Tutorial Week 3

1. Describe the significance of core, edge, and access network. Explain their
functions as well.

Core – backbone of network and looks at the traffic from the stream of bits
point of view. (The architecture of network.)

Edge – responsible for the distribution of traffic and looks at the traffic from
the service point of view. (Transfer)

Access – deals with last mile of transmission. (Use)

2. What are the different tiers in three-tier architecture? Describe the

functions of these tiers?

• Presentation tier- Responsible for presenting the information to the end

user. Runs on the client devices. (3)

• Application tier- Does the transcoding(converting) of data for appropriate

rendering in the presentation layer. Handles function related to
middleware. (2)

• Data tier- Used to store data needed by the application and acts as a
repository (repository-another name for database) for both temporary and
permanent data. (1)

3. What is middleware? Describe its significance in handling the context of

any application.

Middleware – layer of software sitting between the operating system and user
facing software.

Many types of middleware – Message Oriented Middleware, Transaction

Processing Middleware, Communication Middleware, Distributed Objects and
Components, Transcoding Middleware, Web Services, etc.

Php, Java
4. What do you understand by context?

is the use of software and hardware to automatically collect and analyze

data about a device's surroundings in order to present relevant, actionable
information to the end user.

Why is context important?

the context describes the actual conditions under which the software

system is used. ... In context-aware software systems, determining
the context of use can allow the application to modify its current behavior
to better interact with the user.

It is important because attributes associated with devices and users will

change constantly, therefore content and behavior of applications should
be adopted to suit the current

To develop a navigational system for a car, what types of context

information will be necessary?

Location (current position) and position

5. What is content adaptation?

is the action of transforming content to adapt to device

capabilities. Content adaptation is usually related to mobile devices, which
require special handling because of their limited computational power,
small screen size, and constrained keyboard functionality.

What are the various classifications of transcoding?

• Spatial transcoding
• Temporal transcoding
• Colour transcoding
• Code transcoding
• Object or semantic transcoding
 How can the two be useful for various device classes?

6. What is seamless communication?

A ubiquitous system involves availability and accessibility from anywhere,

anytime and through any network or device.

And how can it help in an emergency service rescue operation?

provide urgent communication facilities to rescue teams and victim. ...

Establishing emergency communication is an urgent task in disaster
relief operations. ... The proposed system can help to reduce the handoff
time, helps to save battery life, support more terminal types, and
provide emergency management services.

7. What is a content aware system?

refers to a general class of mobile systems that can sense their physical

environment, and adapt their behavior accordingly.

What all can be the types of information needed for developing a fully
context aware system?

Context-aware systems rely on the acquisition of data/context about the

actual ... range of different sensors is available today to capture all
information required to ... Information can also be extracted from the
video image, e.g., by pattern ... has been recognized as one of the
main building blocks of context aware systems ...