Visit: www Easyenginesring.net 4.41 Proparias of Concrate wi S(o.013},/f% with ve, varying from 1500 to 2500 ktm? and with f2 (megapazcals). Should normal crushed stone or gravel concrete (with a ras of sppronimately 2520 kg/m?) be wed, £, — 4700,/f, Table B.1 of Appendix B of this text provides moduli values for several different strength concretes, ‘The term roar weight is constantly used by sructural engincers working with U.S. customary unite. When using the SI system, hovever, this term ahould be replaced by the term mass density A kilogram iz nota force mit and only indicates the amount of mater in an objec. The mass of a particular objects the tame anywhere on Earth, whereas the weight of an object in our customary units varies depending on altitude because of the change in gravitational acceleration. Coneretes with strength above 6000 psi are refered to as high-strength concretes. Tests have indicated that the usual ACI equations for Z, when applied to high-strength coneretes result in values that are too large. Based on studies at Comell University, the expression to follow has been recommended for normal-weight concretes with f! values greater than 6000 pai ‘and up to 12,000 psi and for lightweight concxetes with {2 greater than 6000 psi and up to 3000 pai 2 Extps) = [0.00072 + 10°] ( Tn ST units in MPa anew, in kgin®, the expression is 5, (MPs) = [32/7 +6805] Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity ‘The dynamic moculus of elasticity, which corresponda to very amall instantaneous strains, is usually obiained by sonic tests. Ibis generally 20% to 40% higher than the static modulus and i approximately equal to the inidal modulus, When structures are being analy zed for seismuie ‘or impact loads, the use of the dynamic modulus seems appropriate. Poisson's Ratio Asa concrete cylinder is subjected to compressive loads, it not only shortens in length but also ‘expands laterally, The ratio of this lateral expansion (o the lougitudinal shortening ia referred to as Poisson's rato, Ita value varies from about 0.11 for the higher-atrength coneretes to an hhigh as 0.21 for the weaker-grade concretes, with average valucs of about 0.16. There does rot seem to be any dizect relationship between the value of the ratio and the values of items such as the water-cement ratio, amount of curing, aggregate size, and 50 on. Mans, EG. 206, FrobucetConrate A Famanat Approach, 5 08 (Ope See vt NF Berks, N ccnerpial Me, A, a Se RIEL, Popres of HghSteagh Conc Sito Shen Lone sosralof ACT Psetngs, 8G) Map Visit : www Fasyengincering.net 8