only deepened, and in the decade since, it has had vast, serious and complex im- ications. AS chronicled in myriad re- ports over the past 10 years, the plant was stricken by a 15-meter (49-foot) tsu- nami that inundated most of its backup power supply (12 of 13 emergency die- sel generators located in the basements. of the turbine buildings), and interrupted. critical cooling functions at the plant's, three units that were operating at the time: Daichi 1, 2, and 3. Despite efforts to maintain control, the reactor cores of Units 1, 2, and 3 ‘overheated, and their nuclear fuel melt- ‘ed. A reaction between the zirconium of the fuel-cladding tubes and water vapor generated a large amount of hydrogen, ‘and the gas and radioactive materials. discharged into the primary containment vessel (PCV) when TEPCO depressurized the reactor pressure vessels (through ‘wet well venting). The gas containing the hydrogen leaked and accumulated in the upper area of the reactor buildings and 1. Inside the spent fue! poo! of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 4. Cour tesy: Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) triggered an explosion at Unit 1 on March 12, and, two days later, at Unit 3. At Unit 4, which had been shut down for period- ic inspection, the nuclear fuel had been trensferred to @ spent fuel pool (Figure 1), But after the tsunami, both cooling and feedwater functions were lost, forc- ing crews to spray water over the pool. On March 15, the reactor building of that Unit as exploded Ten years later, fuel and debris re- moval at Daichi is ongoing. While TEP- CO and the government continue to ‘grapple with contaminated water accu- mulation, work is continuing—despite COVID-19 challenges—to remove fuel debris at Unit 2 (Figure 2) and Unit 3's spent fuel pool. Decommissioning enti- ties have so far deployed various mea- sures to remove rubble accumulated in the buildings and investigate the condi- tion inside the PCVs using robots. Ac- cording to Japan's July 2020-revised long-term roadmap, fuel removal from all spent fuel pools is expected by 2032 Plans also entail installation of “large cover” at Unit 1 around 2023, enabling removal of rubble at Unit 1, but actual fuel removal is slated to begin at Unit 1 ‘and 2 between 2024 and 2028. ‘Theaccident has been especially costly to TEPCO. As of April 2020, the company had paid $95 billion in compensation. A district court in September 2019, howev- et, acquitted three TEPCO management members accused of professional negl- gence that led to the accident. (On a wider level, Japan, which contin- tues to be rattled by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunamis that resulted in at least 22,000 deaths including indirect fatalities, has ramped up stringent over sight on its nuclear industry. The toll on its nuclear generators has been steep. In Fukushima’s immediate aftermath, Japan issued safety regulations and reviews that affected its entire 50-reactor fleet. Between September 2013—when Ohi 3 and 4 were shut down—and August 2018, when Sendai 1 and 2 restarted, Japan's entire reactor fleet went black As of February 2021, only nine of 33 op- erable reactors had restarted, though 16 others had garnered the Nuclear Regu- latory Authority's (NRAs) permission to restart. Delays have been pegged on lawsuits to general public distrust of the ‘nuclear industry—which was worsened in 2020 by a bribery scandal allegedly in- volving Kansai Electric Power Co, But Fukushima’s devastation also had wide implications for the global power industry. In particular, it altered the trajectory of global nuclear power during @ decade that many anticipated would mark a “nuclear renaissance In 2009, even as a global financial cri- sis bore into investment decisions, the Nuclear Energy Agency's (NEAS) high-case scenario projected a 50% in- crease in worldwide nuclear capacity— up from 372 GWe to 616 GWe by 2028, and virtually doubling to 781 GWe by 2035. In 2020—when total global nu clear capacity stood at 393 GWe—the sector's future remained uncertain Last year, NEA suggested it faced a contraction to 354 GWe in a low case or extraordinary growth to 626 GWe in a high case Much of this uncertainty is driven by policy. An international fallout began in the immediate aftermath of the catastro- phe, as governments all over the world issued a range of political decisions to address nuclear safety. However, only 2._ A trame grab from an April 2018 video that ‘shows the inside of the containment vessel at Unit 2. Courtesy: International Research Ins tute for Nuclear Decommissioning (RID) power |iGermany acted decisively months af ter Fukushima to phase out all of its 17 operational reactors by 2022. In 2017, Taiwan followed suit out its four nuclear piants by 2025. jtzerland, prominently, backed a mora: torium on nuclear construction in 2017, a number of countries cut back of nuclear power that it In order to solve any e neering problem, or even a social or daily ife problem, we identity the benefits isks that can be expected from an maximize the benefits that can 4 at the same time, lad ‘Actions to reduce are ra nuclear power gen: eration has the potential fo it has the benefit of producing a large amount of electricity at ww doing strange things to stop ear » search 0 risk’ even though we should weigh them and enjoy the ben- efits; he nucle be obtained, a ss] risk." h wv cost. Japan jet generation \dustry largely agrees. as [ate Full Steam Ahead! Fukushima snapped nuclear generators worldwide out of complacency and it has made nuclear overwhelmingly sat er. In a recent report surveying lessons leamed from Fukushima over the las decade, the International Atomik Agency (IAEA) painstakingly analyzed drivers behind countless actions by ge of stake! ders to address safety risks Fukushima unveiled. "A c requirements,’ it said, but “son taken by the individual plant owners and/ or as suggested by the association o operating organizations, and technology nets’ groups: ‘Among the delug en actions, for example, ar measures that require ation of external hazards and plant responses Many countries also required procure ment of mobile or permanent equip- ment to provide power and water, cope with beyond-design-basis (BDB events, nstallation modification of permanently designed systems, structures, and components such as spent fuel cooling and moni toring, and fing structures. Regulators also required a revision of severe accident management cepts and guidelines, and gen regarding o human, and equipmen The list of self-driven actions by in- dividual stations or companies is also lengthy. In France, for example, Elec tricité de France decided to install so- called “ultimate diesel generators” at facilities, In the U.S, (where all efforts reviewed by the Nuclear Regula tory Commission {NRC)), several plants installed two pathways to transfer water toa spent fuel pool, and at least one gen erator installed “higher capability” diesel pumps. nt these additional safety enhancements were costly, the IAEA noted. In Japan, ex plants that built high con: crete seawalls approached $1 billion per unit. In the U.S., according to the Fukushima NearTerm Task Force, NRC- mandated safety enhancements cost an estimated $23.5 billion for the 104 reactors (which were operational over the last dec Self-driven may have added another $40 unit, the ageney said. In Franc ss PROS ZOND) This is what “Essential Business” looks like... Two GT-HRSG Units shipping out to provide electricity for a large U.S. Government facility. Thus far, three major HRSG projects have been built and delivered by Victory Energy during th Pee When you need FAST TRACK solutions, call the efficiency experts: 877-783-2665. ABMA Sd Pe a) x Tg trom aan roGL 0GAL MON TOR THE BIG PICTURE: The 500 Biggest Plants in the U.S. According to Energy Information Administration (EIA) data, at the end of December 2019, 22,731 electric units were installed at 10,346 utiity-scale power plants in the U.S. If ranked by nameplate capacity, the largest 500 operable power plants are mostly thermal generators, Most of the largest 500 proposed power plants are much smaller. The proposed or under-construction fleet is also dominated by many more natural gas, wind, solar, and battery storage installations Source: EIA-860 (September 15, 2020, Final 2019data) BIGGEST 500 OPERABLE POWER PLANTS. BIGGEST 500 POWER PLANTS THAT ARE PROPOSED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION Sonal Patel is POWER's senior associate editor. Nameplate Capacity (MW) 75 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 > 4,600 Technology 1 Batteries 1 Conventional Hydroelectric 1 Conventional Steam Coal 1H Hydroelectric Pumped Storage 1 Natural Gas-Fired Combined Cycle 1 Natural Gas-Fired Combustion Turbine = Natural Gas Steam Turbine Natural Gas with Compressed Air Storage Mi Nuclear 1 Offshore Wind Turbine 1B Onshore Wind Turbine I Petroleum Coke 1 Petroleum Liquids “1B Solar Photovoltaic 1H Solar Thermal without Energy Storage owen |inal costs are estimated at $80 million for each of its 58 units. And in Brazil Eletronuclear reportedly looked to spend $200 million on stress tests and modification work at Angra. It was worth it, said the IAEA. “In a few cases, public (as stakeholder or in form of societal opinion) has played role in driving the extent of actions by the op- erating organizations to establish public comfort and confidence. It should also be noted that, following the accident and its continued consequences, there has been a keen interest in (and scru- tiny of utilities’ initiatives as @ bottom- up approach by various stakeholders, particularly the public” the agency said But implementing these solutions also prompted innovation—such as for the development of accident-tolerant fuels, inwvessel retention, and passive cool- ing. It also promoted progression and modernization, including the use of new digital capabilities to assess and ensure overall safety and performance ‘Okamoto, who has frequently visit- ed the Fukushima site and often looks out into the “quiet and beautiful Pa- cific Ocean” there, senses reconstruc- tion is on the horizon. “Ten years have passed since the Fukushima nuclear accident, but let's reflect on the ac- cident and use the lessons learned to promote the development of new nuclear power and the reconstruction of Fukushima,” he said, —Sonal Patel is POWER'S senior associate editor. Upgrades to the power grid are needed worldwide, and energy companies are working on the best solutions for pro- viding reliable and resilient power in a cost-efficient and timely fashion. Areas hit hard by natural disasters in recent years are seeing much of the activity lots of work is occurring in Puerto Rico, where the power grid has been devas- tated by hurricanes, most notably Maria in 2017, Since that storm, the island is now home to several projects designed to increase the stability of the electricity supply, and commercial and industrial (C&l) enterprises have been instaling their own distributed generation sys- tems to become more energy seltreli- ant and sustainable. Viking Cold Solutions, based in Hous ton, Texas, recently completed work on the first phase of a cold storage facility project at a former PepsiCo bottling and distribution plant in Puerto Rico, using the company's thermal energy storage (TES) technology. The project's second phase will include a build-out of the fa- cilty and could eventually feature onsite solar power. The thermal storage project, began when Isla Frio Refrigeration Corp. 2 cold storage firm, acquired the former PepsiCo facility, and decided to renovate the 147000-squarefoot building into a state-of-the-art frozen and refrigerated food warehouse. The goal of the $10 million project is to supply hurricane resistant cold and dry storage space for 3. The Enemet combined heat and power (CHP) project in Puerto Rico is being devel: oped for a pharmaceutical company. Enemmet is working with Logic Energy, AM Electric ‘and engine provider 2G Energy to deploy the ‘3.4MUW CHP system, which wil provide both electricity and steam to Neoipharma. Cou tesy: Enernet Global the island, with the use of Viking’s TES technology to control the building's tem- perature in the event of a power outage. Enernet Global Inc., @ global dis- tributed energy service company with US. headquarters in New York City, provides another example. It is building ‘a combined heat and power (CHP) proj ect for Neolpharma inc. PR, a pharma- ceutical company, in Puerto Rico. The Enernet project (Figure 3), like many new CHP installations globally, is de- signed to provide affordable electricity and a robust power supply, while re- ducing emissions of greenhouse gases as companies move toward more sus- tainable business practices. The Puerto Rico Electric Power Au: AAA AAHE) iled ” Tia rust. Shock Pulse Generator for highly efficient online boiler cleaning Significant increase of boiler efficiency and plant availablity Exceptional removal of slag and fly ash deposits Universally applicable from furnace to economizer No thermal abrasion or damaging of boiler tubes ‘Modular and compact system, controlled by PLC Reduced cost of investment, operation and maintenance Proven technology with over 700 installations in 20+ countries Plant application range: WEE, Biomass, Sewage Sludge, Hazardous Waste, Coal Filters, Cement Kilns, HRSG Infoserptosionpowerchthority has embarked on a $20 billion plan to rebuild the island's power grid The initiative includes a commitment to generate 40% ofthe island's power from renewable resources by 2025, and 100% by 2050. C8 enterprises using distribut- ion are a large part of Puerto Rico is a core market for En- cemet and we are excited to be embark- ing on this project with Neoipharma This CHP piant will reduce emissions by 30%, oF more than 8,000 tons of CO, per year” said Paul Matthews, Enernet CEO, in an interview with POWER. “Our mis- sion is to drive the energy transition in Puerto Rico for years to come, bringing ‘our energy-as-a-service model to indus- trials and communities. This delivers sav- ings and significant carbon reductions while providing more resilient systems and energy independence—all at_no capital cost.” Enemet will build, own, and operate the plant, which is set to begin operat- ing this month. The company is working with Logic Energy, AM Electric, and en- gine provider 2G Energy to deploy the 3.4-MW CHP system, which will provide both electricity and steam to Neolphar ‘ma, a subsidiary of a Mexican pharma- ceutical manufacturer, under @ 12-year power purchase agreement. The Puerto Rico project is emong the on- and offgrid generation projects the company has deployed in the Ca- ribbean, Australia, the Philippines, and sub-Saharan Africa. The projects include renewable energy, battery storage, co- generation, and upgrades to existing thermal or grid supply Philip Henry de Frehan, Enemet’s vice president of Business Development, added, “This system will be commis- sioned in March 2021. We are incredibly thankful to partners AM Electric, Logic Energy, and 2G for delivering the project, in a record five-month timeframe from start to finish” Marco Monrouzeau, vice president of ‘Administration and CFO for Neolpharma, said, “This plant will improve power re- liability for our facility and enable us to reduce operating costs and achieve ‘emissions reduction targets.” Matthews said Puerto Rico, because ‘50 much of the country’s energy infra- structure has had to be rebuilt, has an ‘opportunity to use the latest technology and achieve other goals while upgrading its power production and delivery sys- tems. “Everyone these days, thankfully and happily, has ESG lenvironmental, so- cial, and governance] goals, and targets for greenhouse gas reduction. What's also important is that people want to pay less for their power, and that there is reli- ability and sustainability .. to ensure that there are no frequency or voltage issues, ‘whether it's @ hotelier in the Philippines, ‘or a pharmaceutical company in Puerto Rico, at the end of the day, they all want to replace thermal [power] and reduce ‘emissions, and save money” Matthews said that also means companies are con- sidering a range of technologies to ac- ‘complish those goals, and noted, “The focus of the {COVID-19] pandemic has brought even more focus toward reliabil ity and cost reduction.” The pandemic also amplified the in- creased need for more cold storage ca- pacity in Puerto Rico, and the island-wide shortage of warehouse space. “Puerto Rico has always been very important to Viking Cold Solutions. Our first ware house installation was on this beautiful island, and it's appropriate that our first new cold storage construction project be right here in Cidra” said Paul Robbins, the founder of Viking Cold Solutions. Construction of the Isia Frio project began in June 2020. Robbins noted itis the company's first system installation to be part of a facility's original design ‘and construction plan; previous installe- tions have been facility retrofit projects. ‘The TES technology means carbon emis- sions and energy use is minimized, pow= er resilience and flexibility are increased, ‘and electricity costs are lowered. The building is stil connected to a large die~ sel generator to provide backup power, but during extended grid interruptions ‘or power outages, the generator and its fuel can be conserved because the TES technology provides builtin temperature resilience to protect food up to several days without power. Matthews said designing systems for C&l customers is never a “one-size-fits- all process,” but rather requires a look at several factors to determine the best solution. “We're not a fixed solution provider” he said. “I's not just rooftop solar, or ust CHP... it's about tailoring the system that best meets their re- ‘quirements. CHP makes sense in Puer 10 Rico because there is a lot of natural {928 available, but not a lot of space” for large projects. "We're looking at solar ‘and storage solutions in Puerto Rico ‘where there is some space" for a larger development, “in areas where custom- es are looking to reduce their pricing, reduce their emissions.” SE 608A, MNP Matthews noted the island nation’s long-standing problems with electricity reliability have figured into today’s plan- ning. “The beauty of the CHP system {for @ business] is, it's baseload, it can provide 95% of load, and it's removing the need to burn diesel. In the case of Neolpharma, we set out to design @ system to best meet their load and cost requirements, where we would finance, ‘own, and operate, using gas to provide cheaper electricity, and meet their steam ‘and heat load requirements” He said the company is doing similar work in the Philippines. “There are @ lot of islands, ‘and while @ lot of the big ones have their ‘own utilities, often they're only providing eight to 12 hours of power [each day) ‘What we do is, we go in and build a pow- er plant using their legacy generation, adding solar plus storage, and where there might be existing generation we ive them 24/7 firm power” —Darrell Proctor is associate editor for POWER. Wartsil Project Moves Forward, but Challenges Remain for Renewables in Mexico Mexico reformed. its energy market in 2013, opening the country’s energy sector to private investment. It created ‘opportunities for foreign companies to bring their expertise to Mexico, particu: larly in the renewable energy sector, @ trend continuing today despite challeng- ‘8s to foreign investment from the coun- trys current government, and a more recent effort that could deal another seri- ‘ous blow to renewable energy projects. The country’s first three clean en- ergy auctions, held in 2016 and 2017, were considered successful, as ma- jor solar and wind developers, inciud- ing EDF and Enel Green Power from Europe, SunPower from the U.S., and JinkoSolar from China, came into the market and drove electricity prices down. That changed when Andrés Manuel Lopez Obrador—known by his acronym, AMLO—took over a5 Mex ico's president in December 2018. His ‘government, considered a centerleft Nationalist group, immediately moved to undo market liberalization measures, carried out by the previous govemment of Enrique Peria Nieto. AMLO's admin- istration has focused on supporting state-owned utiity Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE); among the presi- dent's actions was canceling a fourth ‘clean energy auction within days after his election. That has slowed renewable Power |i 2214. War Coromuel, S. de FL (ECO) wind farm in known as GridSolv Max, is designed to deliver of the project. Courtesy: Wartsilé energy growth in Mexico, particularly as the AMLO administration leveled charg- es of corruption against developers of renewable energy projects and threat- ened legal action. The most recent move, a bill intro- duced in the nation’s Congress in Febru- ary, aims to change the order in which electricity is dispatched into the national Grid. It would send projects from private investors to the back of the line, behind power dispatched by CFE. Renewable energy currently is dispatched first be- cause it is the country’s cheapest elec- tricity, but the billexpected to pass, as the current government has a majority in both houses—would prioritize CFE's power. Carlos Ramirez, @ consultant at Integralia, told Mexico News Daily. “It's ‘open war. It's @ sign the government is becoming more radical” ‘Analysts have said the bill threatens ‘as much as $41 billion in private-sector investments in electricity generation in Mexico, and could bring lawsuits, with experts—including the U.S. Chamber of Commerce—saying it could run afoul of the U.S-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) free- trade agreement. Lopez Obrador, a vo- cal supporter of fossil fuels, has said his ‘country’s energy laws have left the CFE “in ruins? noting the utility lost $3 billion in the first nine months of 2020. Mexico has set a target of receiv- ing 35% of its power from clean en- ergy sources by 2024, but is expected to fall short of that goal, particulary if regulations against foreign investments become more onerous. Some renew: able energy projects continue to move forward, though; the countrys energy ministry in January said Mexico's renew- | ] ‘an energy storage system for the 5O-MW Eolica a Paz, Mexico. The Wartsili energy storage system, ‘MW for the operational ite able energy power capacity increased by 13.4% during the first 10 months of 2020, as more solar and wind plants were installed and began testing New projects are being approved: Wartsilé in February announced it has been contracted to provide what it calls a “project-critical” energy storage sys- tem for the 50-MW Eolica Coromuel, S. de R. L (ECO) wind farm in La Paz, Mex: ico (Figure 2). The Wartsila energy stor age system, known as GridSolv Max, is designed to deliver a power output of 10 MW for the operational life of the project. Wartsild also is providing a long- term service agreement that includes maintenance, remote monitoring, and performance guarantees. The ECO wind farm is owned by San Diego, California-based Eurus Energy America Corp., @ subsidiary of Tokyo, Japan-based global renewable energy company Toyota Tsusho Corp., which is the parent of Eurus Energy Group, Japan's largest renewable energy de veloper. The wind farm, along with the Wartsila energy storage system, will be connected to the local grid controlled by the National Center for Energy Con- trol (CENACE), Mexico's independent system operator. “This project will help Mexico meet, its renewable energy goals, and effi cient energy storage is a key element for its success,” said Nick Henriksen, vice president of Eurus Energy Ameri ca, in comments provided to POWER. John Robbins, business development manager for Wértsilé Energy, said, “Enabling a transition towards a 100 percent renewable energy future is central to Wartsila’s strategy, so we are Nees (108A M00 MERCURY EMISSION CONTROL When it comes to efficient waste gas treatment, HOK® Activated Lignite is th fresh sorbent. Thanks to our own raw materials base, we are one of the world’s largest producers of activated lignite. This quarantees secu- rity of supply. The constant high quality of HOK® ensures @ reliable separation of harmful substances. HOK® Activated Lignite, Good for the environment, {9004 for business. wawhokde RWEdelighted to be supporting this project our advanced energy storage solu: tion, We have demonstrated our ability to meet ECO's schedule and technical requirements, which are backed by commercial guarantees.” The Wartsila system can control the facility's ramp rate, in order to enhance generation reliability, as well as. pro- viding frequency control and capacity. Wartsilé’s GEMS smart energy m agement system will interface with and take instructions from the wind farm master controller. According to Wartsila, GEMS Js a platform that connects energy assets to energy markets in @ technically and economically optimized manner. The platform's flexible archi tecture—adjusting based on market conditions—and real-time optimization, supports the management of fluctua tions in output caused by dynamically ‘changing wind conditions How many more projects such as Wartsili’s, or other renewable energy installations, take shape could depend ‘on what happens with the new bill in Mexico's Congress, and the outcome of ‘expected legal actions. Neil Herrington, senior vice president of the Americas for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, in a statement on Feb. 5 said the bill could lead to reinstatement of government monopoly on energy in Mexico. These changes would significantly raise the cost of electricity and limit ac cess to clean energy for Mexico's citi zens," Herrington said in @ statement Unfortunately, this move is the latest in a patter of troubling decisions taken by the Government of Mexico that have undermined the confidence of foreign in vestors in the country —Darrell Proctor is associate editor for POWER. POWER Digest Hydropower Plant Comes Online in Turkey. GE Renewable Energy in Feb- ruary said the company has success- fully completed the Lower Kalekoy Hydropower plant at the Lower Kale: key Dam in Turkey, with the plant go- ing into full commercial operation wit the last of its three units connected to the regional grid. A consortium led by GE Renewable Energy's Hydro Solu- tions division provided three 155-MW vertical Francis turbines, including the control system, the balance of plant, SR GL 08AL MON TO and the switchyard for the hydropower plant. Lower Kalekéy in the sixth-larg est hydro plant in Turkey developed by the private sector in terms of installed capacity. The plant is the first in Turkey with hydropower and solar power—in this case, 80 MW of solar capacity— under the same license. Iberdrola, Irish Developer Partner on Wind Projects. Irelanc-based renew able energy developer DP Energy and Spanish energy giant Iberdrola in Febru: ary announced they have an agreement to develop three offshore wind projects off the Irish coast. Iberdrola has acquired a 3-GW pipeline of offshore wind and a majority stake in DP Energy's Irish off shore business. Atleast two of the three Potential 1-GW projects are expected to come online between 2028 and 2030. The installations involved in the DP-lber rola deal include the Inis Ealga Project off the coast of County Cork, and the Clarus Project off the coast of County Clare. Both projects are based on float: ing wind technology. The projects are considered an important part of Ireland's, Climate Action Plan, which has a goal of producing 70% of the country’s power from renewable resources by 2030 More than a Check valve It’s a Check-All ZOEl ios Coriter es] Bree leon PowsR| tic 02Solar Project Comes Online in South Africa. The Zeerust solar project in South Africa entered its operational phase in late January. The 75-MW so- lar power plant, in South Africa's North West province, supplies electricity to the grid of the state-owned utility Eskom, via Eskom’s Kameeldoorn substation The project's owner, Zeerust Solar, said the facility includes 250,080 solar panels installed on about 440 acres. The project has @ power purchase agreement be- tween Zeerust Solar and Eskom. Cobra Energia, a company based in Madrid Spain, led construction of the project which was awarded under the Renew. ‘able Energy Independent Power Pur chasing Programme. The South African government designed the program to encourage private investment in the re- newable energy sector. Cogeneration System Chosen for District Heating Projectin Poland. Cat- erpillar in February announced that En- ergetyka Ciepina Sp. z 0.0. has signed ‘an agreement with Caterpillar dealer Eneria Poland to provide an integrated cogeneration system that will supply up to 8 MW of electric power, and 79 MW of thermal power, yearround for the municipal utiity’s customers in the city of Skierniewice, Poland. The project will expand Energetyka Ciepina’s heat and ower capacity to more than 100 MW. Eneria Poland will deliver the key compo- nents of the system, which includes four Cat G3516H gas generator sets, heat re- covery components, controls, silencers, and exhaust components. The project is set to begin operation in early 2022. The new system upgrades the current dis- trict heating system, which serves more than 24,000 customers. Wind Farm Connects to Kenyan Grid. BioTherm Energy, an independent power producer based in Johannesburg, South Africa, in late January connected its Ki eto wind farm to the grid of the state- owned Kenya Power and Lighting Co. (KPLC), in preparation for the 100-MW facility entering commercial operation The Kipeto wind farm is Kenya's sec- ondargest wind power project behind the 310-MW Lake Turkana wind farm Kipeto features 60 turbines, each rated at 1.7 MW, supplied by GE Renewable Energy. The project also includes a 220- KV line that will move electricity from the wind farm to the Isinya substation in Kajiado County. The farm is located Pop-A-Plug’ Te agnor ade | a Perfect Solution for Leaking Heat Exchanger Tubes! Nees (108A M00 in the foothills of the Ngong Hills in Kajiado County, southwest of the capi tal Nairobi. Kipeto Energy, @ company formed to execute this project, is 88% ‘owned by BioTherm Energy. Craftskills, a Kenya-based company, owns the re- maining 12%. Kipeto Energy has signed @ 20-year power purchase agreement with KPLC. Trina Solar Supplies New Array in Dominican Republic. A solar power farm in the Dominican Republic (OR) will use ‘modules from Trina Solar, the company announced in late January. Trina, based in China, said it would supply 268,200 430/450 W double-glass TSM-DEG17M ‘modules to the 120-MW Sunflower Solar Park, being developed in the country’s San Cristobal province. The installation wil be the largest solar farm in the DR and one of the largest in the Caribbean region. The project is being developed by Dominican power producer Empresa Generadora de Electricidad Haina SA {EGE Haina), ond is being built by Span- ish builder Elecnor SA under an engi neering, procurement, and construction contract with EGE Haina, « —Darrell Proctor is associate ‘editor for POWER. ‘Twsted by Conventional and Nuclear Power plants around the world as the industry's leading tube leak solution, Pop-A-Plug Tube Plugs ‘rom Curtiss-Wright are engineered for optimal performance throughout the lifecycle othe heat exchanger. Controlled hycrauic instalation eliminates welding and time-consuming pre-/post-weld heat treatments that can cause damage to tubes, tube sheet ligaments, and joins. Pop-A-Plug Tube Plugs are manufactured with ASME/ASTM certitied materials, + Pressure rating 7000 PG (483 Bar6) ——* Wide range of sizes/matrias to accommodete any aplication ‘© Helium leak tight seal to 1x 10°? ce/sec. © 100% lot tested to ensure unmatched quality Fractured or sovered tubes? Ask about our Pop-A-Plug® Tube Stabilizers CURTISS ~ _— WRIGHT 877.995.7627 | est-sales@curtisswright.com | cw-estgroup.com/powermag EST Group Moro |poweR wor powermag com 8sunussuiX a) There is a trend churning in the wind power industry; it involves upgrading wind turbines with newer, more power ful generation systems. Thanks to high- er-capacity turbines and more efficient components, repowered turbines can produce up to 20% more energy annu- ally. At a time when future tax credits for wind power are uncertain, choosing to repower fleets is an efficient way to increase wind energy productivity and help ensure maintenance costs don’t exceed profits. Although beneficial, repowering is not as straightforward as it may sound. It requires bigger, more exacting equip- ment, and may result in larger nuts and bolts that are placed closer together than in the past. Whether you are con- sidering upgrading your wind turbines (or looking for safer and more efficient tools for your current fleet, now is a great time to review wind turbine main- tenance and bolting tool options. ‘A wind turbine can contain some- where around 26,000 bolts, each of them under precise bolt load and up against a variety of forces in nature, ‘Once a wind turbine is commissioned for service, a maintenance schedule dic tated by the original equipment manu facturer (OEM) must be maintained to have the tower covered by the warranty. ‘One of those regular maintenance tasks. is checking that bolt loads are within the variation specified by the OEM. In a worst-case scenario, if too many bolts. become loose, a catastrophic failure could occur. Technicians must check the load on a certain percentage of bolts, as directed by the OEM's specifications. One exam- pple might be a 10% check: Check 10% of the bolts for 10% of variance. Over time, small variances can occur because things shift and push. Or a technician could accidentally overstress a bolt and. Stretch the metal beyond a yield point. During maintenance, the technician will check whether a bolt is still as tight as it was a year ago, and either tighten it oF replace it it it went past its yield. If too many variations are found, the OEM specification may require that 100% of the bolts must be tested. 1. Maintenance schedules for wind turbines are dictated by the turbine’ original equipment manufacturer. This turbine, on an instalation in the North Sea, northwest of the German island (of Borkum, is among those using Enerpac systems and equipment. Courtesy: Enerpac Maintenance schedules are dictated by the turbine OEM, and must be main- tained and documented for the warranty. The schedule varies based on the age of the wind tower (Figure 1) or number of hours in use. For bolting, maintenance may need to occur every three months, six months, or annually. If there was zero variation in the bolted joints from the last ‘maintenance check, the wind tower oper ‘ator can ask for an exemption on the next service, which saves time and money. Controlled bolting is the process of ap- plying an accurate bolt load to a mechani- cal joint to meet design specifications, Bolt load can be measured directly using hydraulic bolt tensioners, ultrasonics, ‘ calculating torque values determined by the bolt material, size, and friction of the stud and nut. Having the means to measure bolt load during or immediately following the bolting process is essential for joint integrity and safety. Torque wrenches apply rotational force onto a nut to stretch, not yield the bolt to achieve bolt load. A hydrau- lic torque wrench, when coupled with specially designed torque pump, creates the torque output, or torque load, neces- sary to create the clamping force to se cure bolted:joint integrity. While torque wrenches and bolt ten- sioners work to accomplish the same ob- jective—to clamp nuts and bolts together for joint integrity—tensioning directly stretches the bolt against the flange rather than nut rotation from the torque wrench, Tensioning typically creates a more accu: rate load often required on larger bolts. The decision of which to use is driven by the engineer. As wind towers get repowered with bigger equipment, more exacting and reliable tools are required. New features are available on torque wrenches that set a higher standard in safety, versatility, simplicity, and perfor mance. For example, when it comes to safety, a builtin, workatheight safety tether connection, such as that on the Enerpac DSX-Series aluminum torque wrenches, helps prevent injuries to work- ers below. Meanwhile, a fully enclosed square drive keeps technicians’ hands Protected from moving parts, and its op- timized weight-to-output ratio and slim design help prevent operator fatigue. Versatility is a benefit of this modular torque wrench. The module drive units and hex cassettes are interchangeable with @ wide range of hex- and square- drive cassettes from several manufactur ets, while the combination of superior alloys makes it one of the most durable wrenches in its class Items to consider when selecting torqueing tools include handle options, size, and material strength. Some de- signs allow handles to mount on both sides of a square-drive torque wrench, | aren onMechanical Dynamics & Analysis (MD&A) experts recently performed a thermodynamic ist our client in converting their coal and natural gas plant to combined ommendations on how to improve the overall analysis to cycle operation. There were also re performance of the cycle. ering consistent quality and value with fast response and innovative srvice, OEM-alterna We focus on solutions. We } Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis a eI GL MAA is British American Biva. | Latham, NY 12110 Power Through Experience Ph: +1 (518) 399-3616 | www.MDAturbines.com DAturbines — 2B Moa Turbines Follow Us! in mga f2. Bol tensioners are typically used for controlled bolting during instalation and main: tenance checks on wind turbines, including the tower foundations. Eneypac has several tensioners in use on wind installations, including from its PGT-Series, FTR-Series, and FTE: Series. Courtesy: Enerpac which can provide safer maneuverability Push-button square drives and secured reaction arms are features that allow fast changes and adjustments, even with gloves on. Compact designs can offer a ‘smaller operating radius than larger op- tions. Other things to evaluate are the wrenchs strength-to-size ratio and flex- ‘bility of use, which can be enhanced in some cases with an optional tit-and- ‘swivel manifold for the torque hose. Bolt Tensioners ‘Specialized bolt tensioners (Figure 2) are often used for controlled bolting during installation and maintenance checks on wind turbines, including the foundations, Critical fastening applications for wind and other power generation applications, are best served by single-stage and dou- ble-deck tensioners, which provide the speed and accuracy required for safe op- eration at the wind site. There are tensioners designed specifi- cally for wind tower foundations or base bolts, such as Enerpac’s FTR-Series and FTE-Series tensioners. These elliptical ‘and round tensioners provide a fasten- ing solution on wind tower foundations. where long bolt stretch is required, and. limited space between the stud and wall prevent the use of standard tensioners, They feature an elliptical geometry, which fits in narrow foundation applications, and ‘exceeds bolt load design requirements. The torque wrench or tensioner itself does not do the work alone—itis part of @ system that also includes @ hydraulic 6 pump, hose, and accessories. Designing ‘a solution with components all ergonom- ically devised to work together enhances ‘operator safety and productivity. A com- plete system from a single brand means ‘a functional design that is intuitive to use through common fittings, safety handles, ‘and on/off pendant controls, all while en- suring hand comfort when repeatedly ‘operating the tools. ‘Torque Wrench Pumps and Accessories Given the number of bolts on a wind tower, bolting pumps should have high flow, fast performance, and portability as key advan- tages. Cordless torque wrench pumps are available and can work well for wind tower maintenance. Some are also designed for ergonomic, portable, and safe use where ‘weight and power are critical factors, SS FOCUS ON OC Accessories for torque wrenches (Fig ture 3) and tensioners can make the job easier and safer. Options are available today that enhance overall safety using patented technology that converts square rive torque wrenches into hands-free tools. With one twist of the locking col lar, the accessory minimizes exposure to pinch points and high-pressure hydraulic connections. There are also methods available to instantly validate calibration of a fully connected torque system on the job prior to use. This can eliminate the need for calibration certificates onsite, ‘and reduces time and expense of send- ing tools out for calibration confirmation. ‘As for tensioners, like torque wrench: s, pairing your hydraulic bolt tensioner ‘with a compatible bolt tensioner pump ‘and hydraulic hoses will ensure optimal productivity. Operators can choose from airdriven, electric, or manual tensioner pumps. Electric tensioner pumps can provide high efficiency with a compact and lightweight design. For example, two-stage pump can provide high flow at low pressure for fast system fils and controlled flow at high pressure for safe ‘and accurate operation, Bolting Tool Preparation Operating high-pressure hydraulics re- quires sound knowledge of how they ‘work and how they should be main: tained. The correct use and mainte- nance of these tools increases safety and reduces risk—both for the opera- tor and for the environment in which the tools are used. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration does not provide standards for high-pressure hydraulics. A good tools partner can help improve the safety of your wind turbine maintenance program. Training ‘can show technicians how to use tools property and minimize risk ns 3. Torque wrenches enable faster, easier, and safer intenance on wind turbines. New technology is converting some square drive torque wrenches into hands-free tools. Courtesy: Enerpac Power |e aFOCUS ON 08M IKI REEF As for tool maintenance, safety checks can be performed by tool OEMs. Also known as a tool crib audit, this is typically 2 visual inspection of all high-pressure hydraulic tools and 8 detailed report summarizing the condition of the tools and sug- gested improvements. This can minimize downtime and en- sure that tools are ready to perform, Often, loosening and tightening of bolted joints is a critical path item to larger maintenance outages. A too! that fails during ‘an outage can cause a tremendous headache when it comes. to workflow and keeping a project on schedule. Because work ‘must stop until the tool is repaired or replaced, you could easily incur a $50,000 delay due to downtime. A good tool supplier willbe your partner for site maintenance and help make expert decisions about the right bolting too! that will perform reliably, every time. ‘Maintenance will be an ongoing need in the wind power in: dustry. As wind energy continues to rise in popularity, the tech: nology, tools, and equipment will continue to advance as well Streamlining an operations and maintenance strategy will keep a wind farm operating efficiently, and the right tools will enable , safe performance of critical jobs. = —Jon Bice (jon.bice@enerpac.com) is director of bolting at Enerpac Americas. é Solar and Storage: When It Makes Operational Sense Energy storage is becoming increasingly important in soar in- stalations, and many renewable energy projects, including wind farms and others, are incorporating storage into their design. > Figuring out the value achieved by adding storage to a proj- 7. act may not be readily apparent at frst glance, but for the right projects in the right locations, it can pay significant dividends to your operations over time, I's important to determine not only whether the economics of adding storage to @ project makes sense, but also whether the operations and maintenance of a solar array ox other renewable energy project willbe impacted by adding a storage mechanism. Is adding storage worth the upfront investment? When large consumers “go solar” it's typically through a power pur chese agreement (PPA) that comes in the form of a doliarper kilowatthour rate. When you're financing storage along with solar, that increases the total amount of capital you have to expend, and because the storage is replenished by the solar solution, it wll erode some ofthe kWh the solution produces NO DELAYS IN OUTAGES | NFPA 701 CERTIFIED OUTDOOR TRANSPORTATION | FME PROTECTION HOT WORK AREAS | FLOOR PROTECTION mine USA Mooi |poweR ‘sv powemagcom ”Explained that way, it seems like you're paying more for less. But while storage might add to the ini- tial cost of a solar solution, it allows heavy energy consumers to address a greater percentage of their electricity costs. With just a solar solution, you might be able to offset 60% of your bill—the volumetric charges. Storage allows you to potentially address another 35%, which is based on ‘capacity and demand charges. ‘Thus, while the overall cost of the solar and storage system is higher, the aggre- {gate cost of the system and the charges. from the incumbent utility are lower, pro- viding a net benefit. Larger energy con- sumers are charged for both the kWh. they consume, as well as the maximum, ‘amount of energy they need available at any time. Storage enables the system to lower the cost of peak demand by stor ing energy at off-peak times when it's cheaper, and dispatching it during peak times when it’s worth more, often sav- ing on both peak energy and maximum. demand costs simultaneously. Calculating the Cost Savings Measuring the value of storage is a bit ‘more complex than showing the value of @ solar array. Rather than showing gen- eration from a single meter (as you do. with solar, you need to triangulate the meters on the solar and storage project with the utility meter to recreate what electricity costs would have been in the absence of storage. The value is in sub- tracting the costs of status quo operation from your electric bil Finding historical data to estimate sav- ings ahead of time can be challenging It’s easy to see on a bill how meny kWh 2 facility used over a year, but with stor age, you need all the data over 15-minute intervals. While this data is becoming in- creasingly more accessible, it can stil be tough to collect efficiently. Fortunately, there are software plat- forms that digest data from 3,000 diffe- et utilities. This allows your partner to analyze the potential value of storage, and propose a certain system size. It all rides on the shape of the load and how much potential value storage can add based on your peaks in usage Location plays @ major roe in the value of storage. In areas with utilities that use dynemic, variable timeof-use energy and demand rates, and especially in ar 28s with a combination of incentives and regulatory policies that favor storage, it can deliver a lot of value. California has led the way in terms of incentive and 1 policy programs that have since made their way to New York, Massachusetts, ‘and other states. In California, there has been strong demand for storage solutions from school districts (Figure 4), which needed ‘a way to cover that extra 35% of their ‘energy bill for demand charges. While the volumetric charges were growing SS FOCUS ON OC eration, you can level out that spike, then recharge the battery during the middle of day to prepare for the next morning, or to capture arbitrage opportunities, In an office building or a big box store, for example, you might have spikes at the start and end of the day, with heat ing, ventilation, and air conditioning ramping up or elevators running as em- A fast way to rapidly determine a good candidate for storage is to divide the total kWh used by the highest usage to get a sense of the load factor. ‘at 2% to 3% annually, demand charges ‘were escalating at 10% in recent years. So, not only was it a huge residual cost, it was likely costs would continue to grow swiftly over time. Adding a stor age solution to save money now, while also hedging against future utility costs, which historically go in one direction, ‘was common sense. While the value of storage depends ‘on a number of factors, schools are one type of facility whose energy usage falls into patterns that make storage a viable addition. A fast way to rapidly determine ‘a good candidate for storage is to divide the total kWh used by the highest usage to get a sense of the load factor, calcu- lable from a monthly electric bill, With ‘more granular interval data, the value can be honed more precisely, and visualized in outputs such as graphs, to show the peaks and valleys throughout the day. Load Curves and Peak Shaving For @ combined solar and storage proi- ‘ect, we also integrate the timing of our projected solar generation, which can make the load curve choppier, because the energy needs to be used as soon as i's produced. With storage projects, you ‘can shape the curve any way you'd like. For example, you may want to shape the curve in a way that mitigates prevailing utility tariffs now, andin the future, while ‘also capturing rapidly growing revenue ‘opportunities for storage. ‘Schools and office buildings have dis- ‘rete operating hours and predictable pattems, so their load profile typically looks lke a sine wave. At a school, there might be a spike in the morning when students ave. By discharging stored energy in the morning before solar ger- svn powermag com ployees or customers arrive and depart buildings. In this case, the load profile might look more like a suspension bridge ‘with two peaks and a lull in the middle. ‘With storage, you can flatten the towers of that bridge. On the flip side, if you have a manufac- turing facility that’s more or less running ‘around the clock, it’s difficult to predict the peak and flatten it with a two- or fourhour battery. I's like playing whack- ‘mole. On a sunny day, you could have ‘ peak at 3 p.m. when the air condition- ing starts cranking. You might be able to reduce that peak from 3 p.m. to § p.m. bbut when the battery runs out of juice at 5 pm, that becomes the new spike if ‘operations persist for an extended pe ‘0d, such as in manufacturing operations ‘working three shifts each dey. Storage makes the most sense when your facility has @ limited time period when electricity usage is high—a limited load factor—and when you're pursuing solarplus-storage project, which al lows you to apply the federal investment tax credit. Tax equity financiers also can help bridge gaps, as they typically have 2 more-efficient cost of capital than alter nate financing vehicles, enabling a lower cost for storage services. There are a number of considerations ‘around the value of storage, from your ‘energy consumption to your utilty’s ‘capacity and demand charges to your state's incentives and regulations. ‘When the right factors align, storage ‘can be a valuable addition to a solar so- lution, helping from both an operational ‘and economic standpoint. « —Matt Kaufmann is senior director of Energy Storage Solutions at Distributed ‘Solar Development (DSO). owen |e 2mLEGAL & REGULATORY ‘Campbel be reevaluated by the Biden administration is the En- vironmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Clean Water ‘Act (CWA) section 401 rule on state water quality certifica- tions of federal permits. Frustrated by states that have used their section 401 authority to thwart new energy projects— particularly natural gas pipelines—the Trump administration directed the EPA to overhaul its 50-year-old section 401 tule. The revised rule, which took effect last September, interprets state section 401 authority more narrowly, and deadlines to exercise that authority more strictly. Twenty states and several other entities immediately challenged the rule. It would not be surprising if the Biden administration ceased defending these challenges and re- vised the rule to at least broaden the grounds on which states may reject or restrict projects. Moreover, because section 401 clearly allows states to reject projects based ‘on a wide range of water quality concerns, the rule, even if it survives, may do little in practice to prevent a state that opposes a project from identifying a sufficient water qual- ity reason to reject it Section 401 is a powerful tool for states, and for tribes that are treated as states under the CWA. It prohibits is- suing a federal permit for an activity that may discharge to “waters of the United States,” unless the state where the discharge originates certifies that the discharge will com- ply with specified provisions of the CWA, including weter quality standards. A certification must include conditions necessary to ensure compliance with these provisions, as well as with “any other appropriate requirement of State law” These become conditions of any federal permit for the activity. If, however, the state fails to act on a request for certification “within a reasonable period,” not to exceed ‘one year, the certification requirement is waived. Because most activities subject to section 401 are also regulated under state law, a state ordinarily does not need section 401 to regulate the activity. Some federal laws, however, “preempt” state law, including federal laws that give the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission exclusive authority to license hydropower projects, natural gas pipe- lines, and certain other facilities. In these instances, sec- tion 401 may be the principal or only means for a state to block or restrict the facility. The EPA’ rule attempts to constrain the states’ sec- tion 401 authority by strictly interpreting the statutory deadline to make a certification decision, and by limiting the grounds for denying or conditioning a certification to specified “water quality requirements.” Under the rule, H igh on the list of Trump administration rules that will Morena | POWER oF Future of EPA’s Rule on State Water Quality Certification of Federal Permits if a state does not act on a certification request within @ year or any shorter period that the federal permitting agency determines is reasonable, certification is waived. The state may not extend this period by deeming a re- quest to be “incomplete”; the federal agency may not al- low the state more than a year; and the applicant may not agree to more time. A state can obtain more time simply by denying the cer- tification request, forcing the applicant to either challenge the denial or submit a new request, restarting the clock. Or the state may certify the project with conservative condi- tions, forcing the applicant to submit a request and sup- Porting information to modify it. In either case, obtaining a certification with acceptable conditions might stil require longer than a year. The EPAs rule also narrows the grounds on which a state may deny or condition a certification in two substantial ways. First, it interprets “any other appropriate requirement of State law” under section 401 to be limited to “regulato- ry requirements for point source discharges.” Courts have generally interpreted the statutory phrase more broadly, al- beit not uniformly. For example, many courts have held that it includes any requirement related to water quality Second, and contrary to a 1994 U.S. Supreme Court de- cision, the rule interprets section 401 to be limited to a project's discharges, not other aspects of the project that may affect water quality. These elements of the rule are the most controversial and most likely to be revised, either through litigation or modifications. The fate of the EPAS rule under the Biden administration is likely to be similar to that of Obama administration rules during the Trump presidency—multiple, protracted legal challenges to the rule, the adoption of a revised rule, and then multiple, protracted legal challenges to the revised rules, with the challengers and defenders switching sides. Section 401 is 50 years old and, like much of the rest of the CWA, needs to be clarified and updated. But with a divided and partisan Congress and almost no political consensus on water quality issues, that will not happen in the foresee- able future. The scope of the states’ section 401 authority will ikely remain in the courts, with uncertainty for years tocome,« —Michael Campbell isa partner in the Portland, Oregon, office of Stoel Rives LLP. advising energy clients on Clean Water Act section 401 and water quality issues. Veronica Keithley is a lawyer in the Seattle, Washington, office of Stoel Rives; she advises clients ‘on water quality and other environmental issues. wor powermog com ~MS ENERGY STORAGE Sl ‘Best Is Yet to Come’ for Energy Storage Technology Vue eeu hee cnet more investment, could make this d Gere MOs omens Racers Darrell Proctor any areas have been consid- Mo errricas ort cece power industry in recent years The grid continues to face several chal lenges, #© technology advancements transform the way electricity is pro duced and delivered industry analysts have told POWER that energy storage, be it from batter ies, thermal systems, mechanical stor age, hydrogen production, or pumped hydropower, is eriical to the edvence- ment of the power sector. The need for storage is considered paramount to the electatication of transportation and oth- fr businesses, and to continued growth in renewable energy "For energy storage, the bestis dei nitely yet to come.” said Ryan Brown, co-founder and CEO of Salient Energy, a Cenade-besed zincion battery manufec- turer. Brown told POWER, “We know thatthe industry is stil init infancy in almost all respects. While adoption is already meaningful and rapidly acceler ating, a clean energy world will equire tillons of dolars’ worth of additional ca- pacity to be installed The ineteasingly favorable regule- tory environment for energy storage, combined with the evolution of busi 1. Tesla is among the companies driving gro thin energy forage. The company’s Megapack technology, shown here in an artist's rendering, isa utlty-scale storage product. The company ina recent earnings report said its 2020 energy storage deployments “for the first time .. sur passed 3 GWh in as Courtesy: Testa ergy transition (see sidebar), especially when it comes to providing grid energy storage and electrifying transport. Bat- tery energy storage systems (BESS) have grown significantly in the U.S. over the past decade (Figure 1). The EIA said that in 2010, seven U.S. battery storage systems accounted for 89 MW of power capacity. By yearend 2018, there were 125 systems in operation, with 869 MW “Lithium-ion is the dominant technology, and is likely to stay that for the foreseeable future.” ness models that are bringing more capital into the space, means that the 2020s will be a breakout decade for the energy storage sector.” Brown said. The U.S. Energy Information Admin- istration (EIA) in a summer 2020 report said batteries are a key part of the en- 20 —Morten Lund, Stoel Rives LLP of installed power capacity. Those EIA figures do not include recent capacity adcitions, including the 1.2 GW of stor age installed in the U.S. in 2020 set to come online in the next year, most of it in California. Kelly Speakes-Backman, former CEO ingle year, which is an 83% increase compared to the prior year (2019) of the US. Energy Storage Association ‘who was recently named to a top post at the U.S. Dept. of Energy, told the au- dience at POWER's Distributed Energy Conference last year that additions of battery storage doubled in 2020, and probably would have tripled if not for construction slowdowns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Lower battery costs have supported growth. The EIA said the cost of utility- scale battery storage in the U.S. fell al most 70% between 2015 and 2018. The USS. National Renewable Energy Labo- ratory (NREL) projects that increased battery production, and market compe- tition, will continue to drive costs down, NREL recently said it sees mid-range costs for lithium-ion batteries falling an- other 45% by 2030. “Lithium-ion batteries remain the defining technology for new energy storage projects,” said Brown, while noting change is coming. "New tech- nologies that offer performance and material cost improvements, while tak- ing advantage of lithium-ion’s low-cost manufacturing, show serious promise for the space.” Power |i a1Range of Solutions The many types of energy storage technologies include batteries, with @ range of electrochemical storage so- lutions, including advanced chemistry batteries, flow batteries, and capaci- tors. There's also thermal storage, cap- turing heat and cold to create energy ‘on demand or offset energy needs Mechanical storage includes technolo- ies to harness kinetic or gravitational energy to store electricity “We've been following storage for years, and it's always been ‘almost’ there” said Morten Lund, a partner in the Energy Development group with Stoel Rives, end chair of the firm's En ergy Storage Initiative. Lund said having storage attached to solar power instal- lations “is almost standard for the US. You can use peakers (gas-fired peaking plants] for your short-term leveling, and storage when you need to take care of ‘overgeneration. It makes it easily the most cost-efective solution for that problem in California Figure 21 “We've been through a few technol ay cycles” Lund told POWER. “Lithi- umion is the dominant technology, and is likely to stay that for the foreseeable future. It's relatively cheap, and it works, {and) the stuff that works better right now is more expensive. In this country, these decisions are made by the mar ket, and the market looks for the good- enough, low-cost thing of the moment.” Storage tech includes pumped hydro- power, creating large-scale reservoirs ‘of energy with stored water. And then there's hydrogen—where excess elec- tricity generation can be converted into hydrogen via electrolysis and stored. “Hydrogen is by far the most exciting recent technology to be advanced by industry, albeit, it, too, is an old technol ‘ogy that has been given @ new lease on life” said Brian Restall, senior director for’ Quinbrook Infrastructure Partners, 2 renewable energy investment com: pany. “Hydrogen is by far the biggest competition to batteries for stationary ‘and vehicle applications.” Resiall said it's important to de- velop alternatives to lithium-ion-based storage systems. “As electric vehicles become more accepted and popular, lithium-ion batteries’ supply chains are coming under pressure to supply both stationary and vehicle applications,” Re- stall told POWER. “For stationary en- ergy storage, lithium-ion has a relatively limited ability to support -hourplus en ergy storage needs. As a result of this More | power Neen eee ee (1162 STORAGE Caribbean's Largest System Takes Shape Ground was broken in December for construction of the Caribbean's largest solar generation and energy storage system, being built on St. Kitts Island. It’s an example of how storage is sup- Porting the power grid, particulary in developing areas. The Government of St. Kitts and Nevis, and the state- ‘owned St. Kitts Electric Co. (SKELEC) launched the project with the owner Lecianché, @ Swiss eneray storage company that is serving as the prime engineering, procurement, and con- struction (EPC) contractor. The system will provide between 30% and 35% of the island's baseload energy needs for the next 20-25 years. The $70 millon microgrid project is 8 fully integrated system consisting of three core components: a 35,7-MW so- lar photovoltaic system (the solar field), a 14.8-MW/45.7-MWh lithium-ion bat- tery energy storage system (BESS), and Leclanché's proprietary energy ‘management system (EMS) software. The system's batteries will be housed in 14 custom-designed enclosures near the main SKELEC power station and adjacent to the solar field. A portion of the generated electricity will meet the island's daily peak power demand; the remaining energy will charge the large- scale BESS to meet a second peak de- ‘mand after the sun sets. “This clean energy project marks @ significant milestone for our citizens, tourist economy, our broader business community, and indeed the entire Ca- ribbean region’ seid Dr. The Honor and also ESG [environmental, social and governance] concerns over cobalt, it is good to see industry investing in alternative chemistry such as LFP lith- ium-iron-phosphate] to replace lithium- ion, and also the rise in flow batteries such as Eos [which offers a zinc hybrid cathode device} am hoping that hydrogen as an energy storage medium will become vi- able. Hydrogen has almost been there for a long time," said Kelly Echols, a partner with Stoel Rives and co-chair of the firm's Energy Technologies Working Group. “I'm hopeful that we may ac- tually be on the cusp, where this P2H (power to hydrogen! will become a real- ity, where it can be produced at a low- enough point to be cost-effective.” Echols told POWER, “There does able Timothy Harri, St. Kits and Nevis prime minister. “The amount of carbon dioxide emissions we will reduce— nearly three-quarters of a milion met- ric tons over 20 years—is a significant demonstration of our strong policy for clean, renewable eneray” Leclanché has worked with SKEL EC to develop the system. The com- any will own and operate the facility Under its strategic build, own, and operate model, and invest through its St. Kitts subsidiary, SOLEC Power, with partner Solrid, Its EMS software will integrate all the components of the system and efficiently manage the delivery of electricity to the SKEL: EC arid, while also providing spinning reserve, frequency regulation, and load-balancing functions. “Together, we have designed a sys- tem whose construction and ongoing ‘energy production will be paid for over time from the sale of clean and reliable solar energy. We are pleased to have accomplished both objectives while de- veloping a project financeable by well established institutional investors,” said Lecianché CEO Anil Srivastava Once completed, which is anticipat- ed in the first half of 2022, the solar and storage system will replace more than four million gallons of diese! fuel Per year. It is expected to generate about 61,300 MWh of electricity in its first year —Bryan Urban is executive vice president ‘North America for Leclanché. seem to be a demand, essentially in 2 fuel cell. You can store it longer, and with fuel cells, the storage capability, the ways you can hold onto that hy- drogen, it could be longer. There does seem to be a lot of interest in this com- bined electrical hydrogen future, where they're complementary to each other, not competitive ... where hydrogen is used in long-haul trucking, and we see interest in air transport” Eric Martin, a Stoel Rives partner focused on natural resource develop- ment, told POWER, “From a hydrogen perspective, the utilities that are fac- ing this prospect are where the public is concerned about GHG [greenhouse {gas} emissions, and climate change. It's 2 way to adapt their existing infrastruc ture in a less-climate.intensive way. eo2. The Moss Landing Energy Storage Facilty 's located at the site of Vistra Ene ‘9as-fired Moss Landing Power Plant in California, owned by V f the energy storag mber 2020. The 300-MVV/I,200-MWh battery energy storage system is among the world’ largest. Phase 2 ofthe projec 19 another 100 MWH00 MWh of capacity. Courtesy: Vista Energy previous owner, Dynegy, in 2018. Phase 1 the power grid in Dec Then there's the demand function from the end-users. If you're the owner/op- erator of a fleet, and you're [deciding) what type of vehicles you're going to have, then it's feasible [hydrogen] could be implemented” Hardware, Software, Reliability The hardware involved with energy storage—batteries, inverters, ete.—re- ceives @ lot of attention in storage dis- cussions. Shamik Mehta, director for product marketing for Data Platform, told POWER, though, that “software is ‘one of the most important BESS com- ponents. The software controls and sets limits on how much each cell can be charged to, discharged to, how fast to charge or discharge, and more Mehta said the software “has to de- tect the state of charge and depth of discharge of each individual cell and monitor each cell's health and tem- erature. When a typical battery pack can run up to tens of thousands of Cells, this quickly becomes a challenge. Whether it’s energy arbitration, demand response, or other energy storage appli- cations, the software and its associated algorithms decide the right times to charge and discharge, controlling how much, far, oF fast to charge or discharge each call and pack, and when.” "Where the battery really has a place is in reliability,” said Anthony Shaw, CEO and founder of Progen- eration Energy, a Texas-based eneroy project developer. “I think storage is the next evolution. If you're comfort- say's natural tra since it acquired the facilty’s project was connected to is expected to begin operating this year, add- able with solar, then the next step is to ask about the storage aspect. Right now, for many, storage is kind of a nice to have. The assumption is that if the battery is being used simply to store excess power, it doesn't pencil” ‘Shaw told POWER about a project his company worked on—a facility that “wanted the added benefit of backup power. For them, having a storage com- SR ENERGY STORAGE searcher at the University of Minster in Germany, said they are close to pro- ducing a battery that won't catch on fire thanks to its incorporation water, along with @ hydrophobic zinc salt. The battery could be especially ben: ficial for utility-scale energy storage, said Chunsheng Wang, director of the Center for Research in Extreme Battor- ies at the University of Maryland and a co-author of a paper that was published in the journal Science. “We think this has potential to compete with lithium ion batteries,” Wang said Zine-air batteries typically have not been used for grid energy storage be- cause of their chemical instability and relatively short lifecycle, the group said. But Wang said these batteries could be safer than lithium-ion cells because they incorporate nonflamma- ble water and “open cell architecture” rather than a closed structure. Wang said zinc also is less environmentally destructive to mine and produce com: pared with lithium. Roberto Denti, operations director at Greece-based storage developer Systems Sunlight, told POWER that while most of the focus in energy storage "has been on the consumer ‘automotive sector, there is significant ‘opportunity for development in the in: dustrial sector—more specifically, the “Hydrogen is by far the most exciting recent technology to be advanced by industry.” —Brian Restall, Quinbrook Infrastructure Partners ponent made sense” He said the cost of batteries has been an issue, but tech- nology advancements are helping in that regard. “They're moving in the right direc: tion, and they're moving very fast.” he said. “The cost of [initiating] scaled pro- duction is probably the next step” Zinc Air—a Breakthrough? An international group of researchers in January announced they had reached a breakthrough in the development of zinc-air batteries, an alternative to lithium-ion that could be cheaper to produce and involve fewer mining chal- lenges. The group, led by Wei Sun, a re- renewable energy sector, to create safe, reliable, and sustainable batteries for heavy-duty applications such as en ergy storage for solar and wind farms. The opportunity also lies in other areas where industrial batteries are needed such as shipping, electric buses, and automated guided vehicles,” or AGVs, which is Sunlight’s market. “By developing new technologies that will usher in a clean energy fu ture, we will hopefully see a wide-scale adoption of energy storage applica: tions, leading to a fully electrified in- dustry” Denti said. « —Darrell Proctor is associate editor for POWER. power |eThere's no back-up plan for picking the wrong microgrid partner. al YOU CAN’T HIT THE STOP BUTTON IN THE MIDDLE OF A PROJECT. lag Soa aan a eee eR ase T Cem When you invest in a microgrid, you aren't just picking a supplier — you are selecting a partner that will make or break your project. Don’t panic. The best way to be sure you're thinking of everything is to choose a partner who does everything. S&C is the leader in complete microgrid solutions, with the most microgrid services, hardware, controls, and software under one roof than any other integrator. Getting it right the first time saves you time and money. With S&C you get more than a reliable partner, you get dependable peace of mind. Plan for complete success with S&C, the worldwide leader in microgrid solutions.| The Hydropower Industry's Sustainability Conundrum MOM ck RUC cu Rokk unc icc ucumccccie man ecm ale) aul ssarily an environmentally friendly form of power. However, groups are working to improve hydropower technology to make it more sustainable in the long laa Aaron Larson ‘ou hear a lot of talk about sus- YVerosi these days, but what xxactly does the word mean? Ac- cording to dictionary.com, one defini tion is: “The quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long- term ecological balance” It's obviously @ worthwhile goal, but actually achiev- ing the objective is not as easy as it ‘sounds, especially for companies in the hydropower industry. ‘The largest increase in the use of renewable energy recently has come from the rapid expansion of solar and wind power. Nonetheless, hydropower remains the world’s largest source of renewable energy, accounting for more than half of the installed global renew- able energy capacity. During @ webinar hosted by the international Hydropower, Association (IHA) on Jan. 20, Roger Gill, chair of the IAS Hydropower Sustain- ability Governance Council, said, “Wind and solar have great potential, but they also have limits, It seems to me that hy-

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