Visit: www Easyenginesring.net 4.41 Proparias of Concrate ‘Several comments are: made throughout the text regarding the relative economy of using different strength concretes for different applications, such ax those for beams, columns, foot ings, and prestreased members. ‘To ensure that the compressive strength of concrete in the stmcture is.at east ax strong as the specified value, 2, the design of the conexete mix must target a higher value, (3. Section 53 of the ACT Code requires that the concrete compressive strengths used as a basis for selecting the concrete proportions exceed the specified 28-day strengths by fairly lange values. For concrete prevluction facilites that have sufficient feld stength test recorda not older than ‘24 months to enable them to calenlate satisfactory standard deviations (as deseribed in ACT Section 5.3.1.1. a set of required average compressive strengths (f,) to be used as the basis for selecting, concrete. properties is specified in ACI Table 5.32.1. For facilities that donot have sufficient records to calculate satisfactory standard deviations, ACT Table 5.3.2.2 pro- viddea increases in required average design compressive. strength (/,) of 1000 pai for specified concrete strength (f2) of less than 3000 pai and appreciably higher increases. for higher f£ concrete. ‘The stress-strain curves of Figure 11 represent the results cbtained from compression tests of sets of 28-day-old standard cylinders of varying strengths. You should carefully study these curves because they bring out several significant points: () ‘The curves ate roughly straight while the loa is increased from zero te-about one-third to one-half the concrete's ultimate stength. (b) Beyond thisange the behavior of concrete is nonlinear. This lack of linearity of concrete sreat-atrain curves at higher sressea causes some problema in the aructural analysis ef concrete simictires because their behavior is also nonlinear at higher stresses ©) Of particular importance is the fact that regardless of strength, all the concretes reach their ultimate strengths at strains of sbout 0.0? (@) Concrete does not have a definite yield strength; rather, the curves run smoothly, on to the point of rupture at strains of from 0.003 to 0.004, Tt will be assumed for the purpose of future calculations in this text that concrete fails at 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3), The ‘ese ° Doar rst as Tom siria FIQURE 11 Typical concrete svess-svaln curve, wih short term loading Visit : www Fasyengincering.net "