Visit: www Easyenginesring.net 42 CHAPTER’ Introduction reader should note that this value, which 1s conservative for normal-stength concretes, smay nex be conservative for higher-arength concrates in the BOODipsi-and-above range. "The European code usea a diferent value for ultimate compressive strain fer columns €.000) than for beams and cecennically loaded columns (0,008). {e) Many tests have clearly shown that atreas—strain curves of concrete cylinders are almost identical to those for the compression sides of beams. (& Ie should be further noticed that the weaker grades of concrete are less brittle than the stronger ones—that is, they will take larger strains before breaking. Static Modulus of Elasticity Concrete haa no clear-ent modulus of elasticity, Ita value varies with different concrete strengths, concrete age, type of loading, and the characteristics and proportions of the cement and agaregates, Furthermore, there are several different definitions of the modulus: (a) The initia’ modulus is the slope of the stress-strain diagram at the origin of the eurve. (b) The samgent modetus ia the slope of a tangent to the curve at some point along the eurve—for instance, at 50% of the ultimate strength of the concrete. (©) The slope of a line drawn from the origin to a point on the curve somewhere between 25% and 50% of its ukimate compressive strength is referred to as a secw:t modus, (@) Another modulus, called the apparent modulus or the long-term sodulus, is determined boy using the stresses and sfraina oblained after the load has been applied for a certain Jength of time. Seotion 8.5.1 of the ACI Code states that the following expression can be used for caleulating the modulus of elasticity of coneretea weighing from 90 Ibi to 135 IW: 5 = 330 In this expression, E, isthe modulus of clascity in pai, wis dhe weight of the concrete in pounda per cubic foot, and f: is ita specified 28-day compressive strength in pai. This ia actually ‘2 secant modulus with the line (whose slope equals the modulus) drawn from the origin to a point on the stress—strain curve corresponding approximately to the stress (0.45) that would coeur under the timated dead and live loads the smicture must suppor. For normal-xcisht concrete weighing approximately 145 Ibi’ the ACI Code states that the following simplified vasion of the previous expression may be used to determine the modulus: 2, = 57.00% ‘Table A.1 (sce Appendix A at the end of the book) shows values of B, for different suength concretes having normal-weight aggregate. These values were calculated with the frst of the preceding fonmular assuming 143 Ibitt” concrete, MgaacGrege, 2 wd Wight, 2S, Rane Concrete Mectanis aet Deg, shed (Upper Sale Boer, NI ena fence Hal, p 11 Visit : www Fasyengincering.net