ASSIGNMENT 1

PART 1

1) Most Hazardous
2) 100 gm/Kg
3) Ixtoc-1
4) Accidents
5) Plume
PART 2

1. Anthropogenic impact of Hydrosphere due to oil and gas exploration due to

 Liquid and Solid waste Discharge has weak local and regional impact on ecological and
weak impact on fishery.
 Subsea pipeline has considerable local level impact on ecological and high regional
impact on fishery.
 Accidents has Considerable impact on hygiene, very high impact on ecology & very high
impact on fisheries at local level, minor impact on hygiene, ecology & fisheries at
regional level.
 Decommissioning has considerable impact on fisheries at local & regional level, minor
impact on ecology at local &regional level.
2. Marine pollutants are grouped based on their increasing level of hazard. They are classified into
five different groups. First group in the most hazardous and the following group goes on
decreasing based on their hazardous properties. Group 5 is the least hazardous.
3. Impact caused by oil and gas production to the marine environment are as follows:
 Geological and Geographical survey:
a) Great interference with fisheries.
b) Sediments re-suspension which increases turbidity.
 Exploration :
a) Discharge of pollutants.
b) Interference with fisher.
 Development & Production :
a) Physical disturbance.
b) Operational discharge.
c) Oil spill.
 Decommissioning :
a) Operational discharge.
b) Residual remains causes physical disturbance.
c) Explosives cause serious impact on marine organisms.
4. Complexities :
 Extensive length of pipelines.
 With Subsea/ Sea floor erosion these pipelines are subjected to damage.
 Inaccessibility for inspection until high volume is noticed.
 Material defects.
 Corrosion.
 ASSIGNMENT 1

 Tectonic movements.
 Encountering ships and their anchoring system.
5. Hydrocarbons are released continuously in marine environment due to natural oil seepage from
sea floor. In addition, oil spill occurs due to collision of vessels, leak from drilling stack, faulty
connections of risers etc. They include physical transport, dissolving and emulsification of
chemicals, oxidation and decomposition of microbial degradation. Hence oil spill can occur due
to natural reasons or sometimes due to accidents.