API 600 Valve Trim No

THE REMOVABLE AND REPLACEABLE VALVE INTERNAL PARTS that come in contact with the flow
medium are collectively termed as VALVE TRIM. These parts include valve seat(s), disc, glands,
spacers, guides, bushings, and internal springs. The valve body, bonnet, packing, et cetera that
also come in contact with the flow medium are not considered valve trim.
A Valve's trim performance is determined by the disk and seat interface and the relation of the
disk position to the seat. Because of the trim, basic motions and flow control are possible. In
rotational motion trim designs, the disk slides closely past the seat to produce a change in flow
opening. In linear motion trim designs, the disk lifts perpendicularly away from the seat so that
an annular orifice appears.
Valve trim parts may be constructed of assorted materials because of the different properties
needed to withstand different forces and conditions. Bushings and packing glands do not
experience the same forces and conditions as do the valve disc and seat(s).
Flow-medium properties, chemical composition, pressure, temperature, flow rate, velocity and
viscosity are some of the important considerations in selecting suitable trim materials. Trim
materials may or may not be the same material as the valve body or bonnet. API has
standardized trim materials by assigning a unique number to each set of trim materials.

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Cladding & Coating
Cladding is the bonding together of dissimilar metals. It is different from fusion welding or gluing
as a method to fasten the metals together. Cladding is often achieved by extruding
two metals through a die as well as pressing or rolling sheets together under high pressure.
Coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as
the substrate.

Application Considerations. Weld cladding is an excellent way to impart properties to the surface
of a substrate that are not available from that of a base metal, or to conserve expensive or
difficult- to-obtain materials by using only a relatively thin surface layer on a less expensive or
abundant base material. Several inherent limitations or possible problems must be considered
when planning for weld cladding. The thickness of the required surface must be less than the
maximum thickness of the overlay that can be obtained with the particular' process and filler
metal selected.
Welding position also must be considered when selecting an overlay material and process.
Certain processes are limited in their available welding positions (e.g., submerged arc welding
can be used only in the flat position). In addition, when using a high deposition-rate process that
exhibits a large liquid pool, welding vertically or overhead may be difficult or impossible. Some
alloys exhibit eutectic solidification, which leads to large molten pools that solidify instantly, with
no "mushy" (liquid plus solid) transition. Such materials are also difficult to weld except in the
flat position.

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Hardened
Hardened trim is considered for all choked flow conditions or for temperatures above 600
degrees Fahrenheit. Hardened trim is used in control valves to protect the trim against erosion
and/or corrosion.

Stellite offers a good combination of relative hardness and corrosion resistance. For corrosion
resistance, special alloys such as Alloy 20, Hastelloy C and Monel are also available.
A major problem with material selection is deciding when to apply a hard face to protect the
control valve trim. Scientific studies have not adequately predicted when hard facing should be
used. Therefore, opinions and conclusions based on experience must be used to set practical
guidelines.

Erosion caused by flowing fluid is a function of the velocity of the fluid. Velocity is dependent on
flow rate and area.
Aside from corrosion, the main factors that cause wear in valve trim are the conditions of the
process fluid:
• Gas versus liquid
• Velocity and pressure differential
• Temperature
• Flashing
• Presence of abrasive solids.

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A wide range of materials is covered by the standard including most types (families) of stainless
steels. The table below shows some of these grades. However, this summary is intended to only
give a general idea of this complex standard and is not a substitute for the original document.

Steel Type Grades Included Comments

Ferritic 405,430, 409, 434, 436, 442, 444, Hardness up to 22 HRC
445, 446, 447, 448
Martensitic 410, 420 Hardness up to 22 HRC
Martensitic F6NM Hardness up to 23 HRC
Martensitic S41425 Hardness up to 28 HRC
Austenitic 201, 202, 302, 304, 304L, 305, 309, Solution annealed, no cold work to enhance
310, 316, 316L, 317, 321, 347, properties, hardness up to 22
S31254(254SMO), HRC
N08904(904L),N08926(1925hMo)
Austenitic S20910 Hardness up to 35 HRC
Duplex S31803 (1.4462), S32520 (UR 52N+), PREN >30 solution annealed condition, ferrite
S32750 (2507), S32760 (Zeron 100), content 35% to 65%, or 30 to 70% in welds.
S32550 (Ferralium 255) Note that the general restriction of 28 HRC in
previous editions is not found in this latest
edition of the standard. There is a specific
restriction on HIP'd S31803 to 25HRC. For
some applications cold worked material is
allowed up to 36HRC
Precipitation 17-4 PH 33 HRC Age hardening at 620 deg C
Hardening
Precipitation S45000 31 HRC Age hardening at 620 deg C
Hardening
Precipitation S66286 35 HRC
Hardening
Free machining grades such as the 303 and 416 types are excluded from of NACE MR
0175/ISO 15156

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Help on Materials Selection for Sour Gas Service: The selection of the correct corrosion resistant
alloy for a specific set of conditions is quite a complex subject. There are a number of
consultancies which specialise in this work. Typical of these is Intetech who have developed
Electronic Corrosion Engineer software which guides the user to the correct alloy.

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NACE MR0175/ ISO 15156-1
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing - Environments in oil
and gas production

 Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials

 Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels
 Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys

Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials

This part of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 describes general principles and gives requirements and
recommendations for the selection and qualification of metallic materials for service in equipment used
in oil and gas production and in natural gas sweetening plants in H2S-containing environments, where the
failure of such equipment could pose a risk to the health and safety of the public and personnel or to the
environment.

This part of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 addresses all mechanisms of cracking that can be caused by H2S,
including sulfide stress cracking, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking and stepwise
cracking, stress-oriented hydrogeninduced cracking, soft zone cracking and galvanically induced hydrogen
stress cracking.

Table 1 provides a non-exhaustive list of equipment to which this part of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 is
applicable, including permitted exclusions.

 BOP Blowout preventer

 CRA Corrosion resistant alloy
 HAZ Heat-affected zone
 HIC Hydrogen-induced cracking
 HSC Hydrogen stress cracking
 SCC Stress corrosion cracking
 SOHIC Stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking
 SWC Stepwise cracking
 SSC Sulfide stress cracking
 SZC Soft zone cracking

Before selecting or qualifying materials using other parts of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, the user of the
equipment shall define, evaluate and document the service conditions to which materials may be exposed
for each application.

Factors, other than material properties, known to affect the susceptibility of metallic materials to
cracking in H2S service include:
H2S partial pressure, in situ pH, the concentration of dissolved chloride or other halide, the presence of
elemental sulfur or other oxidant, temperature, galvanic effects, mechanical stress, and time of exposure
to contact with a liquid water phase.

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Metallurgical properties known to affect performance in H2S-containing environments include: chemical
composition, method of manufacture, product form, strength, hardness, amount of cold work, heat-
treatment condition and microstructure.

The duration of the documented field experience shall be at least two years, and should preferably involve
a full examination of the equipment following field use.

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Report of the method of selection or qualification
a) For all materials, evaluation of the service conditions (see 6.1).

b) For a material selected as pre-qualified with respect to SSC and/or SCC (see clause 7), documentation
making reference to the relevant subclauses of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-2 or -3.

c) For a material selected on the basis of field experience, documentation describing

1. the mechanism(s) of cracking for which qualification and selection has been made,
2. the material used (see 8.1),
3. the field experience (see 8.2).

d) For a material selected on the basis of qualification by laboratory testing, a test report describing

1. the mechanism(s) of cracking for which qualification and selection has been made,
2. the material selected for laboratory testing (see 8.1),
3. the selection, sampling and preparation of test specimens (see 8.3.2),
4. the justification of the test environment and physical test conditions for qualification (see 8.3.3),
5. the test results that demonstrate compliance with NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-2 or NACE
MR0175/ISO 15156-3 (see 8.3).

Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and the use of cast irons
This part of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 addresses the resistance of these steels to damage that may be
caused by sulfide stress-cracking (SSC) and the related phenomena of stress-oriented hydrogen-induced
cracking (SOHIC) and soft-zone cracking (SZC).

Annex C describes how to calculate the H2S partial pressure and Annex D gives guidance on how to
determine the pH-value of a fluid.

Factors affecting the behaviour of carbon and low alloy steels in H2S-containing environments
the behaviour of carbon and low alloy steels in H2S-containing environments is affected by complex
interactions of parameters, including the following:

a) chemical composition, method of manufacture, product form, strength, hardness of the material and
its local variations, amount of cold work, heat treatment condition, microstructure, microstructural
uniformity, grain size and cleanliness of the material;
b) H2S partial pressure or equivalent concentration in the water phase;
c) chloride ion concentration in the water phase;
d) acidity (pH) of the water phase;
e) presence of sulfur or other oxidants;
f) exposure to non-production fluids;
g) exposure temperature;
h) total tensile stress (applied plus residual);
i) exposure time.

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Option 1: Selection of SSC-resistant steels (and cast irons) using A.2
For pH2S < 0,3 kPa (0,05 psi)

For pH2S ≥ 0,3 kPa (0,05 psi)

Option 2: Selection of steels for specific sour service applications or for ranges of sour service
Sulfide stress-cracking (SSC), Region 0, pH2S < 0,3 kPa (0,05 psi), SSC Regions 1, 2 and 3

Hardness requirements
Page 10

Evaluation of carbon and low alloy steels for their resistance to HIC/SWC
Page 16

Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosionresistant alloys) and other alloys

This part of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 addresses the resistance of these materials to damage that may be
caused by sulfide stress-cracking (SSC), stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and galvanically-induced hydrogen
stress-cracking (GHSC).

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Factors affecting the cracking resistance of CRAs and other alloys in H2S-containing environments

The cracking behavior of CRAs and other alloys in H2S-containing environments can be affected by
complex interactions of parameters, including the following:

 chemical composition, strength, heat treatment, microstructure, method of manufacture and

finished condition of the material;
 H2S partial pressure or equivalent dissolved concentration in the water phase;
 acidity (in situ pH) of the water phase;
 chloride or other halide ion concentration;
 presence of oxygen, sulfur or other oxidants;
 exposure temperature;
 pitting resistance of the material in the service environment;
 galvanic effects;
 total tensile stress (applied plus residual);
 exposure time.

Evaluation of materials properties

 Hardness of parent metals, page 6
 Cracking-resistance properties of welds, page 6

Annex A: Environmental cracking-resistant CRAs and other alloys

Annex D: Materials chemical compositions and other information

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  Insulation is used to prevent the heat loss (in HE, for example) or to prevent galvanic corrosion.
 Coating is used to prevent external corrosion.
 Cladding uses a layer of expensive metal say CRA to protect the inexpensive metal that tends to
corrode much easier. so, it reduces the overall cost.
 Lining uses non-metals, paint, spray, glass…

Coating materials
Metallic coatings are used for dimensional restoration and resistance to sliding wear and chemical attack.
They include metals and alloys of aluminum, copper, nickel, iron, molybdenum, tantalum and cobalt.
Spray-and-fuse or self-fluxing coatings are cobalt- or nickel-based alloys containing boron and/or silicon
as fluxing agents, plus iron and carbon.

They are usually deposited by low velocity, combustion flame processes, but HVOF produces denser
coatings with less shrinkage during fusing, increased hardness and greater resistance to abrasive wear.
The boron and silicon allow the formation of eutectic phases and lower the melting point of the alloy.
During fusing a portion of the coating will melt, making it nearly 100% dense and forming a metallurgical
bond with the substrate, precipitating hard phases such as borides and carbides, increasing hardness and
reducing abrasive wear.

If the substrate cannot be heat treated or a metallurgical bond is not required, these coatings can be used
as sprayed, but fusing provides a more uniform chemistry and microstructure with no through-porosity
and low oxide content. These properties make them ideal for high-temperature applications subject to
wear corrosion.

Metallic coatings provide a high degree of corrosion resistance, particularly cobalt-based Stellite™ and
nickel-based Hastelloy™. Stellite™ offers low friction and high wear resistance. Hastelloy™ is also
extremely corrosion-resistant, making it suitable for sliding applications in chlorine and other acidic
environments. Ceramic coatings include aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide and zirconium
oxide. Because they have high melting points, they are typically applied using APS for greater heating of
the particles. These coatings provide high hardness, can be used at extremely high temperatures and
withstand corrosive environments.

Carbide coatings are ceramic-metal composites, or cermets, in which the metallic phase retains the
carbide particles during deposition. The WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr families of materials are commonly used
to provide wear resistance, and can be applied using either the APS or HVOF process. However, the heat
of the APS plasma can decarburize the carbide particles during deposition, causing oxidation of the carbide
phase into more brittle forms. While this may not reduce the hardness of the coating, it will adversely
affect its cohesive strength and toughness. The HVOF process causes significantly less decarburization and
results in denser coatings with better wear resistance.

During deposition, the metal must be heated sufficiently to form a dense coating, but the heating must
be controlled to minimize decarburization. The size and distribution of the carbide particles within the

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powder affect the coating structure and properties, as well as deposition efficiency. Hardness and wear
resistance are a function of carbide content and how well the particles bond to the metal matrix.

These properties generally increase as carbide content increases and particle size decreases. However,
increasing hardness by manipulating these parameters can reduce fracture toughness. Under high contact
loads, this can change the wear mechanism to one dominated by cohesive failure between the coating
layers, resulting in a higher wear rate. Cermets are the materials of choice for wear resistance. Less porous
and more crack-resistant than ceramics, they can be customized for hardness and toughness by the type
of carbide and binders used, and by modifying the mix of ceramics and metal. Tungsten-carbide and
chromiumcarbide can be added to the self-fluxing metal coatings to create a material that is heat-
treatable for metallurgical bonding.

Stellite alloys have advantages over tungsten carbide in high acid applications where the problem is not
wear but is actually chemical erosion. Corrosion resistance equal to 300 series stainless steel. Stellite is
hard and tough materials that are commonly specified because of their superior erosion resistance.
Tungsten carbide is the best available hard-facing. It has outstanding properties concerning wear
protection. Tungsten Carbide provides erosion resistance in exceptionally erosive applications. Corrosion
resistance is poor.

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