8 2 = ANSI/IEEE C57.92-1981 American National Standard guide for loading mineral-oil-immersed power transformers up to oud including 100 MVA with 5°C or 65°C winding rise SRR CaAn American National Standard IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Up to and Including 100 MVA with 55 °C or 65 °C Average Winding Rise 1. Scope 1.1 This guide covers general recommendations for loading mineral-oilimmersed power trans: formers, manufactured in accordance with ANSI 'C57.12.10-1976 1]! and ANSI '57.12.80-1977 [2] and other oil-insulated power transformers up to and including 100 MVA maximum nameplate rating. Tt is based mostly on aging of the winding insulation. Loading of transformers larger than 100 MVA ‘may be limited by factors other than insulation aging such as stray flux, ete. When itis known that such limitations do not exist and insula- tion aging rather than oil temperature, gassing, tank heating, ete is the controlling factor, this, guide may be used. This guide may also be used for askarel filled transformers. 1.2 Recommendations for transformers with an insulation system which conforms to the 65 °C eure shown in Fig 1, those rated at an average winding temperature rise of 65°C and a hottestspot temperature rise of 80°C, are contained in Section 4 of this guide. Recom mendations for transformers with an insulation system which conforms to the 55°C cure shown in Fig, those rated at an average winding temperature se of 55°C anda hottestspot temperature rise of 65°C, are contained in Section 5 of this guide. 1.3 The method used for computer calculation of the Capability Tables for Normal and Moderate Sacrifice of Life in Section 4 and Section 5 of this guide and examples for developing them by hand calculations are contained in Section 6 and Section 7. "The numbers in brackets correspond to the refer: ences listed in Section ? of thir guide 2. References [1] ANSIC57.12.10-1976, American National Standard Requirements "for Transformers 230.000 Vand below, 833/958 through 8333/10 417 kVA Single Phase, 750/862 through 60 000/80 000/100 000 kVA Three Phase? [2] ANSIC57.12.90-1977, American National Standard Requirements "Load-Tap-Changing ‘Transformers 280.000 V and below, 3750/ 4687 through 60 000/80 000/100 000 kVA ‘Three Phase [8] ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-1980, General Re- quirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers [4] ANSI/IEEE C57.91-1981, Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers with 55 °C or 65°C “Average Winding Rise 3. General 3.1 Limitations ‘8.1.1 Tt must be recognized that there may be limitations to loads above rating which a ‘transformer can carry other than the capacity ‘of the windings and cooling system. Among ‘these limitations are: oil expansion, pressure in sealed units, bushings, leads, tap changers and stray flux ‘heating as well as the thermal ‘capability of associated equipment such as cables, reactors, circuit breakers, disconnecting switches, and current transformers. High am- bient temperatures will also restrict a trans- former's loadability. Any of these items may limit loading and manufacturers should be FANSI documents are avilable from The American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018,ANSUIEEE: ear azao8 consulted for advice on such limitations. Any transformer that is expected to carry heavy loads where the top-oil temperature may reach limiting values should have good oil with a flash point of not less than 145 °C since the oil in the cooling ducts adjacent to the windings may exceed the top-oil temperature by a number of degrees. Operation at hottest spot temperatures above 140°C may cause gassing in the solid insula tion and oil. Gassing may produce a potential risk to the dielectric strength integrity of the transformer and this risk should be considered when the guide is applied, 3.1.2 Transformers are sometimes installed in indoor vaults with natural ventilation, ‘This type of installation results in a higher ambient temperature than the outdoor air. The increase in effective ambient temperature for expected transformer operation must be determined before loading limitations can be estimated. 3.2 Transformer Life Expectancy ‘3.2.1 Recommendations in this guide are based on the life expectancy of transformer insulation as affected by temperature and time. 4,2,2 Transformer life expectancy at various ‘operating temperatures is not accurately known, but the information given regarding loss of insulation life at elevated temperatures is considered to be conservative and the best that can be produced from present knowledge of the subject. The word conservative is used in the sense that the actual insulation life at any temperature is expected to be not less than indicated in this guide. The effects of tempera- ture on insulation life are subject to further investigation and new data may affect future revisions of this guide. 3.2.3 In Tables 3(a)~8(u) and (a)—5(u) the normal loss of life loads are loadings which result in a daily loss of life equal to that of a continuous winding hottest-spot temperature of 110°C and 95°C for 65°C rise and 55°C rise transformers, respectively. Normal life ex pectancy is 6.5» 10* hours, a daily normal loss of life of 0.0369%, Aging at other than rated temperature is calculated using the equations for power transformer insulation life expect ancy in Fig1. The actual life should be considerably greater than 6.5 + 10* hours for the reasons mentioned in 4.1.2.4, 3.2.4 In Tables 3(a)—3(u) and 5(a)—5(u) the moderate sacrifice of life expectancy values are 10 IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OILIMMERSED POWER daily loss of insulation life which are in addition to normal loss of insulation life. 8.8. Transformer Rated Output 3.3.1 The terms rating, rated output, rated load and full load used in this guide refer to nameplate rating, 3.3.2 The temperature rise on which the rating of a transformer is based takes into consideration the experience of the industry rogarding’ (1) Insulation life as affected by operating temperatures (2) The ambient temperature assumed to exist throughout the life of the transformer 3.3,3 The actual output which a transformer ‘ean deliver at any time in service with normal life expectancy may be more or less than the ‘nameplate rating, depending upon the ambient temperature and other operating conditions. 3.4 Aging of Insulatic 3.4.1 Aging or deterioration of insulation is a function of time and temperature. Since, in ‘most apparatus, the temperature distribution is. not uniform, that part which is operating at the highest temperature will ordinarily undergo the greatest deterioration. ‘Therefore, in aging studies it is usual to consider the aging effects produced by the highest (hottest-spot) temper ature. 3.4.2 Much of the fundamental data on aging of insulation at different temperatures has been based on laboratory and model tests in which the decrease in mechanical and electrical strength has been measured. Under the auspices of the IBEB, a series of life expectancy tests were made ‘under controlled conditions on production-type distribution transformers. Data from these tests were used as the basis for the distribution transformer Life Expectancy Curves in ANSI/IEEE C57.91-1981. While these are the best insulation life data available at this time, they are not directly applicable to power transformers, Because the end point strength of insulation (the final strength of aged insulation) must be greater in power transformers and because model tests of power transformers have not yet been reported, the power transformer insulation life expectancy curves were selected to be more conservative than those used for distribution transformers The transformer life expectaney predictions contained herein are based on the insulation life expectancy curves shown in Fig 1 and do‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE ANSI/IEBE cs7.92-1981 f Fig Life Expectaney Curve not take into account deterioration of gaskets, rusting of tanks, ete which result from factors other than winding temperatures. While the life expectancy curves are believed to be conservative, any estimates of trans former life derived therefrom are intended only as.a guide, 3.4.3 Because the cumulative effects of tem- perature and time in causing deterioration of ‘transformer insulation are not thoroughly es- tablished, it is not possible to predict with any reat degree of accuracy the length of life of a transformer even under constant or closely controlled conditions, much less under widely varying service conditions. ‘9.4.4 The relation of insulation deterioration to changes in time and temperature is assumed to follow an adaptation of the Arrhenius reaction rate theory which states that the logarithm of insulation life is a function of the reciprocal of absolute temperature: ASB Lote (hours of life) = 97 (aq) where Tr absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin (Oy, + 273) = hottest spot temperature, °C ‘A and B= constants from desired life expectancy curve ‘A and B values for both logy. and log. are shown on Fig 1. uwANSIIBEE, 57.92.1981 3.4.5 The many variables mentioned, and particularly the many varying conditions of load and ambient to which a transformer can bbe subjected in service, make it impossible to give definite rules for the loading of trans- formers. It is possible to give only suggested loadings under specified conditions with the expectation that the user will adjust this information to suit his particular application. 8.5. Ambient Temperatures and Its Influence fon Loading. Ambient temperature is an impor. tant factor in determining the load capability of a transformer since the temperature rises for any load must be added to the ambient to determine operating temperatures “Transformer ratings are based on a 24 average ambient of 30 °C. ‘Tis is the standard ambient used in this ude. ‘The ambient temperature to be used for water.cooled transformers is the cooling water temperature plus an added 5 °C to allow for possible loss of cooling efficiency due to deposits on cooling ‘coil surfaces of water. cooled transformers in service. Whenever the actual ambient can be meas ured, such ambients should be used in deter mining the transformer’s temperature and loadabilty. The ambient air temperature seen by a transformer is the air in contact with its radiators or heat exchangers. In some inslal- lations the transformer may be outdoors but surrounded by buildings oF sound deadening wall, This may result in recirculation of heated air, the ambient should be adjusted accord ingly ‘3.5.1 Approximating Ambient Temperature for Air-Cooled Transformers. It is often neces sary to predict the load which a transformer can safely carry at some future time in an unknown ambient. "Phe probable ambient temperature for any month may be approximated as follows from reports prepared by the National Weather Service of the US Department of Commerce for various sections of the country: (2) Average Temperature. Use average daily temperature for the month involved averaged ‘over a number of years. (2) Average of Maximum Daily Temper- ‘atures. Use average of the maximum daily temperatures for month involved averaged over several years. 2 IEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL OIL-IMMERSED POWER ‘These ambients should be used as follows: for loads with normal life expectancy, use item (21) a8 the ambient for the month involved; for short-time loads with moderate sacrifice of life expectaney, use item (2) for the month in- volved. During any one day the average or maximum temperatures may exceed the values derived from (1) of (2) above. To be conservative, itis recommended that these temperatures be in- creased by 5°C since aging at higher than average temperature is not fully compensated by decreased aging at lower than average temperature. With this margin the approxi- mated temperature will not be exceeded on more than a few days per month and, where it is exceeded, the additional loss of life will not be serious, '3.5.2 Influence of Ambient on Loading for Normal Life Expectaney. Average ambient temperatures should cover periods of 24 h with maximum temperatures not more than 10 °C freater than average temperatures for air and 5°C for water, Table 1 gives the increase or decrease from rated loads for other than average daily ambients of 30°C for air and 25° for water. It is recommended that the 5°C margin described in 8.5.1 be used when applying the factors from Table 1. It should be pointed out that the increase or decrease obtained from Table 1 is more conservative than the corresponding values shown in Table 3(a)—3(u) and 5(a)~B(u) which are based on ‘Tables 2 and 4 (assumed transformer char- acteristics), and therefore do not check these tabulations exactly. Table 1 is for quick ap- proximations Loading on the basis of ambient temperature With loads permitted in Table 1 wil give approximately the same life expectancy as if transformers were operated at nameplate rating and standard ambient temperatures over the same period, Table 1 covers a range in ambients of 0°C to 50°C for cooling air. A check should be made with the manufacturer before loading on the basis of ambient air less than 0°C oF greater than 50°C. Since ambient temperature is an important factor in determining the load capability of a transformer, it should be controlled for indoor installations by adequate ventilation and should always be considered in outdoor instale lations.ANSI/EE! ‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE csrazi8 ‘Table 1 Loading on Basis of Temperatures (Ambient other than 30°C and Average Winding Rise Less than Limiting Values) (Por Quick Approximation) (Ambient Temperature Range 0°C to 50°C) ot Rating “Dew Iga ior ese Tad for wave Bate ‘Type of Cooling Higher Temperatare Lower Temperture Satcooes — OR 1 10 Warercoord — Ow Hed i, Forced a oled OA/PA, OA/PAIFA ro ats Forcedoitsooled —POA, POW and OAIFOA/FOA 1 os 8.6 Operation with Part or All of the Cooling _For forced-oil-cooled transformer (FOA or Out of Service. Where forced-cooling equip FOW) ratings with part of the coolers in ment, such as pumps ot fans or both, is used to operation, use the following reductions in inerease the cooling efficiency, the transformer permissible loading: may be required to operate for some time with this equipment inoperative. The permissible ‘ot Permissible Load loading under such conditions is given in the following paragraphs. eel Coo ack For multirated transformer (OA/F.A, OA/ in Operation ‘Nameplate Rating FA/FA, OA/FOA/FOA) with all or part of the = 99 a forced cooling inoperative, use the nameplate aed 100 rating based on the cooling in operation and ee ou load on this basis. When either the pumps or eo as the fans of a cooling unit are out of service, the i a entire cooling unit should be considered ino} i ld be considered inop- ar i erative, For forced-oil-cooled (POA or FOW) trans: formers with all pumps or fans or both inoperative, heeding the following guidelines should prevent undue injury to the trans- former:* (1) Rated load may be maintained for ap- eimatly 1 following normal operation broximatey 1 following normal operation at et" Hansformers The load which can be (2) Rated load tay be carried for approxi: °ttTied on existing self-cooled transformers can G2) at Loa may be cai for approxi, Cra on exiting scone rane em mately 2 arte with winding anton SY PInoy, ing meni oot coolers, or water spray equipment. The amount (3) Rated voltage may be maintained for 6h at no load, following continuous operation at Of additional loading varies widely, depending ‘These permissible loads give approximately the same temperature rises as would full load with all cooling in operation. 3.7 Supplemental Cooling of Existing Self- nameplate rating in a 30 “Cambient with cool. “PO ing equipment in operation. (1) Design characteristies of the transformer (4) Rated voltage may be maintained for (2) Type of cooling equipment 12h at no load starting with windings and oil __(8) Permissible increase in voltage regulation ina 30°C ambient (4) Limitations in associated equipment No general rules can be given for such "Tp il temperature for large unite say exceed supplemental cooling, and each transformer 11076, Check withthe manufacturer for imitations. should be considered individually. 13ANSUTEEE: 37-02-1981 4. ‘Transformers Specified to have an Average Winding Rise of Not More Than 65 °C and Hottest Spot Winding Rise of Not More ‘Than 80 °C 4.1 Basic Loading for Normal Life Expectancy ‘4.1.1. Basic Conditions (1) The basic loading of a transformer for normal life expectancy is continuous loading at rated output when operated under normal service conditions as indicated in 2.1.1 (1), 211 (2), and 21.1 (3) of ANSI/IEEE ‘C57.12.00:1979 [3]. It is assumed that opera tion under these conditions is equivalent to operation in a continuous ambient temperature of 80°C for cooling air or 25 °C for cooling water. Normal life expectancy will result from operating with a continuous hottest-spot con- ductor temperature of 110°C (or equivalent variable temperature with 120°C maximum) in any 24 h period. (2) The hottest spot conductor temperature determines loss of life due to loading. This ‘temperature cannot be directly measured on commercial designs because of the voltage hazard when placing a temperature detector at, the proper location. ‘The hottest-spot allow ances are based on tests of laboratory models. (3) The hottest-spot temperature at rated load is usually taken as the sum of the average winding temperature and a 15°C allowance* for the hottest spot. For mineral oil-immersed transformers operating continuously under the foregoing conditions with normal life expect aney, this temperature has been assumed to be amaximum of 110 °C. 4.1.2 Loading for Normal Life Expectancy under Specified Conditions 4.1.2.1 Loading by Oil Temperature. Oil temperature alone should not be used as a guide for loading transformers. The hottest- spot to top-oil gradient. at full load should be determined from factory tests using Eq 8 or, lacking data, a value should be assumed. The full-load hottest spot to top-oil gradient should be corrected to that for the actual load carried using Eq 7_ or Fig 9. This gradient subtracted from 110°C will give the maximum permis- sible oil temperature for normal life expect- ancy. “Ir cooler inlet and outlet temperatures are available, fa better estimate of the hottestspot temperature. is Pouible by making an adjustment in the 15°C allows nce. Consult with the manufacture, u IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER It should be recognized that, due to thermal lag in oll rise, time is required for a transformer to reach a stable temperature following any change in load. Therefore, higher peak loads may be carried for short durations. This is reflected in the loading tables and the basic equations in 6.7.3, If the transformer characteristics are not accurately known, a maximum top-oil temper. ature derived from Fig 2 may be used as an approximation. Loading from Fig 2 is based on adifference of 25°C between the hottest-spot temperature and top-oil temperature at rated load for self-cooled transformers, 30°C for forcedaircooled transformers (133% and under) and 35°C for forced-oi-cooled trans- formers. 4.1.2.2 Continuous Loading on Basis of Average Winding Test Temperature Rise. For each "C in excess of 5° that the average Winding test temperature rise is below 65 °C, the transformer load may be inereased above rated load by the percentages given in Table 1 A.5° margin is used to provide a tolerance in the measurement of temperature rise. The loadability thus obtained is that which the transformer can carry at 65 °C rise. Since this may increase the loading beyond that contem- plated by the designer, the limitations given in 3.1 should be checked before taking full advantaye of this increased loadability. Some transformers are designed to have the difference between the hottestspot and aver ‘ge conductor temperatures greater than the 15°C allowance. This will result in an average- winding temperature rise of less than 65°C, but the hottest-spot winding temperature rise may be at the limiting value of 80°C. Such transformers should not be loaded above their rating as outlined in this section. The manu- facturer should be consulted for information fon the hottestspot allowances used for these designs, This condition may exist in trans formers with large differences (greater than 30°C) between top- and bottom-oil temper. atures and may be checked approximately by measuring the top and bottom radiator temper- atures, Whenever possible, data on hottest-spot and oil temperatures obtained from factory temperature tests should be used in calculating transformer loadability or when caleulating temperatures for loads above rating. 4.1.2.3 Loading on Basis of Short-Time Loads above Rating. ‘Transformers may be"TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE ANSI/BEE 57.9296) 195 = ee Fig2 Approximate Continuous Loading for Normal Life Expectancy — 65 °C Rise Transformers ‘operated above 110°C hottest-spot temper ature for short periods provided they are ‘operated for much longer periods at temper- atures below 110°C. This is due to the fact ‘that thermal aging is @ cumulative process and thus permits loads above the rating to be safely carried under many conditions without en- croaching upon the normal life expectancy of the transformer. Suggested loadings for normal life expectancy are given in Tables 3(a)~3(u). For conservative use of these tables, it is suggested that the 5°C margin described in 35.1 be used in determining the ambient temperature. 4.1.2.4 Loading by Hottest-Spot Temper ature Indicator. Hottest-spot. temperature de- vices are supplied, when specified, which indi- cate a simulated hottest-spot temperature. ‘These devices may be used as a guide to limit loads. ‘Thermal relays, when supplied, indicate tem- peratures reached in the windings. These relays are calibrated for use with specific transformers and simulate the hottest-spot temperature by taking into account preceding loading, existing Toad and ambient temperature. Higher loads are permitted for short periods than for long periods of time because of the transformer’s ‘time constant. 15 4.1.2.5 Basis for Normal Loss of Life Loading in Tables 3(a)3(u). The transformer capabilities for normal loss of life in Tables 3(a}8(u) are based on operation at temper- atures that result in aging equivalent to that for continuous operation at 110°C hottest-pot ‘temperature as determined from Fig 1 and the hottest-spot temperature profile resulting from the converted load cycle and ambient condi- tions during a 24h period. The 110°C hot- test-spot temperature is based on the hottest- spot rise of 80°C plus the standard ambient temperature of 30°C. At 110°C insulation temperature, Fig 1 indicates the life would be 6.5 * 10* hours or over seven years. Actually a transformer operating outdoors at rated ca- pacity would have a much longer life because the annual average ambient air temperature in most locations in the US does not exceed 20°C by more than a few degrees. At.100°C (20°C ambient temperature plus 80°C hot test-spot rise), Fig 1 indicates the life would be 2+ 10° hours or over 22 years. If the loading over weekends ter, as is normally the cease, the total life could extend to over 30 years. Tn areas where the annual mean ambient temperature exceeds 25°C, the capability values in the tables should be reduced 1.5% forANSUIEEE esra2i981 ‘every degree the mean annual temperature ‘exceeds 20 °C, This reduction in peak loading is intended to compensate for the fact that generally higher ambient temperatures through- ‘out the year will result in higher winding temperatures, for any assumed annual load cycle, causing greater insulation deterioration, If this correction is made, no correction of the ambient temperatures shown in the table will be necessary, and these should be the antici- pated values associated with the occurrence of the peak load. ‘The method used to calculate Tables 3(a)— ‘3(u) is given in Section 6. 4.2 Short-Time Loading with Moderate Sacri- fice of Life Expectancy 4.2.1 Aging of Insulation Due to Operation above 110 °C Hottest-Spot Temperature (1) When the aging effect of one load cycle or the cumulative aging effect of a number of load eycles is greater than the aging effect of continuous operation at rated load over the same period of time, the insulation deteriorates at a faster rate than normal. The rate of deterioration is a function of time and temper- ature and is commonly expressed as a percent- age loss of life, Charts and tables showing percent loss of life for various combinations of time and continuous temperature are given in Fig 3. (2) It should be clearly understood that, while the insulation aging information used is considered to be conservative and helpful in estimating the relative loss of life due to loads above rating under various conditions, this information can only be an indicator of trans- former insulation life. Deterioration of insula tion is generally characterized by a reduction in both mechanical and dielectric strength, but these characteristics may not necessarily be directly related. In some cases, insulation in a charred condition will have sufficient strength to withstand normal operating electrical and mechanical stresses. A transformer having insu- lation in this condition may continue in service for many months or even years if undisturbed. On the other hand, any unusual movement of the conductors such as may be caused by expansion of the conductors, due to heating resulting from a heavy load oF to large electro- magnetic forces resulting from short circuit, may disturb the weakened insulation such that tum-to-turn or layer-to-layer failure will result, (8) The uncertainty of service conditions 16 IEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL OILAMMERSED POWER and the wide range in ratings covered are reasons why this loading guide is made conser- vative in its suggested loadings. Some of the variables are: wide differences in ambient temperature between localities; differences in levation; restricted air circulation caused by buildings, fire walls, ete; previous emergency loading history which may not be known to the operator; and variations in design character. istics from those in Table 2. As a guide, an average loss of life of 1% per year or 4% in any ‘one emergency operation is considered reason- able by some users, 4.2.2 Methods for Determining Loads above Rating with Some Sacrifice of Life Expectancy 4.2.2.1 Transformers with Known Specific Characteristies. If the specific characteristics of a transformer are known and maximum recom- mended capability is required, the user may calculate the oil rise and hottest-spot temper- ature using either the graphic solution illus trated in Section 6 or the basic formulas in 6.7. With this data, the user may determine the allowable load for his conditions by taking into account the ambient temperature, probable number of such loads during the life of the transformer, and the approximate percentage of life he is willing to sacrifice, 4.2.2.2 Transformers with Unknown Spec- ‘fie Characteristics or Conservative Loads. When specific transformer characteristics are not known or when conservative operation above rating is satisfactory, refer to the Capa- bility Tables, Table 3(a)—3(u), for tabulations of permitted loads of various durations follow: ing explicit preload conditions. 4.2.2.3 Assumed Characteristics for Trans- formers which Allow the Loadings in Tables 3(a)—8(u). Transformers vary widely in the characteristics which affect’ their short-time capabilities. Any general guide which applies to all transformers of a given class must be based fon characteristies which give conservative re- sults, The characteristies shown in Table 2 are considered typical of a power transformer and are for general use, 4.2.2.4 Temperature and Load Limitations. ‘The following are recommended individually limiting temperatures and loads and are used in Tables 3{a)—3(u) (1) Maximum top-oil temperature — 110° © (2) Maximum hottest-spot conductor temperature — 180°C (3) Maximum short-time loading 2 rating‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 85 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE anim Loss oF Lfe-PeRcenT ¥y m2 «80ST HOTTEST-SPOr TEMPERATURE IN *C ‘Expressed as percent loss of life for one occurrence of specified time duration for operation at temperature indicated Hottest-Spot Temperature in Degrees ‘Maximum Loss of Life (%) Duration Noe i as 2 us S138 eis ui 0.25 aa 163 155 a0 128 0.0 140 a 163 17 136 Fig3 1.00 160 1m, 165 143 2.00 180 163 150 4.00 180 a 158 Maximum Loss of Life — 65 °C Rise Transformers Ww 80 ANSIIEBE cSr921081ANSI BBR esr92-1981 IRE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL OIL-IMMERSED POWER ‘Table 2 65 °C Rise Transformers — Assumed Characteristics at Rated Load Mode oA FA on 133% Non-Dieected Directed Ow or lee 153% FOAerFOW __FOAor FOW Hottestpot conductor temperature rice (above ambient) °C 80 80 80 80 80 ‘Topoil temperaturg rise (above ambient) °C 55 50 6 46 4 ‘Topol ime constant, (b) 30 20 1.25 1.38 135. Hottertspot conductor time ‘constant (8) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Ratio of load to ion lowes a2 4s 6s. 65 65 ‘1 (winding exponent) os os. os os 10 +2 (ol exponent) 08 09 09 Lo 10 ‘tm is the exponential power of winding loss versus winding tempersture rite, ‘nis the exponential power of total lon versus top-il temperature rise. ‘The indiested values of m and n are approximate, particularly in the more complicated designs, and are subject to further study, "*Some OA/PAJFA designs follow more closely the values for PA (135% oF les, 4.2.2.5 Load Cycles. Transformers usually Index for Table 3 ‘operate on a load cycle which repeats each 65°C Rise Transformers 24h, This load cycle may be constant or it (A Tabulation of Loads for Normal and. ‘may have one or more peaks during the 24h Moderate Loss of Life) period, The actual load cycle may be converted. a to a twostep cycle by the method given in 6.6 Following intial load of: Where actual average loads before the peak type of Cooling 50% 70% 90% 100% load differ from those in the tabulations, = — Settcooted (A) @ ) (©) @ sufficient accuracy ean be obtained by inter. Seoul (OA), fe polation Forcedaieodted” oe 4.2.2.6 Basis for Moderate Sacrifice of Life coe o . Loading in Tables S{a}—S(u). Lond values in Foxes-iteooed, ‘Tables 8(a)3(u) are based on the life expect: SWE ew ancy data shown in Fig, the asumed trans SAfROnFOAr) =) a) former characteristics from Table 2 and the po ay cooeqee calculated hottest-spot temperature profile for Paseo a the daily load cycle and ambient temperature condition that exists during the 24h period, Fetce-ikcooled, ‘The los of life values shown in Tables 3tay~—agaiaai ow, 3(u) ae in addition to the normal lossof ife of —_OAFOAFOA) =) 0.0369% per 24h which would result from continuous operation at rated load in a con- —_snatings 19% or ls of wlcoled ating stant 30 °C ambient. ‘t*Ratings greater than 133% of self-cooled rating 18.ANSITEEE 57922981 "TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE ‘poi anoge 2 nts pus (6 9) anoge tos sunday Wo}qu ayy LEN JOMOLD, $29 PINON oxnezodtoy spe EHV eee Bam F oo : a Sot FE ERE oot oe eo RS 2 UP Be dB US ds, Beh, a eee ae Suney apetdoury Jo 206 = peor vad xoFoq peor awoTEAINba stouuossueay, (440) «P2I000-101e§4 DUE (VO) P2!00D-IRS "351 9.69 9777 40 aaygLnD¥s exwsapoyy pur jeuON 205 a|aR, ANIDAEAE (oe ara, 19IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL OILIMMERSED POWER Cer ae1981 ANSU/IEEE: gor eet iS oe BE et eo woz es gat ap By 2p, Qe, ae, 2) By 2a, 2s, ash Gs ie, (2s, dah, 4Q. ee 1 Ho" ‘ode Ho" ‘ods Sho io hom Seed fo Non eed 48, on 8 oF oF ° fume oteydoure 70 % 0b = pe0'| Wed 220}0H POT oTEAIN ‘28 2, $9 Tesoy 203 aan. nae De 191, 20ANSYIERE csn921981 "TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE 1, etme axon 99 ru pu ys wananeeu 9 0 von sod ont oot ror g i a ont set 992 86 0% Bia err oz £9 eage fasege Jeseee 93gge ERRese 1st 09 thoy 2p Gen a) Ny, Una) da, reig om “to non Swed de, By oy ST ia, Ieee ed ped) or SO son Wed oF ° suey nedaure 30 % 06 = peor ¥eog ax0;oR poo" woEINb, ‘sroUu0}SU, (§MO) +P2T0D-7018A4 PEE (VO) POD JES 149, 99 9917 Jo sotpuONs eyesopoyy pu frULION 205 21gR4, AnTAEAE, eae, aIEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL OILIMMERSED POWER ANSI/IEEE, csr.921981 1p, oie enone oq yon paw'(p's eee) ogy uacr sumpesdting yuygete wp ues) somo] 3, $29 PHONY armEZAGW JOE [eNIOYs rauou oy we papuauaucds: puodn Yano ae bot Set eet ast St a6 tet set 8 - at q Be oor 9% BRE me oes te eae sor Get ot Sor BB a aay a ad a tor el a eee el oe Suney oredowen 30 4091 = peor weed a10;0g peor Woe ‘HOUHOGSUUL, (440) +Po1000}799244 PUE (VO) PeIPEDTAS PM D, $9 aT 70 souTuDNg anez=poyy pure reuUON 205 GRE, ATTA @e ame,ANSI/IEEE 7.922981 ‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE J mo eau oy uorppe ut 1 Garou wot Po “yu wsaprer ayy 30 worodsony ys roy woah ase (422998) mu popueUMTEN cor ort ou SH Sur ort oot ser a tet ve Th at set oot Bt = cor eet = wi Sr ht et Fo sor set Bot got get tt it 8 oH ast on sor WT BE ut wor oS OE on au OE 3 8 oS HET sh ate 96 ee oat one & SBE ost oe Ba 29 Bp ae G9 2p Be. a faa, BQ Beh NP Be Beh SEP de, Bs, is 19 oie wer “Yo “ods peor “Yo tous oer a wow eed 45, Mo Swed J, Nor Weed "eT % or ° 9, weary nen aye|doueN wee 30 os = peor Wea 20}94 PEOT WTEAINba, unex potoog 39s Jo 87 20 2EeT penEY StacIOsHUEAL,(VA/VO) PPO AY-P22zOI BH D, $9 ‘SgF 130 sags ayBIAPOY PU TRUON 20} MARL SHEA, Ne 1 23,IEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL OIL IMMERSED POWER ANSUIBEE: esn9298 p30 mo} frou 0} womppe ut 9H 3 801 4, yay winaaerus a Jo voneodsyat ut eee of uous se (y'2'2'b 20) stat popuawtuase” puodan yBmod? “eonee ouTOpU ALON 08 oo ast f eet foe i iH i ky Ef Bog get Ht , ‘tsar ae wes Pn et REE EEE RR B can wm a nome ZS 1s at oe roy Ba Be Gh an Be oy Be oe i et ap ae G0 ET BROT as a ‘on Sod dS Ho" ods’ peyote HS hon eed "gst, e o, may suney operdouren urmearceyy J0 2501 = peor Rog Bs0}9q eOrT UaTEAINb:s une payoog eS Jo #897 10 EET porPY SlausLo;sUEAT, (Y.A/VO) PAIOOO-AY-PEDIO ‘IKK D, 69 -9VT Jo so HORS NeIAPOKY pue jeUUON 105 GRY, KNAEAE,D Ge a1aes,ANSIIEBE, roysraos on onigon ut soa ybrod sone POULSPU ALON con921981 ABs, $ Suney oveydoureN WnuNxEyY J0 2406 = PEOT Heed a10Fo peo auoTEAIND Buney p2q009 TRS Jo $5071 10 EET PEAY sTOUUTOSSUEAI, (¥.d/VO) P2I009-H1Y-poDr0d ‘OMY D,, $9 257 Jo soguDeg resepON puw TeUON 205 EI, AMAEGED ‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 58 °C OR 65 °C AVERAGE WINDING RISEIEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER ANSUIEEE, 51.92.1981 mn er ae el ie, Sh 0 o, mM Bune y operdoueny wnumeyy J0 OO = PROT APA oxOFoq PEO WUETEAIMG, uney P2qo0g-F9g Jo 3197 30 EET perky sHoUTOsSUEAL, (VA/VO) PA}OO-HY-PODHOA ‘9ST I, $9 ‘71 J0 sauUDES ayeI9POHY PUE [PUION 105 age, ANGE (We aensre oxy Jo woneodaanuy wee oy uous aun (y2'2'F 29) rm popuatmandDs! puogen WAROW "9H vogetaouesesngezaduioy use og) URE 29mOI 9, 9 29 PINON: ‘yl }9 Bo} fewiou or uomppe: ANSIIBEE, conaz198) % ear ie Wt be a it a Het oat Se et St fer ogo i tet a oe 60, a it 6 Bet wubey gor ar 96 Egt gor vet ar a Ht oe iB 131 is Soot 8 eo at & tre Seo a oN a fel Seo td Fe % TET abo or gor gs ser BE ot on ee ft Ger Ber ogo i Ort SRL Set geo a fel GL Sek FET iio wor FH set ue TT opt ce Ta 2 eG ost ar Set ae at $8 et Set Ge out sete ort BS GT Loot ber bk ot og HT got oe a ir oT Bt oe HH bat boom bt ot so Mt be rr 3 Be oot oer pet Be Be 25, dst, yo Mead Ho" oas’ prey “yo” toa sor 6 IS, ot Sea SL Son sor 9, wom uney aytdaurey winusteeyg Jo 20S = PRO" Wed a10}0g peor WoEAIbs saauoysueay, (¥O/VOd/VO Put '.VOd 'VOd — OLA Pa}>eA) PoIoo9-10-PADIO4 “9 9, 99 {34°71 J0 o4guoeg areropoyy pu euLLON 205 TARY, AEE "TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 58 °C OR 65 °C AVERAGE WINDING RISE rae, 27IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER ANSUIEBE, Coraeage "oF pre ed as, 1 mL war est ash ‘eae Non or Seed ‘stouuoysueny (YOd/VOA/VO PUP“ MO ‘VO: supea sodoumy amaneey Jo 04 = peor Weed s20}eH peo AREAS dd — MOLA P2199) PIOOD-NO-PEHIOd ‘91H D., $9 HT JO aoguoeg a1eI—pOW PUE EUON 10} aIquL, KTGEdED (Oe ave. 28ANSIIIEEE cSr921981 ‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE, set ort ar Bt get ist n “a yo Sst io" Yous’ peo ee Son Sed St sata stuney aeydaurey unre, J0 206 = PEO 24 a0}9g PeOT WEA stouaopraeay,(YOd/¥Od/VO Put 'sMOd “VO — MOLE P2}>2HC) PRIOD-TO-PEA “SH 9, $9 24° J0 2oguDUs aTEDPOHK pu ALON 20} TARY, ATEEE, (ie aera, 29IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL OILIMMERSED POWER ANSUIEBE, esr92981 SE555 £8388 = 2 Be ae or F in a te - aL vor Beh, dae det, fe ed a ro, ese 2 Son alr or 9, wom Auney onerdourey wineTNEyY JO 200 = PEOT "e9g HOF9H PHOT TwaTEAINb ‘uowuogsweay, (¥Oa/VOA/VO PU eMOd VO — ROLY Por2=HC) Pet00g-TO-PeDIOA "=D. 69 9371 J0 soyHDeg aye9POHY Pus eULON 405 age, SNGEAED 30ANSI/IBEE cshezi981 "TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE sa Joop yusou oy wor yun wanupeeus og o wommodsoat ut ee on waa ae p's ose sy pepuoureses Pook UBnoNT sone pOULLAPU “ALOR une eredauey umarxeyy JO 508 = peo Beg afojog peor wore upey patoog ses 30 zee 2980 pared oLaIO|AMEAT, (¥.a/V.A/VO) PSICD HYPO PH.D, $9 3971 30 aouuDes ayeapOW ue eULION 205 eH, AENEID (one a1aey 31IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER ANSYIBEE, 57-92-1981 sper ax Jo voreodsaye were oF won aun 2 09) sty popuoutados? 5 a te agees G Be Sp Gl Bh oy Be eee 7 = > 2.1 Suey oveydouren, umuspxeyy JO 402 = PEO YEaq A0}9H peor] ywaTEAINb Sunyey poq009 HS JO 4ET 1840 Povey SoULO}sWeAy, (V.A/VA/VO) PAIOO-zV-P3HOA SHH D, £9 2g Jo aoe Deg arexepoyy pur TeULON 20} aye, ArNEEAED (we omar, 32ANSI/IBEE, 37.92.1981 ‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 “C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE 30 20 yuuou os uorppe opus! pans ino soni Pe Bi 4%, Suney areidouey wmunceyy Jo 2696 = Peo] AEA BOj0M PEOT WuaTEAMby ‘tuneapotoog 3S Jo Ee 1940 ponEY sOWLO;SUEAL, (V.k/VA/VO) PEIOOD-AY-PEDIDA ‘BHD, 69 SH agHons ep py EO 5, AHRGEE) Ne age. 33IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER ANSITEEE e67.922981 yma} ean ono, papununnatel pony wont sons ouOPHN “SLON : " é a # : : e z # : t e i ‘ 8 8 t EJ ia = Be 7 : mi el wt suney seqdaurey umumxeyy Jo 200T = peor Weg 20194 PHOT WoTeAIM un P2009 1% Jo EET 7940 FONE sTOULLO|SUEAL, (VA/V.A/V.O) P2IOOD AY -PoaIOA ‘ON D., $9 8]r1 30 soxguoes y8s9POW PU ELON 30} GRY, ANEEEED Oe ae, a4ANSLIBER 57.92.1981 ‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 “C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE ‘9, ome enogyo9nus pow(s'c 08) onoge uous sumesan gu oN} UR amo, 9 on pn ela fmuyou o: worippe winow wenn pe ‘£2'y oo) eyo papuauiaioos poo oat eet et 29 ot oot oe an fy) 2a, Bay, ‘oad or 08 ® 0 Buney sveydouren wnetxeyy 30 49S = PROT Heo 910}9q PLOT INopEAIND storms0suexy, (VOS/VOA/VO PUR “eMOd “VO — MOLI Pe}DBHIC-ON) P2I009-TO-P2DI04 “OTH 9, £9 "a1" 30 aa4gu98s aneIOPOW Pue [EULON xo} aye, AtHGEdE (ie araes 35.ANSYIEBE: IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL OILIMMERSED POWER 52.92.1981 aah aah 2a, dah, yo #9, io peer “uo” ous et i i.e Sea 48, Sone a or ° 9, woe Suney aveydourey wunumxeyy 201, = peor] Ye=d 210}9H1 peor IwafeAINA sroumossueny, (VOd/VOd/VO PU «MOA 'VOd — MOLI P278:10-UON) PeFOOD-NOPIIO ‘OY D, 89 Sar 30 suas apo pw HON 39 NORE HTD ome,ANSIIEEE 5292198 "TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE -p, oie anoge oq sna pur (5° 98) axoge mos sunpezadayiusgHe amy HEU) JO oy yeti oy worppe 1 amore op ond sn (5 2" 208) su papusuencae! pode uBnoW roen PoUl a orn 2a gases 3 8 ah 4S, Now Weed AS stuney oreidouey wnuseyy Jo 296 = PROT Wd B10j0H PEOT INoFeAbs, ssounopsuens, (VOd/VOA/VO PU‘ MOJ ‘VO ~ MOLI P2I22HC-UON) P2|OOD-NO-PIIOA ‘OHH J, $9 Sar 39 sono petopon pre ON 30) a SiTge¥D (vg are, 31IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER ANSUIBEE, es7.92-1981 1p, om onoge 2 sn pur '5'¢ 98) snoge uo ume TuoguN a UR HmOHO, $04 PIRO 2 3 J Soyo yum wunupeeu 9 70 wo;eodaenu ur REE of Hou ase (¥'7'2' a) AN papHEIONS! DuOAIG wBROW es ‘funey oredawey wnuasey Jo YOOT = PEO Weed xOFoq peor WoTEAIbg srauoysuey (VOd/¥Oa/VO Put 'sshOd ‘VO — Old PPHPaNIC-UON) P2foog-NOrPeDIE ‘IHD, $9 "JF J0 2uguDes aTEIAPOY pu UON 305 ER, HEED (xe ata, 38TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55°C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE 5, ‘Transformers Specified to have an Average Winding Rise of Not More Than 55 °C and Hottest-Spot Winding Rise of Not More Than 65 °C. 5.1 Basic Loading for Normal Life Expectancy ‘5.1.1 Basie Conditions (1) The basic loading of a transformer for normal life expectancy is continuous loading at rated output when operated under normal service conditions as indicated in 2.1.1 (1), 211 (2) 211 (3) of ANSI/IBEE €57.12,00-1979 [3]. I is assumed that opera tion’ under these conditions is equivalent to operation in a continuous ambient temperature of 80°C for cooling air or 25°C for cooling water. Normal life expectancy will result from operating with a continuous hottest-spot tem- perature of 95°C (or equivalent variable tem. erature with 105°C maximum) in any 24h period (2) The hottestspot winding temperature determines loss of life due to loading. This temperature cannot be directly measured on ‘commercial designs because of the voltage hhazard when placing a temperature detector at the proper location. The hottest-spot allow- ances are based on tests of laboratory models, (3) The hottest-spot temperature at rated load is usually taken as the sum of the average ‘winding temperature and 2 10°C allowance® for the hottest spot. For mineral-oil-immersed transformers operating continuously under the foregoing conditions with normal life expect- ancy, this temperature has been assumed to be a maximum of 95 °C, 5.1.2 Loading for Normal Life Expectancy under Specified Conditions 5.1.2.1 Loading by Oil Temperature. Oil temperature alone should not be used as a guide for loading transformers. The hottest- spot to top-oil gradient at full load should be determined from factory tests using Eq 8 or, lacking data, a value should be assumed. 'The fullload hottest-spot to top-oil gradient should be corrected to that for the actual load carried using Eq 7 or Fig 9, This gradient subtracted from 95 °C will give the maximum permissible oil temperature for normal life expectaney. It should be recognized that, due to thermal lag if cooler inlet and outlet temperatures are avilable, 1 better estimate of the hotted-spot temperature 1 posible by making an adjustment in the 10°C allow. nee. Consult with the manufactures 39 ANSI 57921961 in oil rise, time is required for a transformer to reach stable temperature following any change in load. Therefore, higher peak loads may be carried for short durations. ‘This is reflected in the Loading Tables and the basic equations in 6.7.3 If the transformer characteristics are not accurately known, a maximum top-oil temper- ature derived from Fig4 may be used as an approximate guide, Loading from Fig 4 is based _on a difference of 20°C between the hottestspot temperature and top-oil temper ature at rated load for self-cooled transformers, 25°C for forced-air-cooled transformers (133% and under), and 28°C for forced-oil-cooled transformers. 5.1.2.2 Continuous Loading on Basis of Average Winding Test ‘Temperature Rise. For each °C in excess of 5° that the average winding test. temperature rise is below 55°C the transformer load may be increased above rated load by the percentage given in Table 1. ‘5° margin is taken to provide a tolerance in the measurement of temperature rise. The load- ability thus obtained is that which the trans former can carry at 55°C rise. Since this may increase the loading beyond that contemplated by the designer, the limitations given in 3.1 should be checked before taking full advantage of this increased loadability Some transformers are designed to have the differences between the hottest-spot. and aver: ‘age conductor temperatures greater than the 10°C allowance. This will result in an average- winding temperature rise of less than 55°C, but the hottest-spot winding temperature ise may be at the limiting value of 65°C. Such transformers should not be loaded above their rating as outlined in this section. ‘The manu facturer should be consulted for information on the hottest-spot allowances used for these designs. This condition may exist in trans. formers with large differences (greater than 20°C) between top- and bottom-oil temper: atures and may be checked approximately by measuring the top and bottom radiator temper- atures. Whenever possible, data on hottest-spot and oil temperatures obtained from factory temperature tests should be used in calculating transformer loadability or when calculating temperatures for loads above rating. 5.1.2.3 Loading on Basis of Short-Time Loads ‘above Rating, Transformers may be operated above 95 °C hottestspot temperatureANSI IEEE e5n92981 IEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OILIMMERSED POWER 20 ez I gu me Sale Fig4 Approximate Continuous Loading for Normal Life Expectancy— 55°C Rise Transformers for short periods provided they are operated for much longer periods at temperatures below 95°C. This is due to the fact that thermal aging is a cumulative process and thus permits Toads above the rating to be safely carried under many conditions without encroaching ‘upon the normal life expectancy of the trans- former. Suggested loadings for normal life expectancy are given in Tables 5(a)—5(u). For conservative use of these tables, itis suggested that the 5°C margin described in 3.5.1 be used in determining the ambient temperature. 5.1.24 Loading by Hottest-spot Temper- ature Indicator, Hottest-spot temperature de ‘vices are supplied, when specified, which indi- cate a simulated hottest-spot temperature. ‘These devices may be used as a guide to limit loads. “Thermal relays, when supplied, indicate tem- peratures reached in the windings. These relays are calibrated for use with specific transformers and simulate the hottestspot temperature by taking into account preceding loading, existing load and ambient temperature. Higher loads are permitted for short periods than for long periods of time because of the transformer's ‘time-constant. 40 5 Basis for Normal Loss of Life Loading in Tables S(a)-5(u). The transformer capabilities for normal loss of life in Tables 5(a)—5(u) are based on operation at temper atures that result in aging equivalent to that for continuous operation at 95°C hottest-spot temperature as determined from Fig 1 and the hottest-spot temperature profile resulting from the converted load cycle and ambient condi- tions during @ 24h period. The 95 °C hottest- spot temperature is based on the hottest-spot rise of 65 °C plus the standard ambient temper- ature of 30°C. At 95°C insulation. temper- ature, Fig 1 indicates the life would be 6.5 - 10* hours or over seven years. Actually a transformer operating outdoors at rated ca- pacity would have a much longer life because the annual average ambient air temperature in most locations in the US does not exceed 20°C by more than a few degrees. At 85°C (20°C ambient temperature plus 65°C hot- test-spot rise), Fig 1 indicates the life would be 2+ 10° hours or over 22 years. If the loading ‘over weekends is lighter, as is normally the cease, the total life could extend to over 30 years, In areas where the annual mean ambient‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 56 °C OR 65 ANSIIBEE, csr 921981 08! A. Expressed as percent loss of life for one occurrence of specified time duration Tor” operation "at temperature ‘Ralcated Hottest-Spot Temperature in Degrees Maximum Loss of Life (%) Duration Hous 0.1 0.25 0.80 1.00 2.00 4.00 a1 151 1 14315 127 13643 120 129 19614351 nia 122 9136 4a 106 112, 11812513219 Fig5 Maximum Percent Loss of Life — 55 °C Rise Transformers temperature exceeds 25°C the capability values in the tables should be reduced 1.5% for every degree the mean annual temperature exceeds 20°C, (See 3.1.2.5 for explanation). "The method used to calculate ‘Tables 5(a)~ 45(u) is given in Section 7. 5.2 Short-Time Loading with Moderate Sacri- fice of Life Expectancy 5.2.1 Aging of Insulation Due to Operation above 95 "C Hottest-Spot Temperature (1) When the aging effect of one load cycle al or the cumulative aging effect of a number of load eycles is greater than the aging effect of continuous operation at rated load over the same period of time, the insulation deteriorates at a faster rate than normal. The rate of deterioration is a function of time and temper. ature and is commonly expressed as a percent age loss of life. Charts and tables showing percent loss of life for various combinations of time and continuous temperature are given in. Fig 5:ANSI/IEBE C5792-1981 (2) It should be clearly understood that, while the insulation aging information used is, considered to be conservative and helpful in estimating the relative loss of life due to loads above rating under various conditions, this information can only be an indieator of trans former insulation life. Deterioration of insula tion is generally characterized by a reduction in both mechanical and dielectric strength, but these characteristics may not necessarily be directly related. In some cases, insulation in a charred condition will have sufficient strength to withstand normal operating electrical and mechanical stresses. A transformer having insu- lation in this condition may continue in service for many months or even years if undisturbed. On the other hand, any unusual movement of the conductors, such as may be caused by expansion of the conductors due to heating resulting from a heavy load or to large electro- magnetic forces resulting from short circuit, may disturb the weakened insulation such that tum-to-turn or layer-to-layer failure will result (3) The uncertainty of service conditions and wide range in ratings covered are reasons ‘why this loading guide is made conservative in its suggested loadings. Some of the variables fare: wide differences in ambient temperature between localities; differences in elevation; IEEE GUIDE POR LOADING MINERAL OIL-IMMERSED POWER restricted air circulation caused by buildings, fire walls, ete; previous emergency loading history which may not be known to the ‘operator; and variations in design character- istics from those in Table 4. As a guide, an average loss of life of 1% per year or 4% in any ‘one emergency operation is considered reason- able by some users. 5.2.2 Methods for Determining Loads above Rating with Some Sacrifice of Life Expectancy 5.2.2.1 Transformers with Known Specific Characteristics. If the specific characteristies of a transformer are known and maximum recom- ‘mended capability is required, the user may calculate the ojl-rise and hottest-spot. temper ‘ature using either the graphic solution illus- trated in Section 6, or the basic formulas in 6.7. With this data, the user may determine the allowable load for his conditions by taking into ‘account the ambient temperature, probable hnumber of such loads during the life of the ‘transformer, and the approximate percentage of life he is willing to sacrifice. 5.2.2.2 Transformers with Unknown Spec- ‘fic Characteristics or Conservative Loads. When specific transformer characteristics are not known or when conservative operation above rating is satisfactory, refer to the Capa: bility Tables, Tables 5(a)—5(u), for tabulations Table 4 55°C Rise Transformers — Assumed Characteristics at Rated Load oa FA Fat or 133% fover Non Directed Directed GW orles «13% —-FOAGrFOW —_-FOAor FOW Hottest-spot conductor femperatre rive (above ambient) 65 65 cy 65 65 Toprol temperatury (ahore ambient) 4 40 3 Fo 37 ‘Topol time constant, (8) 30 20 1.38 128, 1.98 Hottest spot conductor time ‘constant, (3) 003 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Ratio of load to iron losses 30 35 50 5.0 50 1m (winding exponent) os os os 08 10 +n il exponent) os 09 10 10 ‘m isthe exponential power of winding lose vesus winding temperature ris, ‘is the exponential power of total lo ersus toprol temperature rs, ‘The indicated values of mand n are approximate, pastcslrly in the more complicated designs, and are subject to further study ‘eSome OAIFAIFA designs fllaw more closely the values for PA (133% or les) 42.‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 85 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE of permitted loads of various durations follow- ing explicit preload conditions. 5.2.2.3 Assumed Characteristics for Trans- formers which Allow the Loadings in Tables 5(a)—5(u). Transformers vary widely in the characteristics which affect their short-time capabilities. Any general guide which applies to all transformers of a given class must be based on characteristics which give conservative re- sults, The characteristies shown in Table 4 are considered typical of a power transformer and are for general use. 5.2.2.4 Temperature and Load Limitations. ‘The following are recommended individually limiting temperatures and loads and are used in ‘Tables (a)~B(u), (1) Maximum top-oil temperature — 100°C (2) Maximum hottest-spot conductor temperature 150°C (8) Maximum short-time loading — 2+ rating 5.2.2.5 Load Cycles. Transformers usually operate on a load cycle which repeats each 24h, This load cycle may be constant or it may have one or more peaks during the 24h period. The actual load cycle may be converted to a two.step eycle by the method given in 6.6, Where actual average loads before the peak load differ from those in the tabulations, sufficient accuracy can be obtained by inter. polation, 5.2.2.6 Basis for Moderate Sacrifice of Life jn Tables 5(a)—5(u). Load values in Tables 5(a}—5(u) are based on the life expectancy 43 ANSWIBEE corg2981 data shown in Fig 1, the assumed transformer characteristics from Table 4 and the caleulated hottest-spot temperature profile for the daily load cycle and ambient temperature condition that exists during a 24 h period. The loss of life values shown in Tables 5(a}—B(u) are in addi tion to the normal loss of life of 0.0369% per 24h which would result from continuous operation at rated load in a constant 30°C ambient. Index for Table 5 55 °C Rise Transformers (A Tabulation of Loads for Normal and Moderate Loss of Life) ollowing initial load of: 50% 70% 90% 100% ©) © @ ©) @ o @ o Forced oiteooled, ‘Directed flow, (Pox. POW. DA/FOA/FOAS*) 0 Forced-sit-cooled** (OAIFAIFA) (m) Forced-aikeocled, ‘Nov-dirested flow, (POA, FO, OA/POAIFOAS*) ® “ o a) ‘Ratings 133% oF les of seltcooled rating ‘Ratings greater than 133% of sel-cooted ratingIEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER ‘9, ome uoge oq nts pu (5 98) suoge unos smseseuoyWo4gue oxy URW) Z9HoI 9, $a IRONS sumed Sem OV eels, ANSU IEEE csr92981 yo anergy 50 orion mE oy wan ave“ 27'S 28) pun ALON a ia as au ger got get get Ee wom ort Set Be Set set ae " BS fe Bs eo oH at 8 ah ot ie ai og dit Ble Bo bs So os oro St wot ee ct ost ar Bt ¥ mE ext ore oot ot oer tg BEL gs SSMS RSE Sot HS GE Get Os . ae a oer 8g WoT ooet ger BT oor ot 8 wt 8 i a | at ae ee 2 - mr RT oon eB oegt wr ou cor OR GN ar Tw Broa LOL SE aS aE SEE tS GBT ae aat ove ity se fe 1 FL ower og) ost moe ge gue 9 Ce ear SE eo oct oo os «ont woe coe ily coy vot F ao se ger got ae 59 Ee a Se ss oto se 96 ove _reiow Re, Be, os ee Oo) fa, Gen Jn Op 2s) oer Bor Ba deh 22, ia, ds, EY day, 2a, sh a ad Te. oe a ‘as rods prot “0 for xg ay Ue ee ee Nn s_ ston 8 o oe ° o, momery Sunrey aveidourey Jo 240g = PEO] Weg 230}0H PLOT 349 ssots0}sur4y, (440) 4P9FOO-427EMA PuE (VO) PE1O0D-TIS 9]F1 Jo sogUDNS aBIAPOYN puE TeUON 20} oTgRI, AMTaeA) (ee ara, 44ANSUIEEE csroz1981 ‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE ‘9, of axoqe 99m pus (g'¢ #) aso uno sunteaduonyoIgule aun URES JeMO| 2, g a9 pinoy asmyIodusn JO} eRIDY = ior mr & 8 Se &6 ie & et am WT out arte a) For oer er GT TS! for geo Foret got gor Rt Ee a8 oat eer ae 8 ar 8 te i Bet rer toa + ae, Bx a5, 2), 423, dst, os 19 19 (9 eso iS. hon ed dS. SL a, {ed 08 5% my Aupey ontdourey 30 292 = PROT ag sIO;HE PHOT HOTEAII ‘oui, (MO) 4P2I0093918%4 PuE (VO) PaIoD TIS "IND, 9 3°] 30 souEDRS ayEs9poWY ue eUNLON 205 91GB, AUTIGEAED (ae 198 45IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER ANSI/IEEE: Cs7.922981 a ont ort ret 2s, a an em toa a 46 Aupey arerdourey Jo 2506 = PLOT Pod ox030q peor qUoTeAMb sroui0ssuexy,(s40) «P2[000 1291844 PUE (VO) P=lO0D-I19S ‘OMNI D, 2 {7 Jo soy tag ayexapo pu TeULON 20) a}4P, ArmedANSI/EEE 87.92.1981 ‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 56 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE ‘9, oe auoge ag emu paw (5'e joo euzow 0 “ya arnaneren 9 J0 sortodsaner peony wanoxn a wat ar 18 aw om ur Be & 8 i ar Bo Br Ht & g # B St bt ® @ a i wo oH § & a o se EH ait % wi wet 8 wr ee wort Be 8 e io oS OR a g u 2 a Or og ore FT otter ge set ® SBE hae TEE at SH g 8H it Forget ter FOE at cot oor ot 96 ge ge! oso 68 set PT Se or ae eat ope a oor 8 okt at Tr owt ort OTT oer oe Toe is Gt Ot eS et ne me oe get oe ste Got RE Ort Er Bet BET cet oz Tr oat ae ee Be 2a ee ae ae = oxy shoe, snes, 50 001 = PHOT H¥ag ssojeg Peo WoTEAI ‘9ut0p8UBAL (MO) 4P9[000 4998 PUL (VO) PaI00D PS ‘ND, oS 9371 Jo aoK DBS ateIAPON pu EULION 305 a1GE, KIMITEEE (ris a8, aTpee IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER te a ‘oi "oH Re, wep 2a, Ca toss pean feed o semmary ANSUIEBE esn92981 suney aveydourey umerxeyy Jo 30S = peOT Ata W40}eq PET THayeAMMb Surrey patoog seg Jo 897 20 EET payed SioutO}sTEAL (V.A/VO) PATOoO/aV-PeDI0 ‘OY D, SS 20F1 9 sunny eaepEN pw ON 30) TaN. 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Ey i % ooo ee Be Be a) ae * ae, aE a 7 ects 9, 19mm Suney ayeidourey UMUTXOWY JO 20 = PROT Awd axOFeq peor qUoteaInby, ‘Survey payoog-sas Jo 8807 20 aEET porPYy soMO,SHEA], (VA) VO) P2IOOD-ATY-padr0d “en 9, GS 2gFT Jo aoqgEDWS avwIApOWY pur FeULON 205 oTgRL, ArmTAEAE, Gs age. 49IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERALOIL-IMMERSED POWER @ SL Bi eae eat, 12 Yo. ae Ree sb AS, Non Sod or ip Aah, 2p ea“ Red 5, Be, AQ Not Seed (0 cL % o,wamury é57921981 aNsyIbeR Suney oreldourey, wmusrceyy JO 2406 = PEOT Heed B10}9R PLOT IUaTEAINb uryey paoog-s9s Jo 5577 30 EET PAHPY STOWMLO}STERL (V.A/VO) Pa}OOD~ATY-PEDKeA “=H D, 99 9977 Jo aauguDeS ayeIopoyy pure TeULLON 20} a|AR, KrmMaeEE, @s ree, 50ANSYIBEE 57921881 "TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE “ay wunapeee 99 Jo wom Booey uy HE oF oH ay g'2°9 BOF) UN popuoNIEEH! 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Calculation of Temperature and Loss of Life for Short-Time Loads above ‘Transformer Rating ‘The ealeulations shown in this section are for 65°C rise transformers. These methods can be ‘used for 55 °C rise transformers. 61 General, Short-time loads above the rating which use up different amounts of insulation life for transformers having the characteristics shown in Table 2 are given in Tables 3(a)~3(u).. ‘Transformers which have other characteristics will have different load capabilities than those indicated in this guide. Section 6 gives informa tion from which similar values can be derived for those transformers. ‘Where a graphical solution is desired, use may bbe made of Figs 6-9. As an example of the use of these figures, consider an OA transformer with a short-time load of 167% for 2h follow- ing a 33% load, Assumed transformer char- acteristics at nameplate rating are: Ratio of losses (R) 32 ‘Top-oil rise over ambient temperature at rated load 50°C ‘Time constant 35h Hottest-spot conductor rise over oil 30°C 1 (oil exponent) 08 ‘m (winding exponent) 0.8 6.2 Top-oil Rise Determination (2) On Fig 6(a), start at initial percent rating (83%) and move horizontally to the ratio of losses curve (R = 3.2). Go down to the line for fullload oil rise (50 °C). Move horizontally to read initial oil rise (21 °C) (2) Determine the ultimate top-oil temper ature rise for the short-time load (167%). On Fig 8(a), locate 167% on right side of the graph. and move horizontally across to the ratio of losses curve (R = 3,2), Move down to the full-load oil-ise curve (50°C), Move horizon- tally and read the ultimate oil rise (99°C) at left of graph. (8) On Fig 7(a), set a straight edge at the initial oil-temperature rise on the left scale (21°C) and at the ultimate top-oil rise on the right scale (99 °C). At the intersection of the 64 GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER line so determined and the vertical line through the intersection of line for the desired time (2h) and time constant (3.5 h), determine the top-oil temperature rise (54 °C) at the end of the short-time period (2h). 6.3 HottestSpot Conductor Rise to Top-Oil Gradient. On Fig 9(a), start at. percent load (167%) on the horizontal scale and go up the ‘curve for fullload hottest-spot conductor rise (30°C), Go to the left and read hottest spot conductor rise over top oil (68°C) for the short-time load. 6.4 Hottest-Spot Conductor Temperature. Ob- fain the hottest-spot conductor temperature by adding ambient temperature (30 °C), top-otl ree (54 °C) and hottestspot rise over top oil (68°C) giving 152°C. 6.5 Percent Loss of Life. From Fig 3, obtain ‘the loss of life (0.19%) for the hottest-spot temperature (152 °C) and the duration of the oad (2h). In using this simplified procedure, it is assumed that the hottest-spot temperature is constant at its final value throughout the peak Toad period, When this assumption is made, the loss of life during the cooling period and during the period prior to the peak load can be ignored. This is only a convenient and sim- plified procedure for approximating the loss of life for shorttime loading conditions. A more mathematically precise procedure was used in preparing the values in Tables 3(a)—3(u) and 5(a}B(u), wherein a computer program used the 24h hottest-spot conductor temperature profile developed from various two-step load tycles, the transformer characteristics and am- bient temperatures shown in these tables. 6.6 Method of Converting Actual to Equivalent Load Cycle 16.6.1 Permissible loading as obtained from ‘Tables 3(a)—3(u) and 5(a)~5(u) is a function of the initial load and the peak load and their Gurations. Each loading combination in the tables is the result of a simple two-step load, cycle consisting of a constant initial load of 50%, 70%, 90% or 100% of rating followed by a rectangular peak of the magnitude and duration given in the table. The assumed loading for the calculations in the tables is illustrated by Fig 10. 6.6.2 Ordinarily the daily load cycle is not so simple but is like the eycle represented by the solid line in Fig 11 consisting of load fluctua:"TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65 °C AVERAGE WINDING RISE w (a6?) VALUE OF n= 08 @ @ (7) VALUE OF $1 o) Fig? ‘Top-Oil Temperature at End of Specified Load Period neo (by Fig6 Initial Oil Rise 6538 3 NN! e 8 87-92-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OILAMMERSED POWER 180 a0 peo 180 40 Bao Broo fy 3 * 80 ze yf g a 8 8 be ANIRSSESS °o~ 40 a0 120 160 200 240 ee 00 eo 00 B00 PERCENT RATED WA encenr mareD wa m=o08 m=30 co) ) Figo Hottest Spot Conductor To ‘Top-Oil Gradient 82 (37% eax oo § °, sassuMeo Loup eveut Fig 10 Assumed Load Cycle 66‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 55 °C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE (ee Loap percent oF ‘HRNSEDSMES RATING 8 ANSI/IEEE 5792-1981 0% Pee Lon Fig Actual Load Cycle tions throughout the day. There is usually one fy, fz,ete = respective durations of period in the daily load cycle when the load builds up to a considerably greater value than any reached at other times, Generally, the Imaximam value or peak load is not reached and passed suddenly, but builds up and falls off sradually. 6.6.3 To use the loading recommendations, the actual fluctuating load cycle shouldbe converted to a thermally equivalent two-step load eyele such as is represented by the dashed line in Fig. A. transformer supplying a fluctuating load generates fhictuating Toss, the effect of which is about the same as that of an intermediate. load_held constant. forthe Same period of time, This it due to the heat Storage characteristics of the materials in the transformer. A constant load which generates losses at the same Tate as the average rate caused by the fluctuating load is an equivalent load from a temperature standpoint. Equiva- lent load for any part of a daly-load eyele may be expressed by Eq 2. Equivalent load or rms value Jbl th th (Bq 2) where: Ly, La, Ls, ete = various load steps in %, per unit, or in actual kVA or current 67 ‘these loads 6.6.4 Equivalent initial load is the rms load ‘obtained by Eq 2 over a chosen period pre- ‘ceding the peak load. Experience with this method indicates that quite satisfactory results are obtained by considering only the 12h period preceding the peak in determining the equivalent initial load, Time intervals (t) of 1h fare suggested as a further simplification of the equation which, for a 12h period, becomes Eq 3. Equivalent initial load 0.29 1,7 #1,? +15? +...Li2? (Ba 3) where: Ly, Lay... Tia ™ average load by inspection for each 1h interval of the 12h period preced- ing peak load 6.6.5 Equivalent peak load of a load cycle is the rms load obtained using Eq 2 for the limited period over which the major part of the actual irregular peak seems to exist. The estimated duration of the peak has consider- able influence over the rms peak value. If the duration is overestimated, that is, if the time period to which Eq 2 is applied is too long, the ms peak value may be considerably below the maximum peak demand. To guard againstANSUIEBE esns2as6 overheating due to brief, high loads during the peak period, the rms value for the peak load period should not be less than 90% of the integrated halfhour maximum demand. 6.6.6 The above method may be used to convert an irregular load cycle as shown in Fig 11 to a two-step load cycle, In this ease the continuous part is 70% and the peak 140% of rated load. Table 3(b) shows that in a 30°C ambient temperature the permissible 1h load following 70% load is 172%, therefore, the transformer can carry this load cycle daily ‘without sacrifice of normal life expectancy. 6.7 Equations for Calculating Transient Heat- ing of Oil-Immersed Transformers 6.7.1 General. The loading tables in this guide are based on average characteristics of a ‘wide range of transformer ratings, Tables 2 and 4 give the characteristics used in calculating the loadings in the Tables 3{a)~3(u) and 5{a)— 5(u). When the characteristies of a particular transformer vary appreciably from those in the tables or when more accurate loading capa- bilities are desired, the basic equations in this section may be used. 6.7.2 List of Symbols. Unless otherwise expressed, all temperatures are in °C and all times are in hours. 6, = ambient temperature 6g = hottest-spot conductor rise over top- oil temperature 6,(/1)= hottest-spot conductor rise over top- oil temperature at rated load Oy, = hottest-spot winding temperature 8, = top-oll rise over ambient temperature On = top-oil rise over ambient temperature at rated load 9, = initial top-ol rise for ¢= 0 0, = ultimate top-oil rise for load L K = ratio of load L to rated load L = load under consideration, in any units R= ratio of load loss at rated load to no-load loss 2.71828 (base of natural logarithm) duration of load in hours 68 IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-MMERSED POWER thermal time constant of transformer : for any load L and for any specific temperature differential between the ultimate top-oil rise and the initial top oil rise, or Te = C1. ANP The ™ hottest spot time constant P= change in total loss in watts due to cchange in load 7, = time constant of transformer for rated load beginning with initial temperature rise of zero °C Pp = total loss in watts at rated load C= thermal capacity of transformer cwn/?o) 6.7.3 Temperature Determination Equations Hottest-spot temperature: Gn = Oa +00 +85 (Bq 4) ‘Transient heating equation for top-oil rise over ambient temperature: # 6,= (0-0) (16%) +0, (Bq 5) Ultimate top-oil rise for load L 04-0" [es] : (Bq 6) Ultimate hottest-spot conductor rise over top- oil for load Oe =O, (1) K™ (&q7) 8, (ft) = average conductor rise over top oil +15°C7 (Eq 8) m = 0.8 for OA, OA/FA, OA/FA/FA and non-directed FOA, FOW, OA/FA/ FOA, OA/FOA/FOA m = 1.0 for directed flow FOA, FOW n= 0.8 for OA. n= 0.9 for OA/FA, OA/FA/FA At rated kVA from manufacturer's test, "Hottestspot conductor rise ayer average con: Guctor rise ly gsumed tg be 15°C for 63 °C rise transformer, 10°C for 59°C pse wanstormers. (Values fre usually lower than the 15 "Cand 10°C, bul may’ be Figher fora few designs),‘TRANSFORMERS UP TO 100 MVA WITH 58 "C OR 65°C AVERAGE WINDING RISE fl = 1.0 for FOA, FOW, OA/FA/FOA, OA/ FOA/FOA. the exponential power of total loss versus top-oil temperature rise the exponential power of winding loss versus winding temperature rise ‘Time constant at rated kVA: Cg : ne Ge (Bq 9) For non-directed flow transformers C = 0.06 (weight of core and coil assembly in pounds) + 0.04 (weight of tank and fittings in pounds) + 1.33 (gal Ions of oil) For directed flow transformers: C = 0.06 (weight of core and coil assembly in pounds) + 0.06 (weight of tank and fittings in pounds) + 1.88 (gallons of oil) 6.7.4 Equation Corrections. ‘Theoretically, several corrections should be made when using the foregoing equations in calculating transient oil rises, such as conections for ehange in: (1) Time constant for load above rating (2) Ultimate conductor loss at end of load period (3) Oil viscosity In making general calculations based on assumptions of transformer characteristics and maximum hottest-spot conductor temperatures which generally have a large factor of safety, results close enough for all practical purposes are oblained if all of these corrections. are omitted, and the simpler formulas are used. Using these corrections implies greater ac: curacy than is present in the basic data, therefore the load values shown in Tables ‘8(a)—3(u) and 5(a)—B(u) were calculated using the equations without corrections. 6.1.5 Time Constant. ‘The time constant is the length of time which would be required for the temperature of the oil to change from Initial value to the ultimate value if the initial rate of change were continued until the ult: mate tomperature was reached, If n (the exponential power of total loss versus top-oll temperature rise) equals unity, 63% of the temperature change occurs in 4 length of time equal to the time constant regardless of the relationship of initial temper: 69 ANSI/IEEE, cenoz1981 ature rise and ultimate temperature rise. If nis not unity, the percentage varies and is a fune- tion of both initial temperature rise and ultimate temperature rise. In particular, if n equals 0.8, the percentage of 67 if the initial temperature rise is zero. If the initial temperature rise is greater than zero, the percentage is lower than 67 and decreases as the initial temperature rise ap- proaches a given ultimate temperature rise. If the initial temperature is approximately equal to the final temperature, whether just above or just below it, the percentage is approximately 63. If the initial temperature is greater than the ultimate temperature, the percentage is less than 63. Since evaluation of the exact percentage for ‘cases where n is not unity and where the initial temperature rise is not zero becomes very laborious, it is frequently advisable to use the approximate value of 63%. In the more fre- quently encountered cases where n is approxi mately 0.8, the error resulting from this procedure is not large compared to the ex- pected error in input data, If n = 1.0, Bq is correct for any load and any starting temperature. If n or m is less than 1.0, Eq9 holds only for full-rating starting cold. If n is less than 1, the time constant for any load and for any starting temperature for either a heating cycle or cooling eyele is given in Eqs 10 and 11, 0 If starting cold, as 6, = 0, Eq 10 reduces to: 6.7.6 Winding Loss (Load Loss). As the resistance of the winding for ultimate condi- tions is greater when the temperature is greater for loads above rating than it is for rated load conditions, a resistance correction factor may be applied to Eqs6 and 7. The correction factor is a multiplier to be applied to the K? in each equation to reflect the change in winding loss due to the increase in winding resistance. mht (Bq 10) (Bq 11)ANSUITEBE 5792-1981 ‘The values of the exponents, m and n, used in the equation may not be correct when resist ance corrections are applied. The manufacturer should be consulted when such corrections are to be included. 6.1.1 Viscosity of Oil. The ultimate temper- ature rise of oll for a constant heat input decreases slightly as the temperature of the oil inereases. This is due to a decrease in the viscosity of the oil. The viscosity change tends to offset the effect of increased resistance. 11. Method Used for Computer Calculation ‘of Loading Capability Tables ‘The methods and calculations described in 6.6.3 through 6.7.5 were used in developing a computer program designed to provide more accurate values for Tables 3(a)-3(u) and 5(a)—5(u) than would be possible using the hand method covered in 6.2 — 6.5 of this guide. See ANSI/IEEE C57.91-1981 [4] for a more complete explanation of the computer program, ‘The program computes and prints the max- imum peak load that can be impressed on a power transformer and meet specified loss of life limitations within a £4% tolerance. Input to the program consists of the follow: ing: (1) transformer characteristics (loss ratio, 70 IEEE GUIDE FOR LOADING MINERAL-OIL-IMMERSED POWER top-oil rise, hottest-spot rise, and time con- stant, all at rated load), (2) the aging curve constants for the insulation system (Grom Fig 1), (3) ambient temperatures, (4) initial continuous load, (5) peak load durations and the specified daily percent 1oss of life. "The loss of life indicated in the tables is based on a 24 h load cycle. For 65°C unit itis the loss. in excess of the 0.0360% per day produced by continuous operation at 110 °C. For 85°C unite it is the loss in excess of the 0.0369% per_day produced by continuous ‘operation at 95°C. "A systematic convergence process is used to obtain. the highest allowable peak toad. An Initial tral is made with an assumed peak load midway between the minimum (continuous) Toad and the maximum permitted peak load (200%), Using this peak load, aging calculations fre made at varying time intervals (depending on the time duration of the peak load) during the 24h, to determine the total daily insu tion aging, imposed by the load cycle. A ‘comparison is made between the calculated and the specified percent loss of ‘Depending on the results the peak value is changed and the calculation repeated until the calculated value of total percent loss of life is Within 24% of the desired value. At this point the peak load and corresponiding values of peak hottest spot temperature, peak top-oil temper- ature, total percent loss of life, and the specified percent loss of life are printed out,Appendix (This Appendix is not a part of ANSI/IEEE C57:92-1981, IEEE Guide for Loading Minera-Oil-Immersed Power ‘Transformers Up To and Including 100 mVA with 69 °C or 65°C Average Winding Rise) Unusual Temperature and Altitude Conditions Table AL Maximum Allowable Average Temperature* of Cooling Air for Carrying Rated kVA 41000 Meters 2000 Meters 9000 Meters 4000 Meters, Method of Cooling Apparat (8300 Feet) (6600 Feet) (9800 Feet) (18 200 Feet) Degrees © Liquid Immersed Sel Cooled 30 28 25 23 Liquid-Lmmersed Forced: Air Cooled 20 26 2 20 Liquid:Immersed Forced Oi-Cooled with Oilto-Air Cooler 20 2 2a 20 {itis recommended that the average temperature of the cooling air be calculated by averaging 24 consecutive hourly readings. When the outdoor air is the cooling medium, the average of the maximumn and minim dally femperatures may be used. ‘The value obtained in the manner is usually tightly highes by aot wices tee Dane, than the true daly average Al. Unusual Temperatures and Altitude NOTES. (1) See ANSUIEEE 5712002980, 4.3.2 7 a {or transformer insulation capability at altitudes above Service Conditions ‘8800 ft (1000 m). (2) Operation in low ambient temperature with the top liguid at temperature tower than “20°C may ‘Transformers may be applied at higher amt Feduce'dielectie strength between internal energized ent temperatures or at higher altitudes than So™Ponents below design levels specified in ANSI C57.12,00-1980, but perfor- mance may be affected and special considera- tion shouldbe given to thee applications, 4, Operation at Less than Rated kVA Transformers may be operated at altitudes eater than 3300 ft (1000 m) without exceed. ing temperature limits, provided the load to be carried is reduced below rating by the pereen tages given in Table A2 for each 330 ft (100 m) ‘The effect of the decreased air density due to that the altitude is above 3300 ft (1000 m). high altitude is to increase the temperature rise $f transformers since they are dependent upon Table A2 air forthe dissipation of heat losses. [Rated kVA Correction Factors for Altitudes Greater than 3300 ft (1000 m) zi Derating Factor A2. Effect of Altitude on Temperature Rise ‘AB. Operation at Rated KVA Type of Cooling oe Liguid'immersed aircooled om ‘Transformers may be operated at rated KVA Liquid immerse water-cooled 00 at altitudes greater than 3300 ft (1000 m)with- Liquid immersed forced air-cooled os out exceeding temperature limits, provided Liquid immersed forced tguid-cooled the average temperature of the cooling air does ith quid oir cooler os not exceed the values of Table Al for the re: Liguidimmersed forced tigud-cooled esis aia ith igutao-vater ster 00 n