Visit: woww.Basyengineering net 44 CHAPTER 1 Intoduction 3 a 2 : : ‘Concert at Naumbury bandshell in Central Park, New York, New York For most reinforced concrete designs, no consideration is given to the so-called Poisson effect. It may very well have to be considered, however, in the analysis and design of arch dams, tunnels, and some other statically indeterrainate structures. Spiral reinforcing in colurans takes advantage of Poisson’s ratio and will be discussed in Chapter 9. Shrinkage ‘When the materials for conerete are mixed, the paste consisting of cement and water Als the voids between the aggregate and bonds the aggregate together. This mixture needs 10 be sufficiently workable or fluid so that i can be made to flow in between the reinforeing bars and all drrough the forms. To achieve this desired workability, considerably more water (perhaps ‘ice as rmich) is used than is necessary for the cement and water to react (called hydration) Afler the concrete has been cured and begins to dry, the extra mixing water that was used begins to Work its Way out of the conctete to the surface, where it evaporates. AS a resull, the conercte shrinks and cracks. The resulting cracks may reduce the shiear strength of the members and be detrimental to the appearance ef the structure, In addition, the cracks may permit the reinforcing to be exposed to the atmosphere or clicmicals such as deicers,theceby incceasing the possibility of ccrrosion. Shrinkage continues for many years, but under ordinary conditions probably about 90% of it occurs during the first year. The amount of moisture that is lost varies with the distance from the surface. Furthermore, the larger the surface area of 4 member in proportion to its volume, the larger the rate of shrinkage; that is, mpernbers with smuall cross sections shrink more proportionately than do those with large cross sections. ‘The amount of slrinkage is heavily dependent on the type of exposure. For instance, if concrete is subjected to a considerable amount of wind during curing, its shrinkage will be greater. In a related fashion, a humid atmosphere means less shrinkage, whereas a dey one It should also be vealized that itis desirable to use low -absorplive aggregates such as those from granite and many limestones. When cettain absorptive slates and sandstone aggregates are used, the result may be one and a half or even two times the shinkage with other aggregates. ‘Visit : www Easy engineering:net